Soil Improvement Lec2 PDF

Soil Improvement
Lecture-02(Geotechnical Engineering-V)
Significance of proctor test:

1. The maximum dry unit weight and the optimum moisture content depend on the degree of
compaction.
2. The higher the energy of compaction, the higher the maximum dry unit weight.
3. The higher the energy of compaction, the lower the optimum moisture content (OMC).
4. The maximum dry unit weight of compaction and the corresponding OMC will vary from
soil to soil.
5. No. portion of the compaction curve can lie to the right of the zero-air void line. The zero-
air void dry unit weight 𝛶𝑧𝑎𝑣 at a given moisture content is the theoretical maximum value
of 𝛶𝑑 , which means that all the void spaces of the compacted soil are filled with water, or.
𝛶𝜔
𝛶𝑧𝑎𝑣 =
1
𝐺𝑠 + 𝜔
Where, 𝛶𝜔 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝐺𝑠 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠
𝜔 = 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡
Standard and Modified compaction curve for a clayey soil:

Soil Improvement
Suitability Number: This topic has already been discussed.
Details of Vibroflotation: This topic has already been discussed.
Lime Stabilization:
 This type of lime commonly used to stabilize fine-grained soil are-
a. hydrated high calcium lime [𝐶𝑎 (𝑂𝐻)2 ]
b. calcitic quicklime [𝐶𝑎 𝑂]
c. dolomite quicklime
d. monohydrated dolomite lime [𝐶𝑎 (𝑂𝐻)2 . 𝑀𝑔 𝑂]
 Quantity of lime used to stabilize most soils usually is in the range from 5% to 10%.
 When lime is added to the clayey soil , two pozzolanic chemical reaction occur-
a. cation exchange
b. flocculation agglomeration
The cations can be arranged in a series-
𝐴𝑙 3+ ˃𝐶𝑎2+ ˃𝑀𝑔2+ ˃𝑁𝐻4+ ˃𝐾 + ˃𝑁𝑎+ ˃𝐿𝑖 +
Any cation can replace ions to its right. so, monovalent cations generally associated with
clays are replaced by divalent calcium ion.
Flocculent agglomeration produces a change in texture of clay soil. The clay particles tend
to clump together to form larger particles thereby-
 decreasing liquid limit.
 decreasing plasticity index.
 increasing plastic limit.
 increasing shrinkage limit.
 increasing workability.
 improving strength and deformation properties of soil.
 pozzolanic reaction between soil and lime involves a reaction between lime and the silica
and alumina of soil to form cementing material.
𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 + 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑆𝐻 (𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑆𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎)
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐶 = 𝐶𝑎𝑂, 𝑆 = 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 , 𝐻 = 𝐻2 𝑂
Cement stabilization: The method of soil improvement in which cement is added with soil is
definite proportion in order to improve the properties of soil is called cement stabilization.
Purpose:
 to decrease liquid limit.
 to increase plasticity index.
 to increase workability of clayey soil.
 to reduce linear shrinkage and water absorption.
Soil Improvement
Application:
 it is particularly adopted for construction of highways and earth dam as well as foundation
of a building.
 granular soil and clayey soil with low plasticity are most suitable for cement stabilization.
 cement stabilization is effective for clayey soil when liquid limit less than 45-50%,
plasticity index less than 25.
Field Procedure:
 for field compaction, proper amount of cement can be mixed with the soil either at the site
or at a mixing plant.
 cement slury is made of portland cement and water ( water cement ratio 0.5:5.0) can be
used for pressure grouting of poor soils under foundation of building and other structures.
Fly ash stabilization:

 fly-ash is a by-product of pulverized coal combustion process usually associated with
electric power generating plant.
 it is a fine grained dust and is composed of
a. silica
b. alumina
c. alkalies
d. various oxides
 fly-ash is pozzolanic in nature and can react with hydrated lime to produce cementitious
product.
 effective mixes can be prepared with 10 to 35 % fly ash and 2- 10 % lime.
 soil-lime-fly ash mixes are compacted under controlled condition , with proper amount of
water to obtain stabilized soil layer.
 lime-fly ash mixtures can be used to stabilize highway base and sub-base.
Advantages:
a. much more economical than cement stabilization.
b. suitable for stabilizing embankment.
c. suitable for reducing soil moisture content.
d. suited for enhancing strength properties.
e. locally available fly–ash can be effectively used which may be, otherwisw inferior.
f. shrink swell property of soil can be controlled to an acceptable extent as compared with
cement stabilization.
Soil Improvement
Determination of load bearing capacity of stone column:

If foundation is constructed over a stone column , failure will occur by bulging of column at
ultimate load. Bulging will occur within a length of 2.5𝐷 𝑡𝑜 3𝐷, measured from top of the stone
column. 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛.
Fig.1.(a). bearing capacity of stone column

Ultimate bearing capacity of stone column (Huges, 1975)
𝜙
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45∘ + ) (4𝐶𝑢 + 𝜎𝑟′ )
2
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐶𝑢 = 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝜎𝑟′ = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 2𝐶𝑢
𝑄 ′ = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
Assuming, stone column carries entire load of foundation,
𝜋 𝜙
Ultimate load, 𝑄𝑢 = 𝐷2 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45∘ + ) (4𝐶𝑢 + 𝜎𝑟′ ) … … … … … … (1)
4 2
On a large scale model test, Christolus (2000), suggested that,

Ultimate load , 𝑄𝑢 = 𝜋𝐷𝐿𝐶𝑢 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . (2)
The lower of the two values of 𝑄𝑢 obtained from equation (1) & (2) should be used in the actual
design purpose.
𝑄𝑢
Allowable load, 𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝐹𝑆
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐹𝑆 = 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 1.5 − 2.0

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Soil Improvement

Significance of proctor test:

Standard and Modified compaction curve for a clayey soil:

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐶 = 𝐶𝑎𝑂, 𝑆 = 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 , 𝐻 = 𝐻2 𝑂

Fly ash stabilization:

Determination of load bearing capacity of stone column:

Fig.1.(a). bearing capacity of stone column

On a large scale model test, Christolus (2000), suggested that,

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐹𝑆 = 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 1.5 − 2.0

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