09-03-2022

AWS Certified
Cloud Practitioner
&
AWS Certified
Developer Associate

Design and deliver by Acuity Educare

What is Computer, Hardware & Software

A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability
to store, retrieve, and process data. You may already know that you can use a computer
to type documents, send email, play games, and browse the Web. You can also use it to edit
or create spreadsheets, presentations, and even videos

Hardware is any part of your computer that has a physical structure, such as the keyboard or
mouse. It also includes all of the computer's internal parts,

Software is any set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do and how to do it.
Examples of software include web browsers, games, and word processors.

Everything you do on your computer will rely on both hardware and software. For example,
right now you are viewing this presentation on Microsoft PowerPoint (software) and using
your mouse (hardware) to click from page to page.

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What is a server, what it composed of ?

In computing, a server is a piece of computer
hardware or software (computer program) that
provides functionality for other programs or
devices, called "clients". This architecture is
called the client–server model. Servers can
provide various functionalities, often called
"services", such as sharing data or resources
among multiple clients, or performing
computation for a client. A single server can
serve multiple clients, and a single client can
use multiple servers. A client process may run
on the same device or may connect over a
network to a server on a different device.
Typical servers are database servers, file
servers, mail servers, print servers, web
servers, game servers, and application servers.

Terminologies Of Network
Network. A network is a group of two or more computers or other electronic devices that are
interconnected for the purpose of exchanging data and sharing resources

Network devices, or networking hardware, are physical devices that are required for communication and
interaction between hardware on a computer network.

Here is the common network device list:

Hub
Switch
Router
Bridge
Gateway
Modem
Repeater
Access Point

Watch Video About Network https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3uhA8bdz8gI

Self Learning Topic :- Gather Information About above given network devices along with pictures

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What is Network Protocols

A network protocol is an established set of rules that determine how data is transmitted between different devices
in the same network. Essentially, it allows connected devices to communicate with each other, regardless of any
differences in their internal processes, structure or design. Network protocols are the reason you can easily
communicate with people all over the world, and thus play a critical role in modern digital communications.

Similar to the way that speaking the same language simplifies communication between two people, network
protocols make it possible for devices to interact with each other because of predetermined rules built into devices’
software and hardware. Neither local area networks (LAN) nor wide area networks (WAN) could function the way they
do today without the use of network protocols.

Self Learning :- (Gather More Information About FTP,TCP/IP,UDP,HTTP,HTTPS,RDP…..)

What is Port In Computer Network ?

A port is a virtual point where network connections start and end. Ports are software-based and
managed by a computer's operating system. Each port is associated with a specific process or service.
Ports allow computers to easily differentiate between different kinds of traffic: emails go to a different
port than webpages, for instance, even though both reach a computer over the same Internet
connection.

Ports are standardized across all network-connected devices, with each port assigned a number. Most
ports are reserved for certain protocols — for example, all Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP) messages go to port 80. While IP addresses enable messages to go to and from specific
devices, port numbers allow targeting of specific services or applications within those devices.

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What are the different port numbers?

There are 65,535 possible port numbers, although not all are in Port 123: Network Time Protocol (NTP). NTP allows computer clocks to sync with each other, a
process that is essential for encryption.
common use. Some of the most commonly used ports, along with
their associated networking protocol, are: Port 179: Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). BGP is essential for establishing efficient routes
between the large networks that make up the Internet (these large networks are
called autonomous systems). Autonomous systems use BGP to broadcast which IP addresses
Ports 20 and 21: File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is for transferring they control.
files between a client and a server.
Port 443: HTTP Secure (HTTPS). HTTPS is the secure and encrypted version of HTTP. All HTTPS
web traffic goes to port 443. Network services that use HTTPS for encryption, such as DNS over
Port 22: Secure Shell (SSH). SSH is one of many tunneling protocols HTTPS, also connect at this port.
that create secure network connections.
Port 500: Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP), which is part
of the process of setting up secure IPsec connections.
Port 25: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). SMTP is used for email.
Port 3389: Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP). RDP enables users to remotely connect to their
desktop computers from another device.
Port 53: Domain Name System (DNS). DNS is an essential process for
the modern Internet; it matches human-readable domain names to The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) maintains the full list of port numbers and
protocols assigned to them.
machine-readable IP addresses, enabling users to load websites and
applications without memorizing a long list of IP addresses.

Port 80: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). HTTP is the protocol that
makes the World Wide Web possible.

What is OSI ?
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model
describes seven layers that computer systems use
to communicate over a network. It was the first
standard model for network communications,
adopted by all major computer and
telecommunication companies in the early 1980s
The modern Internet is not based on OSI, but on
the simpler TCP/IP model. However, the OSI 7-
layer model is still widely used, as it helps visualize
and communicate how networks operate, and
helps isolate and troubleshoot networking
problems.
OSI was introduced in 1983 by representatives of
the major computer and telecom companies, and
was adopted by ISO as an international standard in
1984.

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What is TCP/IP Model

TCP/IP Model helps you to determine how a specific
computer should be connected to the internet and how data
should be transmitted between them. It helps you to create a
virtual network when multiple computer networks are
connected together. The purpose of TCP/IP model is to allow
communication over large distances.

TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet

Protocol. TCP/IP Stack is specifically designed as a model to
offer highly reliable and end-to-end byte stream over an
unreliable internetwork.

Traditionally, how to build infrastructure

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What is Data Center

At its simplest, a data center is a physical facility that
organizations use to house their critical applications and
data. A data center's design is based on a network of
computing and storage resources that enable the
delivery of shared applications and data. The key
components of a data center design include routers,
switches, firewalls, storage systems, servers, and
application-delivery controllers.
How to build data center
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cXVteLWfzQg

Cost Of Building Your Own Data Center

Ref Link
https://web.archive.org/web/20180403143619/http://vibrantgujarat.com/writereaddata/images/pdf/project
-profiles/Data-Center.pdf

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Problems with traditional IT approach

About Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is perhaps the most flamboyant (Noticeable) technological innovation of the 21st century.

This is because it has seen the fastest adoption into the mainstream than any other technology in the domain.

This adoption has been fueled mainly by the ever-increasing number of smartphones and mobile devices that can
access the internet.

Cloud computing is not just for organizations and businesses; it’s also useful for the average person as well. It
enables us to run software programs without installing them on our computers; it enables us to store and access
our multimedia content via the internet, it enables us to develop and test programs without necessarily having
servers and so on.

Cloud computing is a 21st-century marvel that holds its importance in almost every field you can think of.

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History of Cloud Computing

Before emerging the cloud computing, there was
Client/Server computing which is basically a
centralized storage in which all the software
applications, all the data and all the controls are
resided on the server side.

If a single user wants to access specific data or

run a program, he/she need to connect to the
server and then gain appropriate access, and
then he/she can do his/her business.

Then after, distributed computing came into

picture, where all the computers are networked
together and share their resources when needed.

On the basis of above computing, there was

emerged of cloud computing concepts that later
implemented.

History of Cloud Computing

At around in 1961, John MacCharty suggested in a speech at MIT that computing can be sold like a utility, just like
a water or electricity. It was a brilliant idea, but like all brilliant ideas, it was ahead if its time, as for the next few
decades, despite interest in the model, the technology simply was not ready for it.

In 1999, Salesforce.com started delivering of applications to users using a simple website. The applications were
delivered to enterprises over the Internet, and this way the dream of computing sold as utility were true.

In 2002, Amazon started Amazon Web Services, providing services like storage, computation and even human
intelligence. However, only starting with the launch of the Elastic Compute Cloud in 2006 a truly commercial service
open to everybody existed.

In 2009, Google Apps also started to provide cloud computing enterprise applications.

Of course, all the big players are present in the cloud computing evolution, some were earlier, some were later. In
2009, Microsoft launched Windows Azure, and companies like Oracle and HP have all joined the game. This
proves that today, cloud computing has become mainstream.

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Cloud Service Providers

The Cloud Service is offered by some companies.
These companies are called Cloud Providers. In
the image, I have listed some of the top cloud
providers. AWS being the largest Cloud Provider,
you must be wondering why learn about the
other cloud providers, right?

Good Question! But, what if your beloved AWS

goes down? Ever thought of that? You cannot rely
on only one service for your business. You need a
standby for situation like this. Hence, it becomes
imperative to know about the other cloud
providers as well. Having said that, Azure is the
second largest cloud provider!

Cloud Service Providers Market Share

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Benefits of cloud computing

 It's cost-effective (pay-as-you-go or consumption-based pricing model)
 It's scalable
 Vertical scaling, also known as "scaling up", is the process of adding resources to increase the power of an
existing server. Some examples of vertical scaling are: adding more CPUs, or adding more memory.
 Horizontal scaling, also known as "scaling out", is the process of adding more servers that function
together as one unit. For example, you have more than one server processing incoming requests.
 It's elastic
 It's current
 It's reliable
 It's global
 You can replicate your services into multiple regions for redundancy and locality, or select a specific
region to ensure you meet data-residency and compliance laws for your customers.
 It's secure

Economies of scale
Economies of scale is the ability to do things more efficiently or at a lower-cost per unit when operating at a
larger scale. This cost advantage is an important benefit in cloud computing.

Cloud providers such as Microsoft, Google, and Amazon are large businesses leveraging the benefits of
economies of scale. These providers can then pass the savings on to their customers.

These savings are apparent to end users in a number of ways, one of which is the ability to acquire hardware at a
lower cost. Cloud providers can also make deals with local governments and utilities to get tax savings, lowering
the price of power, cooling, and high-speed network connectivity between sites. Cloud providers are then able
to pass on these benefits to end users in the form of lower prices than what you could achieve on your own.

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Capital expenditure (CapEx)

Capital Expenditure (CapEx): CapEx is the spending of money on physical infrastructure up front, and then
deducting that expense from your tax bill over time. CapEx is an upfront cost, which has a value that reduces
over time. A typical on-premises datacenter includes costs such as:

 Server costs
 Storage costs
 Network costs
 Backup and archive costs
 Organization continuity and disaster recovery costs
 Datacenter infrastructure costs
 Technical personnel

Benefits of CapEx
With capital expenditures, you plan your expenses at the start of a project or budget period. Your costs are fixed,
meaning you know exactly how much is being spent. This is appealing when you need to predict the expenses
before a project starts due to a limited budget.

operational expenditure (OpEx)

Operational Expenditure (OpEx): OpEx is spending money on services or products now and being billed for
them now. You can deduct this expense from your tax bill in the same year. There's no upfront cost. You pay for a
service or product as you use it.
With cloud computing, many of the costs associated with an on-premises datacenter are shifted to the service
provider. Instead of thinking about physical hardware and datacenter costs, cloud computing has a different set
of costs. For accounting purposes, all these costs are operational expenses:

 Leasing software and customized features

 Scaling charges based on usage/demand instead of fixed hardware or capacity.
 Billing at the user or organization level.

With the OpEx model, companies wanting to try a new product or service don't need to invest in equipment.
Instead, they pay as much or as little for the infrastructure as required.
OpEx is particularly appealing if the demand fluctuates or is unknown. Cloud services are often said to be agile.
Cloud agility is the ability to rapidly change an IT infrastructure to adapt to the evolving needs of the business.
For example, if your service peaks one month, you can scale to demand and pay a larger bill for the month. If the
following month the demand drops, you can reduce the used resources and be charged less. This agility lets you
manage your costs dynamically, optimizing spending as requirements change.

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Cloud Deployment Models

There are three main types of cloud environment, also known as cloud deployment models. Businesses can choose
to run applications on public, private or hybrid clouds – depending on their specific requirements.

Public Cloud
A public cloud environment is owned by an outsourced cloud provider and is accessible to many businesses
through the internet on a pay-per-use model. This deployment model provides services and infrastructure to
businesses who want to save money on IT operational costs, but it’s the cloud provider who is responsible for the
creation and maintenance of the resources.

Public clouds are ideal for small and medium sized businesses with a tight budget requiring a quick and easy
platform in which to deploy IT resources.

Pros of a public cloud

• Easy scalability
• No geographical restrictions
• Cost effective
• Highly reliable
• Easy to manage

Cons of a public cloud

• Not considered the safest option for sensitive data

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Private Cloud
This cloud deployment model is a bespoke infrastructure owned by a single business. It offers a more controlled
environment in which access to IT resources is more centralized within the business. This model can be externally
hosted or can be managed in-house. Although private cloud hosting can be expensive, for larger businesses it can
offer a higher level of security and more autonomy to customize the storage, networking and compute
components to suit their IT requirements.

Pros of a private cloud

• Improved level of security
• Greater control over the server
• Customizable

Cons of a private cloud

• Harder to access data from remote locations
• Requires IT expertise

Hybrid Cloud
For businesses seeking the benefits of both private and public cloud deployment models, a hybrid cloud
environment is a good option. By combining the two models, a hybrid cloud model provides a more tailored IT
solution that meets specific business requirements.

Pros of a hybrid cloud

• Highly flexible and scalable
• Cost effective
• Enhanced security

Cons of a hybrid cloud

• Communication in network level may be conflicted as it’s used in both private and public clouds.

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Types of cloud services

There are three main service

models of cloud computing –
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS),
Platform as a Service (PaaS) and
Software as a Service (SaaS). There
are clear differences between the
three and what they can offer a
business in terms of storage and
resource pooling, but they can
also interact with each other to
form one comprehensive model of
cloud computing.

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

Infrastructure as a Service is the most flexible category of cloud services. It aims to give you the most control over
the provided hardware that runs your application (IT infrastructure servers and virtual machines (VMs), storage,
and operating systems). Instead of buying hardware, with IaaS, you rent it. It's an instant computing infrastructure,
provisioned and managed over the internet.

IaaS is commonly used in the following scenarios:

Migrating workloads. Typically, IaaS facilities are managed in a similar way as on-premises infrastructure and
provide an easy migration path for moving existing applications to the cloud.

Test and development. Teams can quickly set up and dismantle test and development environments, bringing
new applications to market faster. IaaS makes scaling development and testing environments, fast and economical.

Storage, backup, and recovery. Organizations avoid the capital outlay and complexity of storage management,
which typically requires skilled staff to manage data and meet legal and compliance requirements. IaaS is useful
for managing unpredictable demand and steadily growing storage needs. IaaS can also simplify the planning and
management of backup and recovery systems.

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Platform as a service (PaaS)

PaaS provides an environment for building, testing, and deploying software applications. The goal of PaaS is to
help you create an application quickly without managing the underlying infrastructure. For example, when
deploying a web application using PaaS, you don't have to install an operating system, web server, or even system
updates.
PaaS is a complete development and deployment environment in the cloud, with resources that enable
organizations to deliver everything from simple cloud-based apps to sophisticated cloud-enabled enterprise
applications. Resources are purchased from a cloud service provider on a pay-as-you-go basis and accessed over a
secure Internet connection.
PaaS is commonly used in the following scenarios:

Development framework. PaaS provides a framework that developers can build upon to develop or customize
cloud-based applications. Just like Microsoft Excel macro, PaaS lets developers create applications using built-in
software components. Cloud features such as scalability, high-availability, and multi-tenant capability are included,
reducing the amount of coding that developers must do.

Analytics or business intelligence. Tools provided as a service with PaaS allow organizations to analyze and mine
their data. They can find insights and patterns, and predict outcomes to improve business decisions such as
forecasting, product design, and investment returns.

Software as a service (SaaS)

SaaS is software that is centrally hosted and managed for the end customer. It is usually based on an architecture
where one version of the application is used for all customers, and licensed through a monthly or annual
subscription. Microsoft 365, Skype, and Dynamics CRM Online are perfect examples of SaaS software.

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Cost and Ownership

IaaS PaaS SaaS

Upfront costs There are no upfront costs. Users pay There are no upfront costs. Users pay only for Users have no upfront costs; they
only for what they consume. what they consume. pay a subscription, typically on a
monthly or annual basis.

User ownership The user is responsible for the purchase, The user is responsible for the development of Users just use the application
installation, configuration, and their own applications. However, they are not software; they are not responsible
management of their own software, responsible for managing the server or for any maintenance or
operating systems, middleware, and infrastructure. This allows the user to focus on management of that software.
applications. the application or workload they want to run.

Cloud provider The cloud provider is responsible for The cloud provider is responsible for operating The cloud provider is responsible
ownership ensuring that the underlying cloud system management, network, and service for the provision, management, and
infrastructure (such as virtual machines, configuration. Cloud providers are typically maintenance of the application
storage, and networking) is available for responsible for everything apart from the software.
the user. application that a user wants to run. They
provide a complete managed platform on
which to run the application.

Management responsibilities
One thing to understand is that these categories are layers on top of each other. For example, PaaS adds a layer on
top of IaaS by providing a level of abstraction. The abstraction has the benefit of hiding the details that you may
not care about, so that you can get to coding quicker. However, one aspect of the abstraction is that you have less
control over the underlying hardware. The following illustration shows a list of resources that you manage and that
your service provider manages in each cloud service category.

IaaS requires the most user management of all the cloud services. The user is responsible for managing the
operating systems, data, and applications.

PaaS requires less user management. The cloud provider manages the operating systems, and the user is
responsible for the applications and data they run and store.

SaaS requires the least amount of management. The cloud provider is responsible for managing everything, and
the end user just uses the software.

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Management responsibilities

The Five Characteristics of Cloud Computing

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Six Advantages of Cloud Computing

Problems solved by the Cloud

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Example of Cloud Computing Types

Pricing of the Cloud – Quick Overview

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AWS Cloud History

AWS Cloud Use Cases

Amazon Data Center https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6WlzHLxNKI&t=346s

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AWS Global Infrastructure

AWS Regions

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How to choose an AWS Region?

AWS Availability Zones

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AWS Points of Presence (Edge Locations)

Tour of the AWS Console

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Shared Responsibility Model diagram

AWS Acceptable Use Policy

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Question 1

Question 2

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Question 3

Question 4

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Question 5

Question 6

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Question 7

Question 8

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Question 9

Question 10

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Question 11

Question 12

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Question 13

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