SHS

STEM

General Chemistry 2
Quarter 2- Week 1 (Module 5)
Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
General Chemistry 2 (SHS-STEM)
Quarter 2 – Week 1 (Module 5): Crystalline and Amorphous Solids

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Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Joy Anne B. Bonagua

Editors/ reviewers: Shirley V. Bataller

Ronaldo C. Reyes
Noel V. Ibis
 Hi Learners,

I am Jack Frost. Together

with some of my comrades, we will
be your companion in
understanding the difference
between crystalline and
amorphous solids.

Are you ready for your own

adventure to unfold?

https://www.google.com/search?q=jack+frost+making+
snow&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwic
iaGlmY3qAhULQd4KHY8iAtMQ_AUoAXoECA0QAw
Solid is one of the fundamental states of
matter. It is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes in shape or
volume.With few exceptions, the particles that compose a solid material, whether ionic,
molecular, covalent or metallic are held in place by strong attractive forces between them.
Therefore, the positions of atoms, molecules or ions which are essentially fixed in space,
rather than their motions are considered.

In this module you will learn that the constituents of a solid can be arranged in two
general ways resulting to the two general types of solids.

MOST ESSENTIAL
LEARNING COMPETENCY

Describe the difference in structure of crystalline and amorphous solids

Your Learning Targets

At the end of this module, you will be able to:

• Differentiate amorphous and crystalline solids based on the arrangement of

particles.
• Compare the properties of crystalline and amorphous solids.
• Classify the different examples of crystalline and amorphous solids.
• Explain the distinguishing features of crystalline and amorphous solid.

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 GIVE
THIS A
TRY
https://www.google.com/search?q=jack+frost+making+snow&sour

Read and analyze carefully the given questions. Choose the letter of the best
answer.

1. Which among the following solids soften gradually when they are heated?
A. amorphous solids C. limestone

B. crystalline solids D. carbon

2. Which substance is NOT a crystalline solid? https://www.visionlearning.com/en/library/

Chemistry/1/Properties-of-Solids/209/quiz
A. glass C. sugar
B. salt D. carbon

3. Which of the following properties is generally exhibited by amorphous solids?

A. Anisotropy
B. Glass-transition
C. Equal strength of all bonds
D. Crystal Intersect

4. Amorphous solids have solid-state properties, but they do not possess .

A. Specific volume
B. Virtual shape maintenance
C. Orderly arrangement
D. Density

5. Soda-lime glass is the most common type of glass. The component present in
largest w/w percentage is_______.
A. SiO2 C. Na2O
B. Al2O3 D. CaO

Check your answers at the answer

key. If you got a perfect score of 5,
your adventure will be easy all
throughout this module. However, if
you got 4 or lower, I suggest that you
take this learning module seriously.
https://www.google.com/search?q=jack+fros
Good luck learners! t+making+snow&source=lnms&tbm=isch&s
a=X&ved=2ahUKEwiciaGlmY3qAhULQd4K
HY8iAtMQ_AUoAXoECA0QAw

gogo 2
 Your Learning Activities: Take courage and
leap into the world of solids!!!

https://www.google.com/search?q=jack+frost+making+snow&sour
ce=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiciaGlmY3qAhULQd4K
HY8iAtMQ_AUoAXoECA0QAw

A. ELICIT

https://developed%20module/amorphous-solids.pdf

What can you infer from the particles shown in the

picture? Chang, 2008

B. ENGAGE

Activity 1: 4 Pix One Word

Familiar with 4 Pix One Word?

In that game, you will click the arrangement of
the letter to form a word. In THIS game, you
just need to guess the answer based on the
pictures shown.

HINT

Contain strong
https://1.imimg.com/data/P/9/MY-979264/activated-charcoal _10714160_ Intermolecular Forces
250 x 250.jpg
http://healthychild.org/assets/esphoto_plastics_tupperware1-504x334.jpg
https://f.tqn.com/y/chemistry/1/S/a/d/quartz.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/SilicaGel.jpg

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C. EXPLORE

Your Targets:

1. Differentiate amorphous from crystalline solids

2. Identify the distinguishing features of
amorphous and crystalline solids.

Materials:

• Large kitchen bowl

• Two sizes of round candies*
• If 2 sizes of round candies are not available you can use any round object with the
appropriate size.
*Candies should be different in size, but larger candy should be no more than 3 times
larger than the small candy. Both types of candy should be perfectly round.

Procedure:

1. Pour enough of the smaller candy into the bowl to

cover the bottom with one layer of candy. Each candy
represents one atom. Gently shake the bowl from side to
side and watch how the “atoms” move. Keep shaking until
all of the atoms line up in straight lines, as seen in the picture
to the right.

Guide Questions:

a. What do you notice on your model?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

b. What type of solid was shown by your model? _____________________________

c. How many directions of ordering can you find?

___________________________________________________________________

d. What happens at the edges?

___________________________________________________________________

e. How will you describe the orientation of the particles? Write down your observations.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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 2. Take the bowl with the small atoms and add the
bigger atoms (the larger size candy). You do not need as
many of the bigger atoms, estimate one fourth to one third
of the small atoms. Mix the atoms with your hands until all
the big atoms have been distributed. Again, gently shake
the mixture and watch what happens to the atoms. The
model should start to look something like the picture on
the right.

Guide Questions:
a. What do you notice on your model?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

b. What type of solid was shown by your model? ____________________________

c. How many directions of ordering can you find?

___________________________________________________________________

d. What happens at the edges?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

e. How will you describe the orientation of the particles? Write down your observations.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

D. EXPLAIN

Activity 2: Explain Further!

Based on your experiment list down two sentences that explains the distinguishing
features of crystalline and amorphous solid.

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 Congratulations!!! You have finished those
activities. Now, let’s clear some things.
Here is a thorough explanation.

https://micromundoarts.bogspot.com/2017/02/10-best-for-cartoon-albert-einstein.html?m=1

E. ELABORATE

Solids are characterized by an extended three-dimensional arrangement of atoms,

ions, or molecules in which the components are generally locked into their positions. These
can be categorized into two groups: the crystalline solids and the amorphous solids. The
differences in properties of these two groups of solids arise from the presence or absence of
long range order of arrangements of the particles in the solid.

1. Arrangement of particles

The components of a solid can be arranged in two general ways: they can form a
regular repeating three-dimensional structure called a crystal lattice, thus producing a
crystalline solid, or they can aggregate with no particular long range order, and form
an amorphous solid (from the Greek ámorphos, meaning “shapeless”).

Crystalline solids are arranged in fixed geometric patterns or lattices. The ordered
arrangement of their units maximizes the space they occupy and are essentially
incompressible. In other words, the arrangement of atoms, molecules, or ions in a crystalline
solid is such that the net attractive intermolecular forces are at their maximum.

Their characteristic properties include regular geometric shapes, and flat faces when
cleaved or sheared. Examples of crystalline solids are ice, sodium chloride (NaCl), copper
sulfate (CuSO4), diamond, graphite, and sugar (C12H22O11). (Chang, 2008)

Amorphous solids have a random orientation of particles. Examples of amorphous

solids are glass, plastic, coal, and rubber. They are considered super-cooled liquids where
molecules are arranged in a random manner. These substances do not show a sharp
distinction between the solid and liquid states. Amorphous solids (e.g. glass), like liquids, do
not have long range order, but may have a limited, localized order in their structures. Glass
inherits its transparency from crystalline SiO2, also called quartz. However, quartz has very
high and narrow glass-transition. To overcome this, small amount of Na2 is added. CaO is also
added to prevent water-solubility imparted by soda. (Barrameda, 2016)

More than 90% of naturally occurring and artificially prepared solids are crystalline.
Minerals, sand, clay, limestone, metals, alloys, carbon (diamond and graphite), salts (e.g.
NaCl and MgSO4), all have crystalline structures. They have structures formed by repeating

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three dimensional patterns of atoms, ions, or molecules. The repetition of structural units of
the substance over long atomic distances is referred to as long-range order.

Crystalline and Amorphous quartz

https://teacher's%20Guide/General%20Chemistry%202.pdf

The lattice of crystalline quartz (SiO2)

The atoms form a regular arrangement in a structure that consists of linked
tetrahedral.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Chemistry_(Averill_and_Eldred
ge)/12%3A_Solids/12.1%3A_Crystalline_and_Amorphous_Solids

2. Behavior when heated

The presence or absence of long-range order in the structure of solids results in a

difference in the behavior of the solid when heated.

The basic repeating structural unit of a crystalline solid is a unit cell. The structures
of crystalline solids are built from repeating units called crystal lattices. In many crystals, the
lattice point does not actually contain an atom, ion, or molecule. Rather, there may be several
atoms, ions, or molecules identically arranged about each lattice point. For simplicity, however,

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we can assume that each lattice point is occupied by an atom. The surroundings of particles
in the structure are uniform, and the attractive forces experienced by the particles are of similar
types and strength. These attractive forces are broken by the same amount of energy, and
thus, crystals become liquids at a specific temperature (i.e. the melting point). At this
temperature, physical properties of the crystalline solids change sharply. (Barrameda, 2016)

Examples of Crystalline Solids

http://www.brainfuse.com/quizUpload/c_83128/crystalline1.GIF

Due to random organization of particles, amorphous solids have the same physical
properties along all directions or are isotropic. Random organization of particles also results
in unequal bond strengths. Upon cooling, amorphous solids turn into a brittle glass-like state
from a flexible rubber-like state. This is called glass-transition. In other words, amorphous
solids soften gradually when they are heated. They tend to melt over a wide range of
temperature. This behavior is a result of the variation in the arrangement of particles in their
structures, causing some parts of the solid to melt ahead of other parts.

Examples of Amorphous Solids

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x 250.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Glass_paperweight.jpg
http://healthychild.org/assets/esphoto_plastics_tupperware1-504x334.jpg

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 Additional examples include thin film lubricants, metallic glasses, polymers, and gels.
Amorphous metals are not transparent and have relatively lower electrical conductivity.
However, most metal glasses possess high magnetic susceptibility and low coercivity.

Amorphous Metals
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/amorphous-
solids/

Want Some More? Let’s now assess what

you’ve learned! Good luck!

F. EVALUATE

Activity 3: Differences

List down 2 sentences that will describe the difference in structure or the
arrangement of particles of a crystalline and amorphous solid.

Examples of Amorphous Metallic Glass

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Activity 4: Classify It

Classify the following materials as crystalline or amorphous solids.

1. Table salt - _________________

2. Plastics - _________________
3. Graphite - _________________
4. Sugar - _________________
5. Diamond - _________________
6. Glass - _________________
7. Rubber bands - _________________
8. Charcoal - _________________
9. Limestone - _________________
10. Sand - _________________

Wow!!! Good job on finishing your

adventure for this supplementary learning
module! We hope you have learned a lot about
solids (crystalline & amorphous) and have
cleared any misconceptions about it.
Note: If you’ve got a poor rating in the
assessment read and answer again the
activities in this module until you’ve got a
passing score.

SUMMING UP

• Solids are characterized by an extended three-dimensional arrangement of atoms,

ions, or molecules in which the components are generally locked into their positions.

• The components can be arranged in a regular repeating three-dimensional array (a

crystal lattice), which results in a crystalline solid, or randomly to produce an
amorphous solid.

• Crystalline solids have well-defined edges and faces and tend to have sharp melting
points. In contrast, amorphous solids have irregular or curved surfaces, and melt over
a wide range of temperatures.

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 Word Bank

• Amorphous solids - a solid material with a random orientation of particles.

• Crystal lattice - the regular repeating structure of a crystalline solid.

• Crystal or crystalline solid - a solid material whose components, such as atoms,

molecules or ions, are arranged in a highly ordered
microscopic structure.

• Unit cell - the smallest subunit of a crystal lattice that can be

repeated over and over to make the entire crystal.

Your
Post-Test

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Read all the items carefully and choose the letter corresponding to your correct
answer.

1. What type of solid has a definite internal crystal structure?

A. Crystalline
B. Amorphous
C. Ceramic
D. Network

2. Which of the following sentences is NOT true about amorphous solids?

A. They are considered super-cooled liquids where molecules are arranged in
a random manner.
B. These substances do not show a sharp distinction between the solid and
liquid states.
C. They tend to melt over a wide range of temperature.
D. The ordered arrangement of their units maximizes the space they occupy
and are essentially incompressible.

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3. Amorphous solids are closely related to which state of matter?
A. Gas
B. Liquid
C. Plasma
D. Bose-Einstein Condensate

4. The following materials are example of crystalline solid EXCEPT?

A. Metallic glass
B. Sand
C. Copper Sulfate
D. Carbon

5. Metal glasses differ from their crystalline counterparts in many ways. Chief
application(s) of metal glasses include(s):
A. Bullet-proof glasses
B. Power Transformers
C. Conducting Wires
D. A, B and C

Your Assignment

Compare the properties of crystalline and amorphous solids. Discuss briefly.

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 Answer Key

GIVE THIS A TRY:

1. A
2. A
3. B
4. C
5. A

Activity 1: 4 PIX ONE WORD:

Solid

Activity 2: Explain Further!

1. Based from the attained arrangement for both solids in the experiment; crystalline
solids have a definite internal atomic structure that follows a regular repeating pattern while
amorphous solids have irregular internal atomic structure, and as a result have a much more
swirly and irregular-looking exterior form.
2. Based on the experiment it shows that crystalline solids have a definite shape with
orderly arranged atoms (candies) while amorphous solids have a disordered array of
components not showing a definite shape.

Activity 3: Differences

1. Crystalline solids are arranged in fixed geometric patterns or the particles are
arrranged in a regular repeating pattern while amorphous solids have a random orientation of
particles.
2. Crystalline solids have well-defined edges and faces while amorphous solids have
irregular or curved surfaces.
3. The structures of crystalline solids are built from repeating units called crystal lattices
while amorphous solids have random organization.

Activity 4: Classify It

1. Crystalline Solid
2. Amorphous Solid
3. Crystalline Solid
4. Crystalline Solid
5. Crystalline Solid
6. Amorphous Solid
7. Amorphous Solid
8. Amorphous Solid
9. Crystalline Solid
10. Crystalline Solid

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 Your Post Test

1. A
2. D
3. B
4. A
5. B

References

Books

Ayson, M. De Borja, R., (2016). General Chemistry 2. Philippines: Vibal Group. Pasig City
Chang, Raymond, (2008). General Chemistry. Fifth Edition. The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020

Guide

Barrameda Ma. Corazon B. et.al (2016). Teaching Guide for Senior High Shool in General
Chemistry 2. Commission on Higher Education. C.P. Garcia Ave., Diliman, Quezon City

Electronic Sources

Date accessed: June 16, 2020

https://study.com/academy/practice/quiz-worksheet-crystalline-vs-amorphous-solids.html
https://www.sanfoundry.com/materials-science-questions-answers-amorphous-solids/
https://www.visionlearning.com/en/library/Chemistry/1/Properties-of-Solids/209/quiz
Date accessed: June 18, 2020
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/amorphous-solids/
https://byjus.com/chemistry/classification-of-solids-based-on-crystal-structure/
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Chemistpry_(Averill_
nd_Eldredge)/12%3A_Solids/12.1%3A_Crystalline_and_Amorphous_Solids
https://developed%20module/amorphous-solids.pdf

Images
Date accessed: June 19, 2020
https://1.imimg.com/data/P/9/MY-979264/activated-charcoal _10714160_ 250 x 250.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Glass_paperweight.jpg
http://healthychild.org/assets/esphoto_plastics_tupperware1-504x334.jpg
Date accessed: June 22, 2020
http://www.brainfuse.com/quizUpload/c_83128/crystalline1.GIF
https://www.google.com/search?q=jack+frost+making+snow&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=&
ved=2ahUKEwiciaGlmY3qAhULQd4KHY8iAtMQ_AUoAXoECA0QAw
Date accessed: June 30, 2020
https://micromundoarts.bogspot.com/2017/02/10-best-for-cartoon-albert-einstein.html?m=1

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