ch2、3熱組卡式座標

PROBLEM 2.
9
Steady-state, one-dimensional conduction occurs in a rod of constant thermal
conductivity k and variable cross-sectional area 𝐴𝐴𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥) = 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜 𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 , where 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜 and a are
constants. The lateral surface of the rod is well insulated.
(a) Write an expression for the conduction heat rate, 𝑞𝑞𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥). Use this expression to
determine the temperature distribution T(x) and qualitatively sketch the
distribution for T(0)>T(L).
(b) Now consider conditions for which thermal energy is generated in the rod at a
volumetric rate where is a constant. Obtain an expression for 𝑞𝑞𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥) when the left
face (x = 0) is well insulated.
PROBLEM 2.9
A method for determining the thermal conductivity k and the specific heat 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 of
a material is illustrated in the sketch. Initially the two identical samples of diameter
D= 60 mm and thickness L = 10 mm and the thin heater are at a uniform temperature
of 𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖 = 23℃, while surrounded by an insulating powder. Suddenly the heater is
energized to provide a uniform heat flux on each of the sample interfaces, and the heat
flux is maintained constant for a period of time,∆𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 . A short time after sudden heating
is initiated, the temperature at this interface 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 is related to the heat flux as
1/2
𝑡𝑡
𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) − 𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖 = 2𝑞𝑞𝑜𝑜" � �
𝜋𝜋𝜌𝜌𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 𝑘𝑘
For a particular test run, the electrical heater dissipates 15.0 W for a period of
∆𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 = 120𝑠𝑠, and the temperature at the interface is 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 (30𝑠𝑠) = 24.57℃ after 30 s of
heating.A long time after the heater is deenergized,𝑡𝑡 ≫ ∆𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 , the samples reach the
uniform temperature of 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 (∞) = 33.50℃. The density of the sample materials,
determined by measurement of volume and mass, is 𝜌𝜌 = 3965𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚3.
Determine the specific heat and thermal conductivity of the test material. By
looking at values of the thermophysical properties in Table A.1 or A.2, identify the
test sample material.
PROBLEM 2.34
The cylindrical system illustrated has negligible variation of temperature in the r- and
z-directions. Assume that ∆𝑟𝑟 = 𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜 − 𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 is small compared to 𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 , and denote the
length in the z-direction, normal to the page, as L.
(a) Beginning with a properly defined control volume and considering energy
generation and storage effects, derive the differential equation that prescribes the
variation in temperature with the angular coordinate ∅. Compare your result with
Equation 2.26.
(b) For steady-state conditions with no internal heat generation and constant
properties, determine the temperature distribution T(∅) in terms of the constants
𝑇𝑇1 , 𝑇𝑇2 , 𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 , and 𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜 . Is this distribution linear in ∅?
(c) For the conditions of part
(b) write the expression for the heat rate 𝑞𝑞∅ .
PROBLEM 2.35
Derive the heat diffusion equation, Equation 2.26, for cylindrical coordinates
beginning with the differential control volume shown in Figure 2.12.
PROBLEM 3.10
The wind chill, which is experienced on a cold, windy day, is related to increased heat
transfer from exposed human skin to the surrounding atmosphere. Consider a layer of
fatty tissue that is 3 mm thick and whose interior surface is maintained at a
temperature of 36°C. On a calm day the convection heat transfer coefficient at the
outer surface is 25𝑊𝑊/𝑚𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾𝐾, but with 30 km/h winds it reaches 65𝑊𝑊/𝑚𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾𝐾. In both
cases the ambient air temperature is -15°C.
(a) What is the ratio of the heat loss per unit area from the skin for the calm day to
that for the windy day?
(b) What will be the skin outer surface temperature for the calm day? For the windy
day?
(c) What temperature would the air have to assume on the calm day to produce the
same heat loss occurring with the air temperature at -15°C on the windy day?
PROBLEM 3.12
A house has a composite wall of wood, fiberglass insulation, and plaster board, as
indicated in the sketch. On a cold winter day, the convection heat transfer coefficients
are ℎ𝑜𝑜 = 60𝑊𝑊/𝑚𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾𝐾 and ℎ𝑖𝑖 = 30𝑊𝑊/𝑚𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾𝐾. The total wall surface area is 350
𝑚𝑚2 .
(a) Determine a symbolic expression for the total thermal resistance of the wall,
including inside and outside convection effects for the prescribed conditions.
(b) Determine the total heat loss through the wall.
(c) If the wind were blowing violently, raising ℎ𝑜𝑜 to 300 𝑊𝑊/𝑚𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾𝐾, determine the
percentage increase in the heat loss.
(d) What is the controlling resistance that determines the amount of heat flow through
the wall?
PROBLEM 3.36
A truncated solid cone is of circular cross section, and its diameter is related to the
axial coordinate by an expression of the form 𝐷𝐷 = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 3/2, where 𝑎𝑎 = 1.0 𝑚𝑚−1/2 . The
sides are well insulated, while the top surface of the cone at 𝑥𝑥1 is maintained at 𝑇𝑇1
and the bottom surface at 𝑥𝑥2 is maintained at 𝑇𝑇2 .
(a) Obtain an expression for the temperature distribution T(x).
(b) What is the rate of heat transfer across the cone if it is constructed of pure
aluminum with 𝑥𝑥1 = 0.075 𝑚𝑚, 𝑇𝑇1 = 100℃, 𝑥𝑥2 = 0.225 𝑚𝑚, and 𝑇𝑇2 = 20℃ ?

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PROBLEM 2.

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