ASIAN INSTITUTE OF FIRE SAFETY (AIFS)

23112 Environmental Management

1. Attempt any FIVE of the following:
a) Explain procedure for environmental clearance.
Step 1: Site identification and selection
The project proponent pinpoints the plant’s location after adhering to existing underlying
guidelines. If the project site fails to ensure conformity with the sitting guideline, the
proponent must lookout for an alternative site for the project.
Step 2: Category evaluation
The project proponent then evaluates whether the proposed project falls under the ambit of
environmental Clearance or not. If it falls under the notification schedule, the proponent
performs an EIA study either directly or via a third party. For this purpose, the state
government categorises such projects into B1 and B2 projects. The preparation of the EIA
report is not required for the B2 project.
Step 3: Submission of EIA report and Assessment by SPCB
After preparing the EIA report, the investor furnishes the same to the respective State
Pollution Control Board and State-based Forest Department (if the location is present
nearby/within the forestland). The SPCB examines and assesses the quality and quality of
effluent or pollutants likely to generate the project. The authority also evaluates the efficacy
of the control measures proposed to fulfill the underlying norms. If the SPCB does not find
any loophole in this context, it shall grant its approval in the form of a No-objection
certificate.
Step 4: Public hearing
The public hearing is a vital step in securing environmental Clearance. This facilitates a
legal space for habitant of an area to put up their concern before the government regarding
the credibility or viability of the project.
The public hearing process is performed before the issuance of the NOC described above.
The District Collector is the person who chaired such a committee. Other key members of
the committee include the official from the SPCB, district development body, Department of
Environment and Forest, Gram Panchayat representative and senior citizen of the district,
etc.
Step 5: Application submission to Mo EF
The project proponent furnishes the duly filed application for environmental Clearance with
the Ministry of Forest and Environment if it falls under the category of Project A or the state
government if it comes under project B category. The application form is accompanied by
standard documents such as the EIA report, EMP, NOC, and public hearing details.
Step 6: Environmental appraisal
The documents furnished are first examined by a multi-disciplinary the Ministry of
Environment and Forests staff. The said staff may also conduct on-site inspections, contact
investors, and consult with experts on some issues if required. After this, the proposals are
forwarded to specially constituted committees of professionals whose composition is
mentioned in the EIA Notification.

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Step 7: Issuance of Clearance or rejection letter

When a project seeks mandatory environmental Clearance and consent under Forest
(Conservation) Act, 1980[1], the proposals for either of them are required to be facilitated
simultaneously to the respective divisions of the Ministry. Though individual letters may be
issued, the processing is undertaken concurrently for clearance/rejection. If the project does
not have any requirement for forest land diversion, the case is processed for environmental
Clearance only.
b) Describe sludge characteristics and disposal methods.
Sludge characteristics:-
Sludge” is a generic term for the residue that results from pulp
and papermaking. To better understand its properties, it is necessary to review how it is
formed. Generally, it is the solid residue recovered from the wastewater stream of the
pulping and papermaking process (Fig. 2). Sludge is produced at two steps in the process of
treating the effluent. Primary sludge is recovered by the first stage of the processing at the
primary clarifier. Primary clarification is usually carried out by sedimentation, but can also
be performed by dissolved air flotation. I sedimentation, the wastewater to be treated is
pumped into large
settling tanks, with the solids being removed from the tank bottom. These solids can range
from 1.5% to 6.5% depending on the characteristics of the material. The overflow, or
clarified water, is passed on to the secondary treatment. Secondary treatment is usually a
biological process in which micro-organisms convert the waste to carbon dioxide and water
while consuming oxygen. The resulting solids are then removed through clarification as in
the primary treatment. The resulting sludge is then mixed with the primary sludge prior to
dewatering and disposal. In general, primary sludge are easier to dewater than the biological
sludge resulting from the second stage.
Disposal methods:- The paper industry uses several methods to dispose of the sludge that
pulp and paper production generates (Table V) (8). (Some mills may use multiple methods,
hence the total is greater than 100%. A mill may land spread in the summer when the fields
are accessible and incinerate for steam production during the winter when steam demand is
greater (20)). Currently, most sludge produced by pulp and paper mills is dewatered and
land filled. These landfills can be industrial landfills that are constructed and operated by the
mills or they can be independently owned, requiring the mills to pay a “tipping fee” for
sludge disposal. Current landfills are reaching capacity and new ones are difficult to site and
construct because of more stringent environmental requirements. Although tipping fees
averaged around $34 per ton in the United States in April 1993, they ranged from a low of
$7 per ton in North Dakota to nearly $100 per ton in New Jersey (13). These fees will
increase in the future.
 Landfill
 Incineration
 Land spreading
 Other methods
Although land filling is the most common solution, other uses

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and disposal methods are being investigated. The final section

of this paper discusses some of the more common methods.
Incineration, in its various forms, is the most common alternative disposal method (Table
V). It decreases the volume of material that needs to be land filled (the ash) and recovers
some energy from the sludge, thus reducing the need for other fuels. Large capital
investments and the stringent pollution controls that are necessary are the major drawbacks
to incineration. The air quality standards are an obstacle since the pollution cannot be shifted
from land (landfills) to air. Incineration can emit gaseous NOx and SO2 (acid rain), as well
as cause problems due to
the chlorinated compounds found in plastics that contaminate
the paper (13).
c) Describe the working of floating aquatic plant system.
A floating plant pond is a modified maturation pond with floating (macrophyte) plants.
Plants such as water hyacinths or duckweed float on the surface while the roots hang down
into the water to uptake nutrients and filter the water that flows by.
Water hyacinths are perennial, freshwater, aquatic macrophytes that grow especially fast in
wastewater. The plants can grow large: between 0.5 to 1.2 m from top to bottom. The long
roots provide a fixed medium for bacteria which in turn degrade the organics in the water
passing by.
Duckweed is a fast growing, high protein plant that can be used fresh or dried as a food for
fish or poultry. It is tolerant of a variety of conditions and can significantly remove
quantities of nutrients from wastewater.
Design Considerations:- Locally appropriate plants can be selected depending on their
availability and the characteristics of the wastewater. To provide extra oxygen to a floating
plant technology, the water can be mechanically aerated but at the cost of increased power
and machinery. Aerated ponds can withstand higher loads and can be built with smaller
footprints. Non-aerated ponds should not be too deep otherwise there will be insufficient
contact between the bacteria-harboring roots and the wastewater.
Appropriateness:- A floating plant pond is only appropriate when there is a sufficient
amount of land (or pre-existing pond). It is appropriate for warm or tropical climates with no
freezing temperatures, and preferably with high rainfall and minimal evaporation. The
technology can achieve high removal rates of both BOD and suspended solids, although
pathogen removal is not substantial.
Harvested hyacinths can be used as a source of fiber for rope, textiles, baskets, etc.
Depending on the income generated, the technology can be cost neutral. Duckweed can be
used as the sole food source for some herbivorous fish.
Health Aspects/Acceptance:- Water hyacinth has attractive, lavender flowers. A well
designed and maintained system can add value and interest to otherwise barren land.
Adequate signage and fencing should be used to prevent people and animals from coming in
contact with the water. Workers should wear appropriate protective clothing. WHO
guidelines on wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture should be consulted for detailed
information and specific guidance.

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Operation & Maintenance:- Floating plants require constant harvesting. The harvested
biomass can be used for small artisanal businesses, or it can be composted. Mosquito
problems can develop when the plants are not regularly harvested. Depending on the amount
of solids that enter the pond, it must be periodically de-sludge. Trained staff is required to
constantly operate and maintain it.

d) Explain ecosystem and the components of ecosystem.

ECOSYSTEM AND COMPONENT OF ECOSYSTEM:- Aquatic plant systems are
engineered and constructed systems that use aquatic plants in the treatment of industrial or
domestic wastewater. They are designed to achieve a specific wastewater treatment goal.
Aquatic plant systems can be divided into two categories:
• Systems with floating aquatic plants such as water hyacinth, duckweed, and pennywort
Systems with submerged aquatic plants such as waterweed, water milfoil, and watercress
The use of aquaculture as a means of treating wastewater involves both natural and artificial
wetlands and the production of algae and higher plants (submersed and immersed) to remove
contaminants such as nitrogen compounds, BOD, hydrocarbons, and heavy metals from the
wastewater. Floating aquatic plants such as water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and
duckweed (Lemma spp.) appear to be some of the most promising aquatic plants for the
treatment of wastewater.
These systems are basically shallow ponds covered with floating plants that detain
wastewater at least one week. The main purpose of the plants in these systems is to provide a
suitable habitation for bacteria that remove the vast majority of dissolved nutrients.

e) Explain the term Environment Impact Assessment.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): EIA is a procedure used to examine the
environmental consequences or impacts, both beneficial and adverse, of a proposed
development project and to ensure that these effects are considered in project design. The
EIA is therefore based on predictions. These impacts can include all relevant aspects of the
natural, social, economic and human environment. The study therefore requires a
multidisciplinary approach and should be done very early at the feasibility stage of a project.
In other words, a project should be assessed for its environmental feasibility. EIA should
therefore be viewed as an integral part of the project planning process. Unlike the
environmental audit (EA), which is conducted on existing projects, the EIA is applied to
new projects and the expansion aspects of existing projects.
41 Screening EIA process kicks off with project screening. Screening is done to determine
whether or not a proposal should be subject to EIA and, if so, at what level of detail.
Guidelines for whether or not an EIA is required are country specific depending on the laws
or norms in operation. Legislation often specifies the criteria for screening and full EIA.
Development banks also screen projects presented for financing to decide whether an EIA is
required using their set criteria. The output of the screening process is often a document
called an Initial Environmental Examination or Evaluation (IEE) (Section 4.1). The main
conclusion will be a classification of the project according to its likely environmental

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sensitivity This will determine whether an EIA is needed and if so, to what detail. 4.2
Scoping The aim of EIA is not to carry out exhaustive studies on all environmental impacts
for all projects. Scoping is used to identify the key issues of concern at an early stage in the
planning process (Ahmed & Sammy, 1987) The results of scoping will determine the scope,
depth and terms of reference to be addressed within the Environmental statement Identify
concerns and issues for consideration in an FIA Ensure a relevant FIA Enable those.
Responsible for an EIA study to properly brief the study team on the alternatives and on
impacts to be considered at different levels of analysis Determine the assessment methods to
be used Identify all affected interests Provide an opportunity for public involvement in
determining the factors to be assessed, and facilitate early agreement on contentious issues
Save time and money Establish terms of reference (TOR) for EIA study Scoping should be
an ongoing exercise throughout the course of the project. The following environmental tools
can be used in the scoping exercise.

f) Describe the concept of common effluent treatment plant (CETP) .

Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) is the process of collecting, conveying, treating,
and disposing of the effluents from industrial estates. The effluent includes industrial
wastewaters and domestic sewage generated from industrial plant. This concept of CETP
helps small as well as medium scale industries to discard/dispose of their effluents. Common
effluent treatment plants had been mounted and are in operation at several business clusters
in India. They serve to lower effluent treatment expenses, offer higher collective treatment,
and decrease land expenses for small-scale business centers that can’t have enough money
for a man or woman treatment plants. However, the pollution that we see in today’s world
will be increasing day by day.
Types of methods used in CETP.
CETP Plant can be installed as a mixed effluent plant so that it can deal with all of the
distinctive forms of wastewater from the industries located in the estate, through the usage of
numerous methods/steps with inside the CETP which can be available. These include:
 Sludge Management
 Preliminary Treatment
 Primary Treatment
 Secondary Treatment
 Tertiary Treatment
Advantages of Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP).
CETP can illustrate consistency in the system’s capacity to predict the treatment values
acquired with inside the future by the system. The CETP is said to be extra dependable while
the values of pollution with inside the effluent treated via way of means of the plant meet the
set discharge standards extra often as in comparison to the ones of a CETP that regularly
exceeds the standards. CETP is very helpful to predict the nature of a CETP with inside the
future and can help in placing a threshold value for a given parameter. Operating Costs are
lesser associated with the addition of chemicals. Continuous seeding of microorganisms
confirms higher control over the quality of the wastewater.

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g) State the causes of air pollution and water pollution.

CAUSES/SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION: MANMADE CAUSES
1.Rapid industrialization.
2.Fast urbanization.
3.Rapid growth in population.
4. Growth of vehicles on the roads and
5.Activities of human beings have disturbed the natural balance of the atmosphere like
deforestation, installation of thermal plants, chemical and petrochemical plants.
6.Greenhouse gases
NATURAL CAUSES :- Volcanic eruption, Forest fires, Marsh gas emission, Biological
decay, Deflation of sand and dust, Radioactive materials, Micro-organisms such as algae,
fungi, bacteria, yeast, moulds, spores are transported by wind to distant places causing air
pollution.
Causes of water pollution
1.Industrial process: When manufacturers and factories are simply allowed to pour toxic
chemicals into water bodies before treatment, the water becomes polluted. The oxygen
levels in the water also decreases. The toxic chemicals include: lead, sulphuric acid, mercury
and used oil.
2. Inorganic Industrial waste: Inorganic wastes such as acids, mercury, lead and heavy
metals can destroy the normal body processes. The presence of these toxic and corrosive
substances in water is dangerous to living things. Factories and other industries dump waste
products into water at an alarming rate.
3.Agricultural fertilizers: By a process known as leaching, agricultural chemicals such as
fertilizers and pesticides can wash into rivers and lakes, poisoning them.
4. Untreated sewage from households: Dye, lotion, soap, hair oil, shampoo, powder,
deodorant, moisturizer and many other such products also contribute in water pollution
These products go to the sewage without any treatment. Untreated sewage from households
can contaminate different water bodies in the process. When sewage pipes break, there is a
chance that the wastes will contaminate drinking water. Sometimes, poorly treated sewage is
released into water bodies. Domestic cleaning products can be very dangerous pollutants.
5. Garbage: Plastics are non-biodegradable. Mass plastics clog water bodies and
contaminate water.
6. Urbanization: Urbanization is a key factor in increasing the amounts of water pollution.
7. Dumping solid waste: Humans often carelessly dump their trash in the sea or near rivers.
8. Oil spills: Accidental oil spills have a devastating effect on seas.
9. Dissolved gases: Polluting gases in the air can dissolve into salt and fresh water and
pollute it.
10. Boat fuels: Fossil fuels used in the shipping industry are one of the largest causes of
both air and water pollution.
11.Heated water from power plants: Some power plants release the heated water into
water bodies. This reduces the oxygen content in water Power plants normally use heated
water to cool their machines.

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2. Attempt any FOUR of the following:

b) List out major sections under Air act.
1. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, was enacted under Art. 253 of
the Constitution to implement the decisions taken at the United Nations Conference on
Human Environment held at Stockholm in June 1972, in which India participated.
2. The Air Act is implemented by the Central and State Governments and the Central and
State Boards. Over the past few years, the implementing agencies have experienced some
administrative and practical difficulties in effectively implementing the provisions of this
Act and has brought these to the notice of Government. The ways and means to remove
these difficulties have been thoroughly examined in consultation with the concerned Central
Government departments, the State Government and the Central and State Boards.
Considering the views expressed. Governments have decided to make certain amendments
to the Act in order to remove such difficulties.
3. The Bill, inter alia, seeks to make the following amendments in the Act, namely: (1) The
Central Board is proposed to be empowered to exercise the powers and perform the
functions of a State Board in specific situations, particularly when a State Board fails to act
and comply with the directions issued by the Central Board. It is also proposed to recover
the cost of the exercise of such powers and the performance of such functions by the Central
Board from the person or persons concerned, if the State Board is empowered to recover
such costs under the provisions of the Act, as arrears of land revenue or of public demand
(1) It is proposed to make it obligatory on the part of a person to obtain the consent of the
relevant Board even while establishing an industrial plant (ii) It is proposed to empower the
Boards to obtain information regarding discharge of pollution in excess of specified
standards by the industries operating even outside the air pollution control areas (iv) In order
to prevent effectively air pollution, the punishments provided in the Act are proposed to be
made stricter (v) In order to elicit public co-operation, it is proposed that any person should
be able to complain to the Courts regarding violations of the provisions of the Act after
giving a notice of sixty days to the Board or the officer authorized in this behalf. (vi) It is
proposed to omit the Schedule to the Act so as to make the Act applicable to all the
industries causing air pollution. (vii) It is proposed to empower the Boards to give directions
to any person, officer or authority including the power to direct closure or regulation of
offending establishment or stoppage or regulation of supply of services such as, water and
electricity. (viii) It is proposed to empower the Boards to approach courts to pass orders
restraining any person from causing air pollution. (ix) For increasing the financial resources
of the Boards, it is proposed to empower them to raise money by means of obtaining loans
and issue of decent.
c) Explain the role of state pollution control board under water and air act.
Constitution of State Boards
(1) The State Government shall, with effect from such date 9 [*] as it may, by notification in
the Official Gazette, appoint, constitute a 10[State Pollution Control Board,] under such
name as may be specified in the notification, to exercise the powers conferred on and
perform. the functions assigned to that Board under this Act.

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(2) A State Board shall consist of the following members, namely,- (a) a 11[*] Chairman,
being, a person having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of 5 [matters
relating to environmental protection] or a person having knowledge and experience in
administering institutions dealing with the matters aforesaid, to be nominated by the State
Government: 2[PROVIDED that the Chairman may be either whole-time or part-time as the
State Government may think fit.] (b) 6 [such number of officials, not exceeding five.] to be
nominated by the State Government to represent that government. (c) 12[such number of
persons, not exceeding five.] to be nominated by the State Government from amongst the
members of the local authorities functioning within the State, (d) 7 [such number of non-
officials, not exceeding three] to be nominated by the State Government to represent the
interests of agriculture, fishery or industry or trade or any other interest which, in the opinion
of the State Government, ought to be represented; (e) two persons to represent the
companies or corporations owned, controlled or managed by the State Government, to be
nominated by that government; 4 8 [(f) a full-time member-secretary, possessing
qualifications, knowledge and experience of scientific, engineering or management aspects
of pollution control, to be appointed by the State Government.
Prevention And Control Of Air Pollution Under This Act.
State Pollution Control Boards constituted under Sec.4 of Act 6 of 1974 to be State Boards
under this Act. - In any State in which the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1974 (6 of 1974), is in force and the State Government has constituted for that State a State
Pollution Control Board under Sec 4 of that Act, such State Board shall be deemed to be the
State Board for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution constituted under Sec 5 of this
Act, and accordingly that State Pollution Control Board shall, without prejudice to the
exercise and performance of its powers and functions under that Act, exercise the powers
and perform the functions of the State Board for the prevention and control of air pollution
under this Act]

d) Explain the working of scrubber system.

Scrubber working principles A scrubber generally consists of:
The exhaust gas cleaning unit serves as a contact chamber that enables the exhaust gas
stream from an engine or boiler to be intimately mixed with water, either seawater,
freshwater, or both. In the contact chamber, SOx is converted to sulphuric acid. Due to space
and access limitations, the exhaust gas cleaning units tend to be high up in the ship, in or
around the funnel area. The wash water treatment plant differs by scrubber type and design.
Generally, physical separation techniques are used to capture suspended. Solids, if captured.
The treatment process typically includes a multicyclone, or a cyclonic separator similar to
that used to separate water from residual fuel prior to delivery to the engine. Heavier
particles may also be trapped in a settling or sludge tank for disposal. Sludge handling to
retain sludge removed by the wash water treatment process for disposal shore side.
Dry scrubbers do not use any liquids in process but exhaust gases are cleaned with hydrated
lime-treated granulates. There is not any discharge to the sea from the system. As a result of

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the process a gypsum, which is used to manufacture wallboard, is generated. An advantage

of a dry scrubber is its lower energy consumption compared to a wet scrubber.

e) Define Noise pollution. State its prevention methods.

Noise pollution is an invisible danger. It cannot be seen, but it is present nonetheless, both
on land and under the sea. Noise pollution is considered to be any unwanted or disturbing
sound that affects the health and well-being of humans and other organisms. Sound is
measured in decibels.
Prevention Method:- Source reduction can be done by effectively muffling vehicles and
machinery to reduce the noise. In industries noise reduction can be done by using rigid
sealed enclosures around machinery lined with acoustic absorbing material. Isolating
machines and their enclosures from the floor using special spring mounts or absorbent
mounts and pads and using flexible couplings for interior pipelines also contribute to
reducing noise pollution at the source.
However one of the best methods of noise source reduction is regular and thorough
maintenance of operating machinery. Noise levels at construction sites can be controlled
using proper construction planning and scheduling techniques. Locating noisy air
compressors and other equipment away from the site boundary along with creation of
temporary barriers to physically block the noise can help contribute to reducing noise
pollution. Most of the vehicular noise comes from movement of the vehicle tires on the
pavement and wind resistance. However,
Poorly maintained vehicles can add to the noise levels. Traffic volume and speed also have
significant effects on the overall sound. For example, doubling the speed increases the sound
levels by about 9 dBA and doubling the traffic volume (number of vehicles per hour)
increases sound levels by about 3 dBA A smooth flow of traffic also causes less noise than
does a stop-and-go traffic pattern. Proper highway planning and design are essential for
controlling traffic noise.

f) Explain effluent monitoring methodology.

Effluent Monitoring Systems provide continuous monitoring of compliance
parameters for the purpose of effluent permit reporting purposes or simply self-monitoring
purposes. Our monitoring systems can provide hardcopy recording via strip chart recorders,
or provide electronic data-logging, or retransmit via a network connection. Any analytical
parameter can be monitored including
•pH (0-14)
 Flow (instant and total)
 Temperature
 Conductivity/Turbidity
 TSS and/or TDS
 Heavy Metals via colorimetric determination including (Fe, Cu, Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn,
etc.)


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Recording Methods can include any conventional data recording device including:
 Circular Chart Recorders
 Strip Chart Recorders
 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems
 PLC retransmission to a Building Monitoring System (BMB).
Local and Remote Monitoring Options:
 Local SCADA system and automated report generation on a daily, weekly, and
monthly basis
 Remote monitoring, control, and data logging via the Cloud (internet connection
required).
 Automated paging to cell phones of alerts or alarms
 SCADA System Monitoring.

3. Attempt any FOUR of the following:

a) Explain the treatment process of battery waste .
1) The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001, shall apply to every
manufacturer, importer, re-conditioner, assembler, dealer, recycler, auctioneer, consumer
and bulk consumer.
2) 'Battery'- means lead acid battery which is a source of electrical energy and contains lead
metal and 'used batteries' -means used, damaged and old lead acid batteries or components.
3) Responsibilities of manufacturer, importer, assembler and re-conditioner:
ensure that used batteries collected are sent only to the registered recyclers
ensure that necessary arrangements are made with dealers for safe transportation from
collection centre’s to the premises of registered recyclers
create public awareness through advertisements, publications, posters or by other means.
4) Responsibilities of consumer or bulk consumer:- Responsibilities of consumer or bulk
consumer to ensure that used batteries are to disposed properly dealer, manufacturer,
importer, assembler, registered recycler, reconditioned or at the designated collection
centre’s.
5) Duties of Central Pollution Control Board. The Central Pollution Control Board shall
compile and publish the data received every year from the State Boards. It shall review the
compliance of the rules periodically to improve the collection and recycling of used. lead
batteries and apprise the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India.
6) Improper handling and recycling of lead would cause risk health of the workers and
environmental impacts in surrounding area. is therefore essential to ensure that secondary
production of lead is done in environmentally sound manner in the facilities. Registered by
Central or State Pollution Control Boards
7) The various steps involved in recycling of Lead bearing Wastes are as follows,

b) Explain biomedical waste treatment.

1) This Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2016 rules shall apply to all
persons who generate, collect, receive, store, transport, treat, dispose, or handle bio medical

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waste in any form including hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, dispensaries, veterinary
institutions, animal houses, pathological laboratories, blood banks, ayush 2 hospitals, clinical
establishments, research or educational institutions, health camps, medical or surgical
camps, vaccination camps, blood donation camps, first aid rooms of schools, forensic
laboratories and research labs.
2) These rules shall not apply to radioactive wastes, hazardous chemicals, solid wastes, the
lead acid batteries, hazardous waste, E-Waste.
3) "bio-medical waste" means any waste, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment
or immunization of human beings or animals or research activities pertaining thereto or in
the production or testing of biological or in health camps,
4) major accident means accident occurring while handling of bio-medical waste having
potential to affect large masses of public and includes toppling of the truck carrying bio-
medical waste, accidental release of bio-medical waste in any water body but exclude
accidents like needle prick injuries, mercury spills.

c) Write pollution control board requirement for transportation of hazardous waste.

1) Hazardous waste is waste that has substantial or potential threats to public health or the
environment.
2) Characteristic hazardous wastes are materials that are known or tested to exhibit one or
more of the following four hazardous traits: Ignitability Reactivity Corrosively Toxicity.
3) Hazardous wastes may be found in different physical states such as gaseous, liquids, or
solids. A hazardous waste is a special type of waste because it cannot be disposed of by
common means like other by-products of our everyday lives. Depending on the physical
state of the waste, treatment and solidification processes might be required.
TRANSPORTATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE:-
1) The transport of the hazardous and other waste shall be in accordance with the provisions
of these rules and the rules made by the Central Government under the Motor Vehicles Act,
1988 and the guidelines issued by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time in
this regard.
2) Transporters participate in manifest system. Vehicles must be properly marked.
Transporter cannot make decisions where to deliver waste.

d) Explain co-processing of the waste.

Co-processing is the use of waste as raw material, or as a source of energy, or both to
replace natural mineral resources (material recycling) and fossil fuels such as coal,
petroleum and gas (energy recovery) in industrial processes, mainly in energy intensive
industries (EII) such as cement, lime, steel, glass, and power generation. Waste materials
used for Co-processing are referred to as alternative fuels and raw materials (AFR).
Co-processing is a proven sustainable development concept that reduces demands on natural
resources, reduces pollution and landfill space, thus contributing to reducing the
environmental footprint. Co-processing is also based on the principles of industrial ecology,
which considers the best features of the flow of information, materials, and energy of

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biological ecosystems, with the aim of improving the exchange of these essential resources
in the industrial world.
Types of Co-processing
In summary, the benefits of Co-processing are:
to conserve natural (non-renewable) resources of energy and materials,
to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases in order to slow global warming and demonstrate a
positive impact on integrated environmental indicators, such as the ecological footprint, to
reduce the environmental impacts of the extraction (mining or quarrying), transporting, and
processing of raw materials, to reduce dependence on primary resource markets, to save
landfill space and reduce the pollution caused by the disposal of waste, and to destroy waste
eliminating potential future liabilities. Co-processing contributes to the industrial
competitiveness, is a complementary technology to concepts such as cleaner production or
recycling and should be considered as a treatment alternative within an integrated waste
management concept. Some EII offer co-processing as a sustainable waste management
service. It is usually more cost effective to adapt existing facilities of EII than building new
waste treatment capacities thereby reducing waste management cost to society.

e) Write short note on TREM card.

TREM CARD TO SAFE
1) A Trem card is a Transport Emergency Card. I must be carried in the cab of the vehicle
that is transporting dangerous goods by road. It contains instructions and information that
the driver can refer to in the event of an incident involving the hazardous load. TREM Cards
list the nature of the carried substances, associated hazard(s), and what actions should be
taken in the event of an emergency. They also include a contact name and telephone number
for the relevant emergency services in the event of an accident.
2) Transport Emergency Cards must be visible in the vehicle at all times during the
transportation of hazardous substances. Upon delivery, TREM Cards are removed from
view. The consignor is required under regulations to either supply the cards or give enough
information for the operator to obtain the correct ones. However, the carrier also has a legal
obligation to ensure that cards are appropriate to the load.

f) Explain the terms STP and ETP

SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT(STP)
1) OBJECTIVE: The object of sewage treatment is to stabilize the organic matter present in
sewage so as to produce an effluent liquid and a sludge, both of which can be disposed of
into the environment without causing health hazard.
2) Types of contaminants in Sewage:
a) ORGANIC [Biological treatment]
i. Dissolved (For example Sugar, Milk)
ii. Suspended (For example Vegetable matter, Food residue)
b) INORGANIC [Primary treatment]
Dissolved (For example Salt) Suspended (For example Plastic bags, Cans, Fibre, clothes)

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3) Pollutants in sewage
BOD (Bio Chemical Oxygen demand) The BOD is an important measure of water quality.
It is measure of the amount of oxygen needed by bacteria and other organisms to oxidize the
organic matter present in a water sample over a period of 5 days at 20-degree
C.COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)
COD Measures all organic carbon with the exception of some aromatics (BENZENE,
TOLUENE, PHENOL etc.) which are not completely oxidized in the reaction.
COD is a chemical oxidation reaction Ammonia will not be oxidized.
ETP Plant Operation
1. Screen chamber:
FET Remove relatively large solids to avoid abrasion of mechanical equipment's and
clogging of hydraulic system.
2. Collection tank:
The collection tank collects the effluent water from the screening chamber,
stores and then pumps it to the equalization tank.
3. Equalization tank:
a. The effluents do not have similar concentrations at all the time, the pH will vary
time to time.
b. Effluents are stored from 8 to 12 hours in the equalization tank resulting in a
homogenous mixing of effluents and helping in It eliminates shock loading on the
subsequent treatment system. neutralization.
c. Continuous mixing also eliminates settling of solids within the equalization tank.
d. Reduces SS, TSS
4. Flash mixer:
Coagulants were added to the effluents
Lime: (800-1000 ppm) To correct the pH up to 8-9
Alum: (200-300 ppm) To remove colour
Poly electrolyte: (0.2 ppm) To settle the suspended matters & reduce SS, TSS.

4.Attempt any FOUR of the following:

a) Write short note on carbon credit.
A carbon credit is a generic term for any tradable certificate or permit representing the right
to emit one ton of carbon dioxide or the mass of another greenhouse gas with a carbon
dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) equivalent to one ton of carbon dioxide. Carbon credits and
carbon markets are a component of national and international attempts to mitigate the
growth in concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs). One carbon credit is equal to one
tonne of carbon dioxide, or in some markets, carbon dioxide equivalent gases. Carbon
trading is an application of an emissions trading approach. Greenhouse gas emissions are
capped and then markets are used to allocate the emissions among the group of regulated
sources.
The goal is to allow market mechanisms to drive industrial and commercial processes in the
direction of low emissions or less carbon intensive approaches than those used when there is

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no cost to emitting carbon dioxide and other GHGS into the atmosphere. Since GHG
mitigation projects generate credits, this approach can be used to finance carbon reduction
schemes between trading partners and around the world. There are also many companies that
sell carbon credits to commercial and individual customers who are interested in lowering
their carbon footprint on a voluntary basis. These carbon off setters purchase the credits
from an investment fund or a carbon. development company that has aggregated the credits
from individual projects. Buyers and sellers can also use an exchange platform to trade,
which is like a stock exchange for carbon credits. The quality of the credits is based in part
on the validation process and sophistication of the fund or development company that acted
as the sponsor to the carbon project.

b) Explain KYOTO protocol .

• The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits State Parties to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (a) global warming is
occurring and (b) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly
caused it. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on December 11, 1997 and
entered into force on February 16, 2005. There are currently 192 parties (Canada withdrew
effective December 2012) to the Protocol.
The Kyoto Protocol implemented the objective of the UNFCCC to fight global warming by
reducing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to "a level that would prevent
dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system". The Protocol is based on the
principle of common but differentiated responsibilities: it puts the obligation to reduce
current emissions on developed countries on the basis that they are historically responsible
for the current levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Objective:- The main goal of the Kyoto Protocol is to control emissions of the main
anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) greenhouse gases (GHGS) in ways that reflect
underlying national differences in GHG emissions, wealth, and capacity to make the
reductions.
The treaty follows the main principles agreed in the original 1992 UN Framework
Convention. According to the treaty, in 2012, Annex I Parties who have ratified the treaty
must have fulfilled their obligations of greenhouse gas emissions limitations established for
the Kyoto Protocol's first commitment period (2008-2012).
The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC is the "stabilization of greenhouse gas
concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would stop dangerous anthropogenic
interference with the climate system.

C) Explain Green House effect .

Greenhouse effect:- The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth's
surface. When the Sun's energy reaches the Earth's atmosphere, some of it is reflected back
to space and the rest is absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse gases.

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Step 1: Solar radiation reaches the Earth's atmosphere - some of this is reflected back into
space.
Step 2: The rest of the sun's energy is absorbed by the land and the oceans, heating the Earth.
Step 3: Heat radiates from Earth towards space.
Step 4: Some of this heat is trapped by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, keeping the
Earth warm enough to sustain life.
Step 5: Human activities such as burning fossil fuels, agriculture and land clearing are
increasing the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere
Step 6: This is trapping extra heat, and causing the Earth's temperature to rise.

d) Explain the impact of ozone layer depletion.

Ozone layer depletion can have some serious consequences on effects of human health,
plants, marine ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles and earth's environment. Let us see each
one of these in detail.
1) Effect on health of humans:- With depletion in ozone's layer, we humans are
more prone to UV rays that reaches the Earth's surface. Studies suggests that high
levels of UV Rays cause non-melanoma skin cancer and plays a major role in
malignant melanoma development. Direct exposure to UV rays can lead to
development of cataracts which clouds the eye's lens. Aging of skin is yet another
problem that will make you look older than what you really are. Extensive
exposure to UV rays can lead to acceleration of the aging process of your skin.
2) Effect on Plants become another casualty by radiation effects of UV rays:-
The physiological and developmental processes of plants are also severely
affected apart from the growth. Some other changes that are caused by UV
include the way plants form, timing of development and growth, how nutrients
are distributed within the plant and metabolism, etc.
3) Effect on marine ecosystems:- UV rays also have adverse effect on the marine
ecosystems. It badly affects the planktons that form the foundation of aquatic
food webs. Phytoplankton grow close to the surface of the water and plays vital
role in the food chain and oceanic carbon cycle Changes in UV levels is known to
affect both orientation and motility in phytoplankton.
4) Effect on biogeochemical cycles:- An increase in UV radiation alters both
sources and sinks of greenhouse gasses in the biosphere e.g., carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide, carbonyl sulphide, ozone, and possibly other gases. Changes in
UV levels would contribute to biosphere-atmosphere feedbacks that mitigate or
amplify the atmospheric concentrations of these gases.

e) Explain the concept of acid rain.

Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it
has elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH). It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic
animals and infrastructure.

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Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which react with the
water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. Some governments have made efforts
since the 1970s to reduce the release of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide into the
atmosphere with positive results.
Nitrogen oxides can also be produced naturally by lightning strikes, and sulphur dioxide is
produced by volcanic eruptions. Acid rain has been shown to have adverse impacts on
forests, freshwaters and soils, killing insect and aquatic life-forms, causing paint to peel,
corrosion of steel structures such as bridges, and weathering of stone buildings and statues as
well as having impacts on human health.
The principal cause of acid rain is sulphur and nitrogen compounds from human sources,
such as electricity generation, factories, and motor vehicles. Electrical power generation
using coal is among the greatest contributors to gaseous pollutions that are responsible for
acidic rain.

5. Attempt any FOUR of the following:

a) Explain key elements of energy management system as per ISO 50001.
Key Elements of Energy Management System:
1. Make a commitment. A common element of successful energy-management
programs is commitment. Allocate appropriate staff and funding to achieve
continuous improvement.. Leading organizations form dedicated energy teams and
institute energy policies.
2. Assess performance. Understanding past and current energy use is vital in
identifying opportunities to improve performance. Periodically examine your energy
bills or collect more specific energy-use data with submetering or other monitoring
tools. Compare your energy consumption over time and benchmark against similar
facilities.
3. Set goals Setting clear and measurable goals is critical for developing effective
strategies and reaping financial gains. In addition to guiding daily decisions, well-
stated goals provide the basis for tracking and measuring progress while promoting
continuous improvement.
4. Create an action plan. With goals in place, your organization is poised to develop a
road map for improving energy performance. A detailed action plan provides a
systematic process for implementing energy-performance measures. Start by defining
technical steps and targets, as well as individual roles and resources, update regularly
to reflect performance changes and shifting priorities.
5. Implement the action plan. Successfully implementing the projects defined in the
action plan will require the support and cooperation of people across your entire
organization. Communicate energy-performance goals and initiatives to all staff,
making sure they understand their responsibilities. Training and incentives raise
awareness and motivate employees to improve energy performance.
6. Evaluate progress. Evaluating progress includes a formal review of both energy-use
data and the activities carried out as part of the action plan. Many organizations use

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evaluation results, and information gathered during the review process, to identify
best practices and set new performance goals.
7. Recognize achievements. Recognition helps sustain momentum and support for your
program. Motivate staff and employees by recognizing those who have helped the
organization achieve results. Recognition from outside sources also validates the
importance of the program and provides positive exposure for the organization as a
whole.

b) State energy conservation measures.

Energy Conservation Measures:
An Energy conservation (ECM) is any type of conducted, or technology implemented, to
reduce the consumption of energy in a building. The types of projects implemented can be in
a variety of forms but usually are designed to reduce utility costs: water, electricity and gas
being the main three for industrial and commercial enterprises. The aim of an ECM should
be to achieve a savings, reducing the amount of energy used by a particular process,
technology or facility.
An ECM is to improve the energy efficiency of An ECM is to improve the energy efficiency
of building infrastructure, including building infrastructure, including
heating/cooling/ventilation systems, utility heating/cooling/ventilation systems, utility
systems, roof, and windows. This is achieved systems, roof, and windows. This is achieved
by an engineering investigation to identify by an engineering investigation to identify
potential replacements of, or upgrades to. potential replacements of, or upgrades to, existing
systems that enhance energy existing systems that enhance energy efficiency in a cost
efficiency in a cost effective manner.

C) Describe Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) - also called Life-Cycle Analysis - is a tool for examining
the total environmental impact of a product through every step of its life - from obtaining
raw materials all the way through making it in a factory, selling it in a store, using it in the
workplace or at home, and disposing of it.
Life-Cycle Assessment is an objective procedure used to evaluate the environmental impacts
associated with a product's entire life cycle, through the quantitative determination of all
exchange flows between the product system and the ecosphere in all the transformation
processes involved, from the extraction of raw materials to their return into the ecosphere in
the form of waste. The life cycle consists of the technical system of processes and transport
routes used at, or needed for, raw materials extraction, production, use and after use (waste
management or recycling). LCA is sometimes called a "cradle-to-grave" assessment. LCA
approaches are generally guided by standards but a professional code of practice has also
been developed.

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There are four linked components of LCA:

1. Goal definition and scoping: identifying the LCA's purpose and the expected
products of the study, and determining the boundaries (what is and is not included in
the study) and assumptions based upon the goal definition;
2. Life-cycle inventory: quantifying the energy and raw material inputs and
environmental releases associated with each stage of production;
3. Impact analysis: assessing the impacts on human health and the environment
associated with energy and raw material inputs and environmental releases quantified
by the inventory;
4. Improvement analysis: evaluating opportunities to reduce energy, material inputs, or
environmental impacts at each stage of the product life-cycle.
d) Explain the use of clean technology
Use of Clean Technologies:
Clean technology refers to any process, product, or service that reduces negative
environmental impacts through significant energy efficiency improvements, the sustainable
use of resources, or environmental protection activities.
Clean technology includes a broad range of technology related to recycling, renewable
energy (wind power, solar power, biomass, hydropower, bio-fuels, etc.) information
technology, green transportation, electric motors, green chemistry, lighting, Greywater, and
more.

e) Explain the role of raw material saving.

Raw Material Saving:
Basic substance in its natural, modified, or semi-processed state, used as an input to a
production process for subsequent modification or transformation into a finished good.
Reducing material waste means greater resource efficiency, less pollution and more profits.
Each dollar saved on raw materials costs goes straight to the bottom line.
Before you can eliminate raw material waste, you need to be able to identify it. To do this,
every aspect of the production process should be addressed and tracked.
"The lifecycle flow of materials (e.g., end-use material efficiency improvement and
cascading through reuse, recycling, and recovery) and their storage in the economy
(stockpiling) are not well understood, and as a consequence, important options for efficiency
improvements might be overlooked as attention is focused instead on energy efficiency in
materials production,"
Reuse/Reprocess
"Reusing items is another way to stop waste at the source because it delays or avoids that
item's entry in the waste collection and disposal system,
Product Design
Formulate for disposal or recycling," Enviro wise advises. "Avoiding the problem of
obsolescence should start at the earliest possible stage when formulating new products."
"In tracking waste, you should understand how many good parts you're getting to how many
bad parts," says private-equity firm. "This could be applied to raw materials or finished

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products. If you're constructing metal chairs and you have a good deal of scrapped steel, you
should be aware of what percentage of your order is being utilized."
Where possible, use materials that have already been recycled or can be reused, recycled or
recovered.
Inventory:- The true cost of excess inventory levels should be analysed carefully before a
business orders excess raw materials. Just-in-time inventory and lean manufacturing can
eliminate such unnecessary costs by matching production to demand in real time to eliminate
the need for excessive inventory, warehouse and equipment space, etc.
"Check how you handle and store raw materials,". "Even failing to empty all bags and
containers properly could lead to significant amounts of waste."
New technology:- Employing new technology by changing the old production lines saves
the large amount of raw material.

F) Explain the term Green supply chain.

Green supply chain:- Green supply chain management can be defined as integrating
environmental thinking into supply-chain management, including product design, material
sourcing and selection, manufacturing processes, delivery of the final product as well as end-
of-life management of the product after its useful life.
What is Green Supply Chain Management: Green Supply Chain Management is all about
delivering products and services from suppliers, manufacturers to end customers through
material flow, information flow and cash flow in the context of environment. Traditional
Supply Chain Management focuses on Total Quality, optimum Cost and best service which
in some way contributed to environment. Today's Green Supply chain management
mandates to incorporate the environmental idea in each and every stage of the product and
service in a Supply Chain. Hence Supply chain managers have a great role in developing
innovative environmental technologies to tackle the problems faced by the economy on
environmental problems and communicate this to every stake holder in the chain.
Ways to build Green Supply Chain
Product Selection: Designing the product in such a way that it should be safe for use,
creating least pollution and consumes less energy. It should not be hazardous during storage,
transportation and also while disposing once it reaches end of its product life cycle. DFE
(Design for Environment) is about developing products that has no negative side effect for
human and environment, cost effective and environment friendly. This practice has to be
implemented in product design stage.
Process and production: Process has to be designed so that it conforms to the Green
Supply Chain Management initiatives to reduce environmental negative impact. Efficient
and effective production strategy to reduce energy consumption which includes reducing
waste material, air and water emissions. This contributes to lean manufacturing. All
possibilities have to be checked for recycling the Scrap materials.
Business Partners selection: Selecting suppliers who have proven track records on
practicing lean manufacturing and using environment friendly material. Involving vendors
during product conception and design so that they can share their best practices to best align

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your strategy with the customer strategy on going greener supply chain Ultimately it results
in customer delight and satisfaction.

6. Attempt any FOUR of the following:

a) State purpose and advantages of sustainability reporting.
Purpose of Sustainability Report:
1. Sustainability reporting is the practice of measuring, disclosing, and being
accountable to internal and external stakeholders for organizational performance
towards the goal of sustainable development.
2. 'Sustainability reporting is a broad term considered synonymous with others used to
describe reporting on economic, environmental, and social impacts (e.g., triple
bottom line, corporate responsibility reporting, etc.).
3. A sustainability report should provide a balanced and reasonable representation of the
sustainability performance of a reporting organization including both positive and
negative contributions.
4. Sustainability reports based on the GRI Reporting Framework disclose outcomes and
results that occurred within the reporting period in the context of the organization's
commitments, strategy, and management approach.
Reports can be used for the following purposes, among others:
• Benchmarking and assessing sustainability performance with respect to laws, norms,
codes. performance standards, and voluntary initiatives;
• Demonstrating how the organization influences and is influenced by expectations about
sustamable development,
Advantages/Benefits of Sustainability Report:
1. Sustainability reporting is a vital step towards achieving a sustainable global
economy.
2. Reporting enhances companies' accountability for their impacts and therefore
enhances trust, facilitating the sharing of values on which to build a more cohesive
society.
3. The availability of sustainability information can be used by governments to assess
the impact and contribution of businesses to the economy and to understand which
issues are being tackled by which players.
4. Widespread sustainability reporting practices, creating transparency, can help markets
function more efficiently and indicate the health of the economy; and help drive
progress by all organizations towards a smart, sustainable and inclusive growth.
5. Organizations can use reporting to inform their risk analysis strategies and boost their
business.
6. A growing number of companies see sustainability reporting as a means to drive
greater innovation through their businesses and products to create a competitive
advantage in the market
7. Governments, busmesses and stakeholders all directly benefit from it, and the positive
impact on social. environmental and human rights issues is evident.

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8. Specifically, for organizations, sustainability reporting adds value in a number of

areas. Building trust Transparency about non-financial performance can help to
reduce reputational risks, open up dialogue with stakeholders such as customers,
communities and investors, and demonstrate leadership, openness and accountability.

b) Explain the term Global reporting initiative (GRI) G4 guidelines

GRI G4 Guidelines:
 The GRI Sustainability Reporting Guidelines (the Guidelines) offer Reporting
Principles, Standard Disclosures and an Implementation Manual for preparation of
sustainability reports by organizations, regardless of their size, sector or location.
 The Guidelines also offer an international reference for all those interested in the
disclosure of governance approach and of the environmental, social and economic
performance and impacts of organizations.
 The Guidelines are useful in the preparation of any type of document which requires
such disclosure. The Guidelines are developed through a global multi-stakeholder
process involving representatives from business, labour, civil society, and financial
markets, as well as auditors and experts in various fields; and in close dialogue with
regulators and governmental agencies in several countries. The Guidelines are
developed in alignment with internationally recognized reporting related documents,
which are referenced throughout the Guidelines.
 THE GUIDELINES
 The Guidelines are presented in two parts: Y
2. Reporting Principles and Standard Disclosures Y
2. Implementation Manual
The first part Reporting Principles and Standard Disclosures contains Reporting Principles,
Standard Disclosures, and the criteria to be applied by an organization to prepare its
sustainability report in accordance' with the Guidelines. Definitions of key terms are also
included.
The second part - Implementation Manual - contains explanations of how to apply the
Reporting Principles, how to prepare the information to be disclosed, and how to interpret
the various concepts in the Guidelines. References to other sources, a glossary and general
reporting notes are also included.

c) Explain green building concept.

green building:- green building concept (also known as green construction or sustainable
building) refers to structure and the application of processes that are environmentally
responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from planning to
design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition.
 This requires close cooperation of the contractor, the architects, the engineers,
and the client at all project stages. The Green Building practice expands and
complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility,
durability, and comfort.

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 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a set of rating

systems for the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of green
buildings which was Developed by the U.S. Green Building Council.
 Other certificates system that confirms the sustainability of buildings is the
British BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment
Method) for buildings and large-scale developments.
 The common objective of green buildings is to reduce the overall impact of the
built environment on human health and the natural environment by:
1) Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources
2) Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity
3) Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation
 A similar concept is natural building, which is usually on a smaller scale and
tends to focus on the use of natural materials that are available locally.

d) Explain analysis and monitoring of industrial effluents.

Analysis: -
1) Temperature: - Temperature affects chemical, biological reactions in water. In the
present study, it varies from 28 to 29.5 0C, but there are cases where that temperature
has been reported more than 40 OC due to reactions in the plants (nuclear and thermal
power plants). Generally, the effluents are suitably diluted before they are released to
the sewage.
2) pH:-The pH values are in the range 6.5-8. This is in accordance with the WHO
permissible limit (6.0-8.5). The extreme pH of wastewater are generally not
acceptable, as lower pH cause problems to survival of aquatic life. It also interferes
with the optimum operation of wastewater treatment facilities. Water with high or
low pH is not suitable for irrigation. At low pH most of the metals become soluble in
water and therefore could be hazardous in the environment. At high pH most of the
metals become insoluble and accumulate in the sludge and sediments. The toxicity of
heavy metals also gets enhanced at particular pH.
3) Electrical conductivity the electric conductivity of water is a measure of the ability of
a solution to conduct an electric current, this ability depends upon the presence of
ions, their total concentration, mobility and temperature of water. The conductivity of
the water is one of the important parameters used to determine the suitability of water
for irrigation. It is useful indicator for salinity or total salt content of waste water.
4) Total dissolved solids. Total dissolved solid is the measure of total inorganic salts
and other substances that are dissolved in water. The effluents with high TDS value
may cause salinity problem if discharged to irrigation water. The total dissolved
solids in various industrial effluents ranged from 1557-39643 mg/L.
5) Total Suspended solids: - In the present Study, the total suspended solid was found
in the range of 82 to 4410 mg/L, which was very higher value compare to limit set by
WHO.

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6) Nitrates and Phosphates: - 20-50 mg/L of nitrates and 0-20mg/L of phosphates are
permissible for irrigation. More than 75% of the samples are having higher
concentration levels; they are unfit for irrigation without proper treatments.
7) Dissolved Oxygen (DO): - Dissolved oxygen levels are found to be very low and
hence a lot of oxygen has been used up. It shows the increased concentration of
organic matter. More than 4 mg/L is desirable but all the samples show very
negligible amount of DO. The presence of free oxygen in water is an indication of the
ability of that water to support biological life. Low value of DO may be due to higher
water temperature and increased activity of microorganisms in the water which
consumes a lot of oxygen due to metabolic process and the decomposition of organic
material.
8) BOD and COD: - BOD measure the amount of oxygen requires by bacteria for
breaking down to simpler substances from the decomposable organic matter present
in any water and COD test is useful in pinpointing toxic condition and presence of
biological resistant substances10. In the present study BOD and COD values were
found in the range of 90 1213mg/L and 167-8220 mg/L respectively which goes
higher side than the limit WHO.
9) Chlorides and Sulphates: - Concentration of Chloride varied from 200-600 mg/L
and that of sulphate varied from 200-400 mg/l. More than 95% of samples show
higher amount of Chlorides and Sulphates compared to WHO limits (250 mg/L).
High contraction of Chlorides and Sulphates may due to use Chlorine compounds,
like Hydrochloric acid, Hypo caloric acid.
Monitoring:- Final Effluent Monitoring Systems provide continuous monitoring of
compliance parameters for the purpose of effluent permit reporting purposes or simply self-
monitoring purposes. Our monitoring systems can provide hardcopy recording via strip chart
recorders, or provide electronic data-logging, or retransmit via a network connection. Any
analytical parameter can be monitored including: F&SC
 pH (0-14)
 Flow (instant and total)
 Temperature
 Conductivity/Turbidity
 TSS and/or TDS
 Heavy Metals via colorimetric determination including (Fe, Cu, Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn,
etc.)
Recording Methods can include any conventional data recording device including:
Circular Chart Recorders
Strip Chart Recorders
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems
PLC retransmission to a Building Monitoring System (BMB)

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e) Describe ecosystem and its concept and structure.

Concept:- Living organisms cannot live isolated from their non-living environment because
the latter provides materials and energy for the survival of the former i.e. there is interaction
between a biotic community and its environment to produce a stable system; a natural self-
sufficient unit which is known as an ecosystem.
 An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the non-living
components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting
as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together
through nutrient cycles and energy flows.
 As ecosystems are defined by the network of interactions among organisms, and
between organisms and their environment, they can be of any size but usually
encompass specific, limited spaces.
 Energy, water, nitrogen and soil minerals are other essential abiotic components of an
ecosystem.
 The energy that flows through ecosystems is obtained primarily from the sun. It
generally enters the system through photosynthesis, a process that also captures
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere By feeding on plants and on one another,
animals play an important role in the movement of matter and energy through the
system.
 Ecosystems are controlled both by external and internal factors. External factors such
as climate, the parent material that forms the soil, and topography control the overall
structure of an ecosystem and the way things work within it, but are not themselves
influenced by the ecosystem.
 Ecosystems in similar environments that are located in different parts of the world
can have very different characteristics simply because they contain different species.
 Internal factors not only control ecosystem processes but are also controlled by them
and are often subject to feedback loops.
 While the resource inputs are generally controlled by external processes like climate
and parent material, the availability of these resources within the ecosystem is
controlled by internal factors like decomposition, root competition or shading.
 Other internal factors include disturbance, succession and the types of species present
Although humans exist and operate within ecosystems, their cumulative effects are
large enough to influence external factors like climate Biodiversity affects ecosystem
function, as do the processes of disturbance and succession Ecosystems provide a
variety of goods and services upon which people depend. the principles of ecosystem
management suggest that rather than managing individual species, natural resources
should be managed at the level of the ecosystem itself.
Structure of ecosystem:-
(1) Abiotic
(2) Biotic
(1) Biotic Components:

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The non-living factors or the physical environment prevailing in an ecosystem form the
abiotic components. They have a strong influence on the structure, distribution, behavior and
inter relationship of organisms.
Abiotic components are mainly of two types:
(a) Climatic Factors: Which include rain, temperature, light, wind, humidity etc.
2) Biotic components
The living organisms including plants, animals and micro-organisms (Bacteria and Fungi)
that are present in an ecosystem form the biotic components.
On the basis of their role in the ecosystem the biotic components can be classified into three
main groups:
(A) Producers
(B) Consumers
(C) Decomposers or Reducers.
(D) Edaphic Factors: Which include soil, pH, topography minerals etc.?

f) List out the various elements of sustainability reporting.

Elements of Sustainability Report:- There are five elements of the sustainability report
as follows:
1) Transparency:
 Aside from collecting and compiling the data, which is no small challenge,
transparency requires putting new company information into the public domain.
 There is organizational inertia and a fear that additional data could reflect poorly on the
organization, or even on individuals
 The other fear is that the information could in some way benefit the competition. As a
result, many reporters take a shortcut by including superficial data rather than truly
transparent information.
 True transparency requires context and parameters. For example, if a company reports
a 20% reduction in water usage, readers shouldn't have to ask, "20% of what baseline?
Over what time period""
2) Authenticity:
 We all know that no one is perfect. And no company is perfect either.
 But most companies have been so conditioned to portray themselves as perfect in the
marketplace, that admitting to flaws and challenges is tremendously difficult.
 A sustainability report is not the place to portray perfection. That does a disservice to
stakeholders- because it simply isn't believable. Good reports acknowledge challenges
and failures provide context and communicate next steps.
3) Stakeholder Engagement:
 Good CSRS provide evidence that the transparent and authentic information included
is also a true reflection of stakeholder interests.
 Many reports handle this GRI requirement by describing channels and perhaps volume
of communication with various stakeholder groups.

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 True stakeholder engagement, however, is apparent when there is evidence of an

authentic two-way exchange resulting in some degree of change in the company.
 This proves that the company is really listening and incorporating stakeholder
feedback into their business.
4. Intuitive structure
 Sustainability reports have a wide array of audiences - each with very different
expectations.
 If your audience can't find the information they need, any hard work put into the
other elements will go unnoticed.
 It is important to develop a good structure for content and navigation whether
reporting in a printed piece, a PDF, a website or a mobile
 Good structure and design will organize the complex range of information into a
structure simple enough that all readers will be able to navigate intuitively.
5) Meaningful:

 Finally, successful reports will do all of the above in a way that is truly meaningful
to each audience.
 At Emotive Brand, we believe that people (i.e. stakeholders) are increasingly
skeptical and sophisticated, and that they will support companies that offer them
meaning.
 Sustainability reports present an opportunity for organizations to communicate
authentically about issues that matter to people.
 So, it is important to tie each of the previous elements together in a way that speaks
clearly and directly to stakeholder interests, while providing an opportunity for
continued dialogue.

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