THE WEB (WORLD WIDE WEB) B. WEB 2.

0 (READ-WRITE INTERACTIVE WEB)

• CONSISTS OF INFORMATION ORGANIZED INTO WEB PAGES CONTAINING TEXT • A TERM USED TO DESCRIBE A NEW GENERATION OF WEB SERVICES AND
AND GRAPHIC IMAGES APPLICATIONS WITH AN INCREASING EMPHASIS ON HUMAN COLLABORATION

• A LARGER COLLECTION OF INTERCONNECTED DOCUMENTS OR CONTENT. IT • IT IS A PLATFORM THAT GIVES USERS THE POSSIBILITY (LIBERTY) TO CONTROL
CONTAINS HYPERTEXT LINKS, OR HIGHLIGHTED KEYWORDS AND IMAGES THAT THEIR DATA
LEAD TO RELATED INFORMATION
• THIS IS ABOUT USER-GENERATED CONTENT AND THE READ-WRITE WEB
• TIMOTHY JOHN BERNERS-LEE ALSO KNOWN AS TIMBL, IS AN ENGLISH ENGINEER • PEOPLE ARE CONSUMING AS WELL AS CONTRIBUTING INFORMATION THROUGH
AND COMPUTER SCIENTIST BEST KNOWN AS THE INVENTOR OF THE WORLD WIDE BLOGS OR SITES
WEB. HE IS A PROFESSORIAL FELLOW OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AT THE UNIVERSITY
OF OXFORD AND A PROFESSOR AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF • ALLOWS THE USER TO INTERACT WITH THE PAGE KNOWN AS DYNAMIC PAGE;
TECHNOLOGY INSTEAD OF JUST READING A PAGE, THE USER MAY BE ABLE TO COMMENT OR
CREATE A USER ACCOUNT. DYNAMIC PAGE REFERS TO THE WEB PAGES THAT ARE
WEB SITE AFFECTED BY USER INPUT OR PREFERENCE.

• A COLLECTION OF LINKED WEB PAGES THAT HAS A COMMON THEME OR FOCUS • FOCUSED ON THE ABILITY FOR PEOPLE TO COLLABORATE AND SHARE
INFORMATION ONLINE VIA SOCIAL MEDIA, BLOGGING AND WEB-BASED
• THE MAIN PAGE THAT ALL OF THE PAGES ON A PARTICULAR WEB SITE ARE COMMUNITIES
ORGANIZED AROUND AND LINK BACK TO IS CALLED THE SITE’S HOME PAGE.
EXAMPLES OF WEB 2.0:
A. WEB 1.0 (READ ONLY STATIC WEB)
A. SOCIAL NETWORKING - IS THE USE OF INTERNET-BASED SOCIAL MEDIA SITES TO
IT IS AN OLD INTERNET THAT ONLY ALLOWS PEOPLE TO READ FROM THE STAY CONNECTED WITH FRIENDS, FAMILY, COLLEAGUES, CUSTOMERS, OR CLIENTS.
INTERNET. FIRST STAGE WORLDWIDE LINKING WEB PAGES AND HYPERLINK WEB SOCIAL NETWORKING CAN HAVE A SOCIAL PURPOSE, A BUSINESS PURPOSE, OR
IS USE AS “INFORMATION PORTAL”. IT USES TABLE TO POSITIONS AND ALIGN BOTH, THROUGH SITES SUCH AS:
ELEMENTS ON PAGE.
FACEBOOK GOOGLE+
• MOST READ ONLY WEB IF FOCUSED ON COMPANY’S HOME PAGES. TWITTER PINTEREST TUMBLR
• DIVIDING THE WORLD WIDE WEB INTO USABLE DIRECTORIES LINKEDIN INSTAGRAM PAGE
• IT MEANS WEB IS USE AS “INFORMATION PORTAL”
• IT STARTED WITH THE SIMPLE IDEA “PUT CONTENT TOGETHER” B. BLOGS - IS A DISCUSSION OR INFORMATIONAL WEBSITE PUBLISHED ON THE
WORLD WIDEWEB CONSISTING OF DISCRETE, OFTEN INFORMAL DIARY-STYLE TEXT
EXAMPLES OF WEB 1.0: ENTRIES (POSTS). POSTS ARE TYPICALLY DISPLAYED IN REVERSE CHRONOLOGICAL
ORDER, SO THAT THE MOST RECENT POST APPEARS FIRST, AT THE TOP OF THE WEB
• MP3.COM • DIRECTORIES • HTML/PORTALS
PAGE.
• HOME PAGE • PAGE VIEWS

DISADVANTAGES WORDPRESS BLOGGER TUMBLER

• READ ONLY WEB • LIMITED USER INTERACTION • LACK OF STANDARDS

C. WIKIS - IS A HYPERTEXT PUBLICATION COLLABORATIVELY EDITED AND C. WEB 3.0 (READ-WRITE INTELLIGENT WEB)
MANAGED BY ITS OWN AUDIENCE DIRECTLY USING A WEB BROWSER. A TYPICAL
WIKI CONTAINS MULTIPLE PAGES FOR THE SUBJECTS OR SCOPE OF THE PROJECT • SUGGESTED NAME BY JOHN MARKOFF OF THE NEW YORK TIMES FOR THE
AND MAY BE EITHER OPEN TO THE PUBLIC OR LIMITED TO USE WITHIN AN THIRD GENERATION OF THE WEB.
ORGANIZATION FOR MAINTAINING ITS INTERNAL KNOWLEDGE BASE.
• IN THIS GENERATION, ALL THE APPLICATION ON WEB OR MOBILE WILL BE
WIKIPEDIA WIKTIONARY UPGRADED WITH MORE FEATURES. IT APPLIES SAME PRINCIPLES AS WEB 2.0:
WIKIBOOKS WIKIVOYAGE TWO-WAY INTERACTION.
WIKIVERSITY WIKIDATA • WEB 3.0 WILL BE MORE CONNECTED, OPEN, AND INTELLIGENT, WITH
COMMONS WIKINEWS SEMANTIC WEB TECHNOLOGIES, DISTRIBUTED DATABASES, NATURAL
WIKIQUOTE WIKISPECIES LANGUAGE PROCESSING, MACHINE LEARNING, MACHINE REASONING AND
MEDIAWIKI AUTONOMOUS AGENTS.
D. VIDEO SHARING SITES - A WEBSITE THAT LETS PEOPLE UPLOAD AND SHARE • SEMANTIC WEB - PROVIDES A FRAMEWORK THAT ALLOWS DATA TO BE
THEIR VIDEO CLIPS WITH THE PUBLIC AT LARGE OR TO INVITED GUESTS. SHARED AND REUSE TO DELIVER WEB CONTENT SPECIFICALLY TARGETING THE
YOUTUBE FLICKR USER.
FACEBOOK PHOTOBUCKET • IT IS A WEB OF DATA; CHANGING THE WEB INTO A LANGUAGE THAT CAN BE
LINKEDIN READ AND CATEGORIZED BY THE SYSTEMRATHER THAN HUMANS.
KEY FEATURES OF WEB 2.0:
TYPES OF WEBSITES:
PHOTOBUCKET TWITTER VEOH
• ECOMMERCE WEBSITE
DAILYMOTION VIMEOPRO MYSPACE.COM METACAFE
- IS A WEBSITE PEOPLE CAN DIRECTLY BUY PRODUCTS FROM YOU’VE PROBABLY
• FOLKSONOMY – ALLOWS USERS TO CATEGORIZE AND CLASSIFY/ARRANGE
USED A NUMBER OF ECOMMERCE WEBSITES BEFORE, MOST BIG BRANDS AND
INFORMATION USING FREELY CHOSEN KEYWORDS (E.G. TAGGING).
PLENTY OF SMALLER ONES HAVE ONE. ANY WEBSITE THAT INCLUDES A
• RICH USER INTERFACE – CONTENT IS DYNAMIC AND IS RESPONSIVE TO USER’S SHOPPING CART AND A WAY FOR YOU TO PROVIDE CREDIT CARD INFORMATION
INPUT. AN EXAMPLE WOULD BE A WEBSITE THAT SHOWS LOCAL CONTENT. TO MAKE A PURCHASE FALLS INTO THIS CATEGORY.

• USER PARTICIPATION – THE OWNER OF WEBSITE IS NOT THE ONLY ONE WHO IS • BUSINESS WEBSITE
ABLE TO PUT CONTENT. OTHERS ARE ABLE TO PLACE A CONTENT ON THEIR OWN
- IS ANY WEBSITE THAT’S DEVOTED TO REPRESENTING A SPECIFIC BUSINESS. IT
BY MEANS OF COMMENTS, REVIEWS, AND EVALUATION.
SHOULD BE BRANDED LIKE THE BUSINESS (THE SAME LOGO AND POSITIONING)
• LONG TAIL – SERVICES ARE OFFERED ON DEMAND RATHER THAN ON A ONE- AND COMMUNICATE THE TYPES OF PRODUCTS AND/OR SERVICES THE BUSINESS
TIME PURCHASE. THISIS SYNONYMOUS TO SUBSCRIBING TO A DATA PLAN THAT OFFERS.
CHARGES YOU FOR THE AMOUNT OF TIMEYOU SPENT ON INTERNET OR A DATA
PLAN THAT CHARGES YOU FOR THE AMOUNT OF BANDWIDTH YOU USED.
• ENTERTAINMENT WEBSITE • EDUCATIONAL WEBSITE

- IF YOU THINK ABOUT YOUR INTERNET BROWSING HABITS, YOU CAN PROBABLY - THE WEBSITES OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND THOSE OFFERING ONLINE
THINK OF A FEW WEBSITES THAT YOU VISIT PURELY FOR ENTERTAINMENT COURSES FALL INTO THE CATEGORY OF EDUCATIONAL WEBSITES. THESE
PURPOSES. WEBSITES HAVE THE PRIMARY GOAL OF EITHER PROVIDING EDUCATIONAL
MATERIALS TO VISITORS OR PROVIDING INFORMATION ON AN EDUCATIONAL
• PORTFOLIO WEBSITE INSTITUTION TO THEM.
- ARE SITES DEVOTED TO SHOWING EXAMPLES OF PAST WORK. SERVICE • INFOPRENEUR WEBSITE
PROVIDERS WHO WANT TO SHOW POTENTIAL CLIENTS THE QUALITY OF THE
WORK THEY PROVIDE CAN USE A PORTFOLIO WEBSITE TO COLLECT SOME OF - WEBSITES OVERLAP A BIT WITH BUSINESS AND ECOMMERCE WEBSITES, BUT
THE BEST SAMPLES OF PAST WORK THEY’VE DONE. THIS TYPE OF WEBSITE IS THEY REPRESENT A UNIQUE TYPE OF ONLINE BUSINESS. INFOPRENEURS CREATE
SIMPLER TO BUILD THAN A BUSINESS WEBSITE AND MORE FOCUSED ON A AND SELL INFORMATION PRODUCTS. THAT COULD BE IN THE FORM OF
PARTICULAR TASK: COLLECTING WORK SAMPLES. COURSES, TUTORIALS, VIDEOS OR EBOOKS.

• MEDIA WEBSITE • PERSONAL WEBSITE

COLLECT NEWS STORIES OR OTHER REPORTING. THERE’S SOME OVERLAP HERE - NOT ALL WEBSITES EXIST TO MAKE MONEY IN SOME WAY OR ANOTHER. MANY
WITH ENTERTAINMENT WEBSITES, BUT MEDIA WEBSITES ARE MORE LIKELY TO PEOPLE FIND VALUE IN CREATING PERSONAL WEBSITES TO PUT THEIR OWN
INCLUDE REPORTED PIECES IN ADDITION TO OR INSTEAD OF CONTENT MEANT THOUGHTS OUT INTO THE WORLD. THIS CATEGORY INCLUDES PERSONAL
PURELY FOR ENTERTAINMENT. BLOGS, VLOGS, AND PHOTO DIARIES PEOPLE SHARE WITH THE WORLD.

• BROCHURE WEBSITE • WEB PORTAL

- ARE A SIMPLIFIED FORM OF BUSINESS WEBSITES. FOR BUSINESSES THAT KNOW - ARE OFTEN WEBSITES DESIGNED FOR INTERNAL PURPOSES AT A BUSINESS,
THEY NEED AN ONLINE PRESENCE, BUT DON’T WANT TO INVEST A LOT INTO IT ORGANIZATION, OR INSTITUTION. THEY COLLECT INFORMATION IN DIFFERENT
(MAYBE YOU’RE CONFIDENT YOU’LL CONTINUE TO GET MOST OF YOUR FORMATS FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES INTO ONE PLACE TO MAKE ALL RELEVANT
BUSINESS FROM OTHER SOURCES), A SIMPLE BROCHURE SITE THAT INCLUDES INFORMATION ACCESSIBLE TO THE PEOPLE WHO NEED TO SEE IT. THEY OFTEN
JUST A FEW PAGES THAT LAY OUT THE BASICS OF WHAT YOU DO AND PROVIDE INVOLVE A LOGIN AND PERSONALIZED VIEWS FOR DIFFERENT USERS THAT
CONTACT INFORMATION MAY BE ENOUGH FOR YOU. ENSURE THE INFORMATION THAT’S ACCESSIBLE IS MOST USEFUL TO THEIR
PARTICULAR NEEDS.
• NONPROFIT WEBSITE
• WIKI OR COMMUNITY FORUM WEBSITE
- IN THE SAME WAY THAT BUSINESSES NEED WEBSITES TO BE THEIR ONLINE
PRESENCE, NONPROFITS DO AS WELL. A NONPROFIT WEBSITE IS THE EASIEST MOST PEOPLE ARE FAMILIAR WITH WIKIS THROUGH THE MOST FAMOUS
WAY FOR MANY POTENTIAL DONORS TO MAKE DONATIONS AND WILL BE THE EXAMPLE OF ONE OUT THERE: WIKIPEDIA. BUT WIKIS CAN BE CREATED ON
FIRST PLACE MANY PEOPLE LOOK TO LEARN MORE ABOUT A NONPROFIT AND PRETTY MUCH ANY SUBJECT YOU CAN IMAGINE. A WIKI IS ANY WEBSITE WHERE
DETERMINE IF THEY WANT TO SUPPORT IT. VARIOUS USERS ARE ABLE TO COLLABORATE ON CONTENT AND ALL MAKE THEIR
OWN TWEAKS AND CHANGES AS THEY SEE FIT. THERE ARE WIKIS FOR FAN
COMMUNITIES, FOR BUSINESS RESOURCES, AND FOR COLLECTING VALUABLE
INFORMATION SOURCES.
THE INTERNET • WEB SERVER – A COMPUTER PROGRAM THAT SERVES REQUESTED HTMLPAGES
OR FILES.
THE INTERNET OR “NET” (NETWORK OF NETWORK) IS THE LARGEST COMPUTER
NETWORK IN THE WORLD THAT CONNECTS BILLIONS OF COMPUTER USER. THE • PROXY SERVER – IS A SOFTWARE THAT ACTS AS AN INTERMEDIARY BETWEEN
WORD INTERNET COMES FROM COMBINATION BETWEEN “INTERCONNECTION” AN ENDPOINT DEVICE, SUCH AS COMPUTER AND ANOTHER SERVER FROM
AND “NETWORK”. NETWORK IS A COLLECTION OF COMPUTERS AND DEVICES WHICH A USER IS REQUESTING.
CONNECTED VIA COMMUNICATION CHANNELS AND TRANSMISSION MEDIA • MAIL SERVER – IS AN APPLICATION THAT RECEIVES INCOMING E-MAIL FROM
ALLOW TO SHARE RESOURCES (HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, DATA, INFORMATION). LOCAL USERS AND REMOTE SENDERS AND FORWARD OUTGOING E-MAIL
GENERALLY, NOBODY OWNS THE INTERNET. FOR DELIVERY

A. BRIEF HISTORY OF INTERNET • FILE SERVER – IS A COMPUTER RESPONSIBLE FOR CENTRAL STORAGE
AND MANAGEMENT OF DATA FILES SO THAT OTHER COMPUTER ON THE
ARPA – ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECT AGENCY SAME NETWORK CAN ACCESS THEM.
JANUARY 2, 1969 – STARTED AN EXPERIMENTAL COMPUTER NETWORK.
CONCEPT – NO SERVER, BUT EQUAL IMPORTANCE/PARTICIPATION TO EVERY • POLICY SERVER – IS A SECURITY COMPONENT OF A POLICY – BASED NETWORK
COMPUTER IN THE NETWORK. EVEN IF, ONE OR TWO NODE DESTROYED THAT THAT PROVIDES AUTHORIZATION SERVICES AND FACILITIES TRACKING
WILL NOW AFFECT THE NETWORK. AND CONTROL OF FILES.

• IN 1982 - THE WORD INTERNET STARTED. 2. IP ADDRESS (INTERNET PROTOCOL) – IS A NUMERICAL LABEL ASSIGNED TO
• IN 1986 – FIRST “ FREE NET” CREATED IN CASE WESTERN RESERVE EACH DEVICE. THIS PROVIDES IDENTITY TO A NETWORK DEVICE.
UNIVERSITY
• IN 1991 - US GOVERNMENT ALLOWED BUSINESS AGENCIES TO 3. BROWSER – IS AN APPLICATION PROGRAM THAT PROVIDES A WAY TO LOOK
CONNECT TO INTERNET. NOW ALL PEOPLE CAN CONNECT TO THE INFORMATION ON
INTERNET AND IMPROVE THEIR LIFE AND WORK QUALITY. THE
INTERNET SUPPORT VARIOUS ASPECTS IN OUR LIFE. GOOGLE CHROME OPERA
• VINTON GRAY CERF FORMEMRS IS AN AMERICAN INTERNET PIONEER SAFARI MOZILLA FIREFOX
AND IS RECOGNIZED AS ONE OF "THE FATHERS OF THE INTERNET", INTERNET EXPLORER
SHARING THIS TITLE WITH TCP/IP CO-DEVELOPER BOB KAHN.
4. DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS) – IS THE PHONEBOOK OF INTERNET. WE ACCESS
B. MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE INTERNET
INFORMATION ONLINE THROUGH DOMAIN NAMES.
1. SERVERS – IS A COMPUTER PROGRAM THAT PROVIDES SERVICE TO ANOTHER WWW.FACEBOOK.COM, WWW.PUP.EDU.PH,WWW.ACADEMIA.EDU
COMPUTER PROGRAM AND ITS USER.
NAME ENTITY
TYPES OF SERVERS: .COM COMMERCIAL
.ORG ORGANIZATION
• APPLICATION SERVER – A PROGRAM IN COMPUTER THAT PROVIDES THE
.NET NETWORK
BUSINESS LOGIC FOR AN APPLICATION PROGRAM. .EDU EDUCATION
.GOV NATIONAL & STATE GOVERNMENT AGENCIES • SOCIAL MEDIA – WEBSITES AND APPS THAT ALLOW PEOPLE TO SHARE
.PH PHILIPPINES COMMENTS, PHOTOS, AND VIDEOS
.AU AUSTRALIA
• ONLINE GAMING – GAMES THAT ALLOW PEOPLE TO PLAY WITH AND AGAINST
EACH OTHER OVER THE INTERNET
5. INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDE (ISP) – IS AN ORGANIZATION THAT PROVIDES
SERVICES FOR ACCESSING, USING OR PARTICIPATING IN THE INTERNET. • SOFTWARE UPDATES – OPERATING SYSTEM AND APPLICATION UPDATES CAN
TYPICALLY DOWNLOADED FROM THE INTERNET
TWO TYPES OF ISP:
• HTML - HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE IS A CODING LANGUAGE USED TO
• NATIONAL ISP – PROVIDED INTERNET ACCESS TO A SPECIFIC
TELL A BROWSER HOW TO PLACE PICTURES, TEXT, MULTIMEDIA AND LINKS TO
GEOGRAPHIC AREA.
CREATE A WEB PAGE. WHEN A USER CLICKS ON A LINK WITHIN A WEB PAGE,
• REGIONAL ISP – BUSINESS THAT PROVIDES INTERNET ACCESS IN CITIES THAT LINK, WHICH IS CODED WITH HTML, LINKS THE USER TO A SPECIFIC LINKED
AND TOWNS NATIONWIDE. WEB PAGE.

SKY BROADBAND, PLDT, CONVERGE • URL - UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR IS A WEB ADDRESS USED TO CONNECT
TO A REMOTE RESOURCE ON THE WORLD WIDE WEB.
C. USES OF INTERNET
• BIT - IS A SINGLE DIGIT IN THE BINARY NUMBERING SYSTEM (BASE 2)
• LOOK FOR INFORMATION EXAMPLE: 1 IS A BIT OR 0 IS A BIT.
• SCHOOL WORKS, JOBS, AND HOME PURPOSES
• SEND AND RECEIVE ELECTRONIC MAIL • BYTE - GENERALLY CONSISTS OF EIGHT BITS.
• VIDEO TELECONFERENCING (VIDEO CALL, VIDEO CHAT) • UPLOAD - TO UPLOAD IS TO TRANSFER DATA FROM YOUR COMPUTER TO
• BUY AND SELL PRODUCT ANOTHER COMPUTER.
• SOCIAL NETWORKING
• WATCH & POST VIDEOS • DOWNLOAD - TO DOWNLOAD IS TO TRANSFER DATA FROM ANOTHER
• GAMES COMPUTER TO YOUR COMPUTER.
• TAKE COLLEGE COURSES
• MONITOR HOME WHILE AWAY • HTTP - IS THE ACRONYM FOR HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL, THE DATA
• FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS COMMUNICATION STANDARD OF WEB PAGES. WHEN A WEB PAGE HAS THIS
• DOWNLOAD MUSIC AND MOVIES PREFIX, THE LINKS, TEXT, AND PICTURES SHOULD WORK CORRECTLY IN A WEB
BROWSER.
D. INTERNET TERMS AND DEFINITION
• HTTPS - IS THE ACRONYM FOR HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL SECURE. THIS
• INTERNET - A GLOBAL NETWORK OF THOUSANDS OF COMPUTER NETWORKS INDICATES THAT THE WEB PAGE HAS A SPECIAL LAYER OF ENCRYPTION ADDED
LINKED BY DATA LINES AND WIRELESS SYSTEMS. TO HIDE YOUR PERSONAL INFORMATION AND PASSWORDS FROM OTHERS.
• WEB – A COLLECTION OF BILLIONS OF WEBPAGES THAT YOU CAN VIEW WITH • ROUTER OR ROUTER-MODEM COMBINATION IS THE HARDWARE DEVICE THAT
A WEB BROWSER ACTS AS THE TRAFFIC COP FOR NETWORK SIGNALS ARRIVING AT YOUR HOME OR
BUSINESS FROM YOUR ISP. A ROUTER CAN BE WIRED OR WIRELESS OR BOTH.
• EMAIL – THE MOST COMMON METHOD OF SENDING AND RECEIVING
MESSAGES ONLINE
• ENCRYPTION - IS THE MATHEMATICAL SCRAMBLING OF DATA SO THAT IT IS USED TO PROMOTE THE BUSINESS AND ENABLE DIRECT INTERACTION WITH
HIDDEN FROM EAVESDROPPERS. ENCRYPTION USES COMPLEX MATH CUSTOMERS.
FORMULAS TO TURN PRIVATE DATA INTO MEANINGLESS GOBBLEDYGOOK THAT
ONLY TRUSTED READERS CAN UNSCRAMBLE. 2. EDUCATION
COMPUTERS CAN BE USED TO GIVE LEARNERS AUDIO-VISUAL PACKAGES,
• WEB BOT - A TERM THAT APPLIES TO PROGRAMS/APPLETS (MACROS AND
INTERACTIVE EXERCISES, AND REMOTE LEARNING, INCLUDING TUTORING OVER
INTELLIGENT AGENTS) USED ON THE INTERNET. SUCH BOTS PERFORM A
THE INTERNET. THEY CAN BE USED TO ACCESS EDUCATIONAL INFORMATION
REPETITIVE FUNCTION, SUCH AS POSTING MESSAGES TO MULTIPLE
FROM INTRANET AND INTERNET SOURCES, OR VIA E-BOOKS. THEY CAN BE USED
NEWSGROUPS OR DOING SEARCHES FOR INFORMATION.
TO MAINTAIN AND MONITOR STUDENT PERFORMANCE, INCLUDING THROUGH
• SEARCH ENGINE - SPECIALIZED SOFTWARE, SUCH AS GOOGLE AND YAHOO, THE USE OF ONLINE EXAMINATIONS, AS WELL AS TO CREATE PROJECTS AND
THAT LETS WWW BROWSER USERS SEARCH FOR INFORMATION ON THE WEB BY ASSIGNMENTS.
USING KEYWORDS, PHRASES.
3. HEALTHCARE
DEFINITION OF COMPUTER
HEALTHCARE CONTINUES TO BE REVOLUTIONIZED BY COMPUTERS. AS WELL AS
DIGITIZED MEDICAL INFORMATION MAKING IT EASIER TO STORE AND ACCESS
• A PROGRAMMABLE MACHINE.
PATIENT DATA, COMPLEX INFORMATION CAN ALSO BE ANALYZED BY SOFTWARE
• AN ELECTRONIC DEVICE THAT MANIPULATES INFORMATION, OR DATA. IT HAS
TO AID DISCOVERY OF DIAGNOSES, AS WELL AS SEARCH FOR RISKS OF DISEASES.
THE ABILITY TO STORE, RETRIEVE, AND PROCESS DATA.
COMPUTERS CONTROL LAB EQUIPMENT, HEART RATE MONITORS, AND BLOOD
• A MACHINE THAT MANIPULATES DATA ACCORDING TO A LIST OF
PRESSURE MONITORS. THEY ENABLE DOCTORS TO HAVE GREATER ACCESS TO
INSTRUCTIONS (PROGRAM)
INFORMATION ON THE LATEST DRUGS, AS WELL AS THE ABILITY TO SHARE
• ANY DEVICE WHICH AIDS HUMANS IN PERFORMING VARIOUS KINDS OF
INFORMATION ON DISEASES WITH OTHER MEDICAL SPECIALISTS.
COMPUTATIONS OR CALCULATIONS
4. RETAIL AND TRADE
THREE PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER:
COMPUTERS CAN BE USED TO BUY AND SELL PRODUCTS ONLINE - THIS ENABLES
• IT RESPONDS TO A SPECIFIC SET OF INSTRUCTIONS IN A WELL-DEFINED SELLERS TO REACH A WIDER MARKET WITH LOW OVERHEADS, AND BUYERS TO
MANNER. COMPARE PRICES, READ REVIEWS, AND CHOOSE DELIVERY PREFERENCES. THEY
• IT CAN EXECUTE A PRE-RECORDED LIST OF INSTRUCTIONS. CAN BE USED FOR DIRECT TRADING AND ADVERTISING TOO, USING SITES SUCH
• IT CAN QUICKLY STORE AND RETRIEVE LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA. AS EBAY, CRAIGSLIST, OR LOCAL LISTINGS ON SOCIAL MEDIA OR INDEPENDENT
WEBSITES.
APPLICATIONS OF ICT (COMPUTERS) IN OUR DAILY LIVES
5. GOVERNMENT
1. BUSINESS VARIOUS GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS USE COMPUTERS TO IMPROVE THE
QUALITY AND EFFICIENCY OF THEIR SERVICES. EXAMPLES INCLUDE CITY
ALMOST EVERY BUSINESS USES COMPUTERS NOWADAYS. THEY CAN BE
PLANNING, LAW ENFORCEMENT, TRAFFIC, AND TOURISM. COMPUTERS CAN BE
EMPLOYED TO STORE AND MAINTAIN ACCOUNTS, PERSONNEL RECORDS,
USED TO STORE INFORMATION, PROMOTE SERVICES, COMMUNICATE
MANAGE PROJECTS, TRACK INVENTORY, CREATE PRESENTATIONS AND REPORTS.
INTERNALLY AND EXTERNALLY, AS WELL AS FOR ROUTINE ADMINISTRATIVE
THEY ENABLE COMMUNICATION WITH PEOPLE BOTH WITHIN AND OUTSIDE THE
PURPOSES.
BUSINESS, USING VARIOUS TECHNOLOGIES, INCLUDING E-MAIL. THEY CAN BE
6. MARKETING ORGANIZATIONS CAN INTERVIEW PEOPLE WITHOUT THE NEED FOR A FILM
CREW. MODERN COMPUTERS USUALLY HAVE MICROPHONES AND WEBCAMS
COMPUTERS ENABLE MARKETING CAMPAIGNS TO BE MORE PRECISE THROUGH BUILT-IN NOWADAYS TO FACILITATE SOFTWARE LIKE SKYPE. OLDER
THE ANALYSIS AND MANIPULATION OF DATA. THEY FACILITATE THE CREATION COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS EMAIL ARE ALSO STILL USED
OF WEBSITES AND PROMOTIONAL MATERIALS. THEY CAN BE USED TO WIDELY.
GENERATE SOCIAL MEDIA CAMPAIGNS. THEY ENABLE DIRECT COMMUNICATION
WITH CUSTOMERS THROUGH EMAIL AND ONLINE CHAT. 11. BANKING AND FINANCE
7. SCIENCE
MOST BANKING IN ADVANCED COUNTRIES NOW TAKES PLACE ONLINE. YOU CAN
SCIENTISTS WERE ONE OF THE FIRST GROUPS TO ADOPT COMPUTERS AS A USE COMPUTERS TO CHECK YOUR ACCOUNT BALANCE, TRANSFER MONEY, OR
WORK TOOL. IN SCIENCE, COMPUTERS CAN BE USED FOR RESEARCH, SHARING PAY OFF CREDIT CARDS. YOU CAN ALSO USE COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY TO
INFORMATION WITH OTHER SPECIALISTS BOTH LOCALLY AND
ACCESS INFORMATION ON STOCK MARKETS, TRADE STOCKS, AND MANAGE
INTERNATIONALLY, AS WELL AS COLLECTING, CATEGORIZING, ANALYZING, AND
STORING DATA. COMPUTERS ALSO PLAY A VITAL ROLE IN LAUNCHING, INVESTMENTS. BANKS STORE CUSTOMER ACCOUNT DATA, AS WELL AS DETAILED
CONTROLLING, AND MAINTAINING SPACE CRAFT, AS WELL AS OPERATING INFORMATION ON CUSTOMER BEHAVIOR WHICH IS USED TO STREAMLINE
OTHER ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY. MARKETING.

8. PUBLISHING 12. TRANSPORT

COMPUTERS CAN BE USED TO DESIGN PRETTY MUCH ANY TYPE OF ROAD VEHICLES, TRAINS, PLANES, AND BOATS ARE INCREASINGLY AUTOMATED
PUBLICATION. THESE MIGHT INCLUDE NEWSLETTERS, MARKETING MATERIALS,
WITH COMPUTERS BEING USED TO MAINTAIN SAFETY AND NAVIGATION
FASHION MAGAZINES, NOVELS, OR NEWSPAPERS. COMPUTERS ARE USED IN THE
PUBLISHING OF BOTH HARD-COPY AND E-BOOKS. THEY ARE ALSO USED TO SYSTEMS, AND INCREASINGLY TO DRIVE, FLY, OR STEER. THEY CAN ALSO
MARKET PUBLICATIONS AND TRACK SALES. HIGHLIGHT PROBLEMS THAT REQUIRE ATTENTION, SUCH AS LOW FUEL LEVELS,
OIL CHANGES, OR A FAILING MECHANICAL PART. COMPUTERS CAN BE USED TO
9. ARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT
CUSTOMIZE SETTINGS FOR INDIVIDUALS, FOR EXAMPLE, SEAT SETUP, AIR-
COMPUTERS ARE NOW USED IN VIRTUALLY EVERY BRANCH OF THE ARTS, AS CONDITIONING TEMPERATURES.
WELL AS IN THE WIDER ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY. COMPUTERS CAN BE USED
TO CREATE DRAWINGS, GRAPHIC DESIGNS, AND PAINTINGS. THEY CAN BE USED 13. NAVIGATION
TO EDIT, COPY, SEND, AND PRINT PHOTOGRAPHS. THEY CAN BE USED BY
WRITERS TO CREATE AND EDIT. THEY CAN BE USED TO MAKE, RECORD, EDIT, NAVIGATION HAS BECOME INCREASINGLY COMPUTERIZED, ESPECIALLY SINCE
PLAY, AND LISTEN TO MUSIC. THEY CAN BE USED TO CAPTURE, EDIT AND WATCH COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY HAS BEEN COMBINED WITH GPS TECHNOLOGY.
VIDEOS. THEY CAN BE USED FOR PLAYING GAMES. COMPUTERS COMBINED WITH SATELLITES MEAN THAT IT'S NOW EASY TO
10. COMMUNICATION PINPOINT YOUR EXACT LOCATION, KNOW WHICH WAY THAT YOU ARE MOVING
ON A MAP, AND HAVE A GOOD IDEA OF AMENITIES AND PLACES OF INTEREST
COMPUTERS HAVE MADE REAL-TIME COMMUNICATION OVER THE INTERNET AROUND YOU.
EASY, THANKS TO SOFTWARE AND VIDEOCONFERENCING SERVICES SUCH AS
SKYPE. FAMILIES CAN CONNECT WITH AUDIO AND VIDEO, BUSINESSES CAN
HOLD MEETINGS BETWEEN REMOTE PARTICIPANTS, AND NEWS
14. WORKING FROM HOME EXCURSIONS, EVENTS, AND TRIPS CAN ALSO BE EXPLORED AND BOOKED ONLINE
USING COMPUTERS.
COMPUTERS HAVE MADE WORKING FROM HOME AND OTHER FORMS OF
REMOTE WORKING INCREASINGLY COMMON. WORKERS CAN ACCESS 18. SECURITY AND SURVEILLANCE
NECESSARY DATA, COMMUNICATE, AND SHARE INFORMATION WITHOUT
COMMUTING TO A TRADITIONAL OFFICE. MANAGERS ARE ABLE TO MONITOR COMPUTERS ARE INCREASINGLY BEING COMBINED WITH OTHER TECHNOLOGIES
TO MONITOR PEOPLE AND GOODS. COMPUTERS COMBINED WITH BIOMETRIC
WORKERS' PRODUCTIVITY REMOTELY.
PASSPORTS MAKE IT HARDER FOR PEOPLE TO FRAUDULENTLY ENTER A
15. MILITARY COUNTRY OR GAIN ACCESS TO A PASSENGER AIRPLANE. FACE-
RECOGNITION TECHNOLOGY MAKES IT EASIER TO IDENTIFY TERRORISTS OR
COMPUTERS ARE USED EXTENSIVELY BY THE MILITARY. THEY ARE USE FOR CRIMINALS IN PUBLIC PLACES. DRIVER PLATES CAN BE AUTO SCANNED BY SPEED
TRAINING PURPOSES. THEY ARE USED FOR ANALYZING INTELLIGENCE DATA. CAMERAS OR POLICE CARS. PRIVATE SECURITY SYSTEMS HAVE ALSO BECOME
THEY ARE USED TO CONTROL SMART TECHNOLOGY, SUCH AS GUIDED MISSILES MUCH MORE SOPHISTICATED WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF COMPUTER
AND DRONES, AS WELL AS FOR TRACKING INCOMING MISSILES AND TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNET TECHNOLOGY.
DESTROYING THEM. THEY WORK WITH OTHER TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS
SATELLITES TO PROVIDE GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION AND ANALYSIS. THEY AID 19. WEATHER FORECASTING
COMMUNICATIONS. THEY HELP TANKS AND PLANES TO TARGET ENEMY
THE WORLD'S WEATHER IS COMPLEX AND DEPENDS UPON A MULTITUDE OF
FORCES.
FACTORS THAT ARE CONSTANTLY CHANGING. IT'S IMPOSSIBLE FOR HUMAN
16. SOCIAL AND ROMANCE BEINGS TO MONITOR AND PROCESS ALL THE INFORMATION COMING IN FROM
SATELLITE AND OTHER TECHNOLOGIES, NEVER MIND PERFORM THE COMPLEX
COMPUTERS HAVE OPENED UP MANY WAYS OF SOCIALIZING THAT DIDN'T CALCULATIONS THAT ARE NEEDED TO PREDICT WHAT IS LIKELY TO HAPPEN IN
PREVIOUSLY EXIST. SOCIAL MEDIA ENABLES PEOPLE TO CHAT IN TEXT OR AUDIO THE FUTURE. COMPUTERS CAN PROCESS THE LARGE AMOUNTS OF
IN REAL TIME ACROSS LARGE DISTANCES, AS WELL AS EXCHANGE METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION.
PHOTOGRAPHS, VIDEOS, AND MEMES. DATING SITES AND APPS HELP PEOPLE TO
FIND ROMANCE. ONLINE GROUPS HELP PEOPLE TO CONNECT WITH OTHERS 20. ROBOTICS
WHO HAVE SIMILAR INTERESTS. BLOGS ENABLE PEOPLE TO POST A VARIETY OF
VIEWS, UPDATES, AND EXPERIENCES. ONLINE FORUMS ENABLE DISCUSSIONS ROBOTICS IS AN EXPANDING AREA OF TECHNOLOGY WHICH COMBINES
BETWEEN PEOPLE ON SPECIALIST OR GENERAL TOPICS. COMPUTERS WITH SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING TO PRODUCE MACHINES THAT
CAN EITHER REPLACE HUMANS, OR DO SPECIFIC JOBS THAT HUMANS ARE
17. BOOKING VACATIONS UNABLE TO DO. ONE OF THE FIRST USE OF ROBOTICS WAS IN MANUFACTURING
TO BUILD CARS. SINCE THEN, ROBOTS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED TO EXPLORE
COMPUTERS CAN BE USED BY TRAVELERS TO STUDY TIMETABLES, EXAMINE AREAS WHERE CONDITIONS ARE TOO HARSH FOR HUMANS, TO HELP LAW
ROUTE OPTIONS, AND BUY PLANE, TRAIN, OR BUS TICKETS. THEY CAN BE USED ENFORCEMENT, TO HELP THE MILITARY, AND TO ASSIST HEALTHCARE
TO EXPLORE AND BOOK ACCOMMODATION, WHETHER TRADITIONAL HOTELS,
PROFESSIONALS.
OR THROUGH NEWER SERVICES, SUCH AS AIR BNB. GUIDED TOURS,
HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS E) PASCALINE - INVENTED BY BLAISE PASCAL IN 1642.
• IT WAS ITS LIMITATION TO ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION.
EARLIEST COMPUTERS ORIGINALLY CALCULATIONS WERE COMPUTED BY • IT IS TOO EXPENSIVE.
HUMANS, WHOSE JOB TITLE WAS COMPUTERS.
F) STEPPED RECKONER -INVENTED BY GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ IN
• THESE HUMAN COMPUTERS WERE TYPICALLY ENGAGED IN THE CALCULATION 1672.
OF A MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION. • THE MACHINE THAT CAN ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY AND DIVIDE
AUTOMATICALLY
• THE CALCULATIONS OF THIS PERIOD WERE SPECIALIZED AND EXPENSIVE,
REQUIRING YEARS OF TRAINING IN MATHEMATICS. G) JACQUARD LOOM - THE JACQUARD LOOM IS A MECHANICAL LOOM,
INVENTED BY JOSEPH-MARIE JACQUARD IN 1881.
• THE FIRST USE OF THE WORD "COMPUTER" WAS RECORDED IN 1613, • IT IS AN AUTOMATIC LOOM CONTROLLED BY PUNCHED CARDS.
REFERRING TO A PERSON WHO CARRIED OUT CALCULATIONS, OR
COMPUTATIONS, AND THE WORD CONTINUED TO BE USED IN THAT SENSE H) ARITHMOMETER - A MECHANICAL CALCULATOR INVENTED BY
UNTIL THE MIDDLE OF THE 20TH CENTURY. THOMAS DE COLMAR IN 1820,
• THE FIRST RELIABLE, USEFUL AND COMMERCIALLY SUCCESSFUL
A) TALLY STICKS - A TALLY STICK WAS AN ANCIENT MEMORY AID DEVICE TO CALCULATING MACHINE. • THE MACHINE COULD PERFORM THE FOUR
RECORD AND DOCUMENT NUMBERS, QUANTITIES, OR EVEN MESSAGES BASIC MATHEMATIC FUNCTIONS.
• THE FIRST MASS-PRODUCED CALCULATING MACHINE.
B) ABACUS - AN ABACUS IS A MECHANICAL DEVICE USED TO AID AN INDIVIDUAL
IN PERFORMING MATHEMATICAL CALCULATIONS. I) DIFFERENCE ENGINE AND ANALYTICAL ENGINE - IT AN AUTOMATIC,
MECHANICAL CALCULATOR DESIGNED TO TABULATE POLYNOMIAL
• THE ABACUS WAS INVENTED IN BABYLONIA IN 2400 B.C. FUNCTIONS.
• THE ABACUS IN THE FORM WE ARE MOST FAMILIAR WITH WAS FIRST USED IN • INVENTED BY CHARLES BABBAGE IN 1822 AND 1834
CHINA IN AROUND 500 B.C. • IT IS THE FIRST MECHANICAL COMPUTER.
• IT USED TO PERFORM BASIC ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS.
J) FIRST COMPUTER PROGRAMMER - IN 1840, AUGUSTA ADA BYRON
C) NAPIER’S BONES - INVENTED BY JOHN NAPIER IN 1614. SUGGESTS TO BABBAGE THAT HE USE THE BINARY SYSTEM.
• ALLOWED THE OPERATOR TO MULTIPLY, DIVIDE AND CALCULATE SQUARE • SHE WRITES PROGRAMS FOR THE ANALYTICAL ENGINE.
AND CUBE ROOTS BY MOVING THE RODS AROUND AND PLACING THEM IN
SPECIALLY CONSTRUCTED BOARDS K) SCHEUTZIAN CALCULATION ENGINE - INVENTED BY PER GEORG
SCHEUTZ IN 1843.
D) SLIDE RULE - INVENTED BY WILLIAM OUGHTRED IN 1622. • BASED ON CHARLES BABBAGE'S DIFFERENCE ENGINE.
• IS BASED ON NAPIER'S IDEAS ABOUT LOGARITHMS. • THE FIRST PRINTING CALCULATOR.
• USED PRIMARILY FOR – MULTIPLICATION – DIVISION – ROOTS –
LOGARITHMS – TRIGONOMETRY • NOT NORMALLY USED FOR ADDITION OR L) TABULATING MACHINE - INVENTED BY HERMAN HOLLERITH IN 1890.
SUBTRACTION. • TO ASSIST IN SUMMARIZING INFORMATION AND ACCOUNTING.
M) HARVARD MARK 1 - ALSO KNOWN AS IBM AUTOMATIC SEQUENCE T) THE FIRST COMPUTER COMPANY - THE FIRST COMPUTER COMPANY WAS THE
CONTROLLED CALCULATOR (ASCC). ELECTRONIC CONTROLS COMPANY.
• INVENTED BY HOWARD H. AIKEN IN 1943 • FOUNDED IN 1949 BY JOHN PRESPER ECKERT AND JOHN MAUCHLY.
• THE FIRST ELECTRO-MECHANICAL COMPUTER.
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS - AGES
N) Z1 - THE FIRST PROGRAMMABLE COMPUTER.
• CREATED BY KONRAD ZUSE IN GERMANY FROM 1936 TO 1938. A. PREMECHANICAL
• TO PROGRAM THE Z1 REQUIRED THAT THE USER INSERT PUNCH TAPE INTO A
PUNCH TAPE READER AND ALL OUTPUT WAS ALSO GENERATED THROUGH THE PREMECHANICAL AGE IS THE EARLIEST AGE OF INFORMATION
PUNCH TAPE. TECHNOLOGY. IT CAN BE DEFINED AS THE TIME BETWEEN 3000B.C. AND
1450A.D. WE ARE TALKING ABOUT A LONG TIME AGO. WHEN HUMANS FIRST
O) ATANASOFF-BERRY COMPUTER (ABC) - IT WAS THE FIRST ELECTRONIC DIGITAL STARTED COMMUNICATING THEY WOULD TRY TO USE LANGUAGE OR SIMPLE
COMPUTING DEVICE. PICTURE DRAWINGS KNOWN AS PETROGLYTHS WHICH WERE USUALLY CARVED
• INVENTED BY PROFESSOR JOHN ATANASOFF AND GRADUATE STUDENT IN ROCK. EARLY ALPHABETS WERE DEVELOPED SUCH AS THE PHOENICIAN
CLIFFORD BERRY AT IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY BETWEEN 1939 AND 1942. ALPHABET.

P) ENIAC - ENIAC STANDS FOR ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR AND AS ALPHABETS BECAME MORE POPULAR AND MORE PEOPLE WERE WRITING
COMPUTER. INFORMATION DOWN, PENS AND PAPER BEGAN TO BE DEVELOPED. IT STARTED
• IT WAS THE FIRST ELECTRONIC GENERAL-PURPOSE COMPUTER. OFF AS JUST MARKS IN WET CLAY, BUT LATER PAPER WAS CREATED OUT OF
• COMPLETED IN 1946. PAPYRUS PLANT. THE MOST POPULAR KIND OF PAPER MADE WAS PROBABLY BY
• DEVELOPED BY JOHN PRESPER ECKERT AND JOHN MAUCHLY. THE CHINESE WHO MADE PAPER FROM RAGS.

Q) UNIVAC 1 - THE UNIVAC I (UNIVERSAL AUTOMATIC COMPUTER 1) WAS THE NOW THAT PEOPLE WERE WRITING A LOT OF INFORMATION DOWN, THEY
NEEDED WAYS TO KEEP IT ALL IN PERMANENT STORAGE. THIS IS WHERE THE
FIRST COMMERCIAL COMPUTER.
FIRST BOOKS AND LIBRARIES ARE DEVELOPED. YOU’VE PROBABLY HEARD OF
• DESIGNED BY JOHN PRESPER ECKERT AND JOHN MAUCHLY. EGYPTIAN SCROLLS WHICH WERE POPULAR WAYS OF WRITING DOWN
INFORMATION TO SAVE. SOME GROUPS OF PEOPLE WERE ACTUALLY BINDING
R) EDVAC - EDVAC STANDS FOR ELECTRONIC DISCRETE VARIABLE AUTOMATIC PAPER TOGETHER INTO A BOOK-LIKE FORM.
COMPUTER
• THE FIRST STORED PROGRAM COMPUTER ALSO, DURING THIS PERIOD WERE THE FIRST NUMBERING SYSTEMS. AROUND
• DESIGNED BY VON NEUMANN IN 1952. 100A.D. WAS WHEN THE FIRST 1-9 SYSTEM WAS CREATED BY PEOPLE FROM
• IT HAS A MEMORY TO HOLD BOTH A STORED PROGRAM AS WELL AS DATA. INDIA. HOWEVER, IT WASN’T UNTIL 875A.D. (775 YEARS LATER) THAT THE
NUMBER 0 WAS INVENTED. AND YES, NOW THAT NUMBERS WERE CREATED,
S) THE FIRST PORTABLE COMPUTER - RELEASED IN 1981 BY THE OSBORNE PEOPLE WANTED STUFF TO DO WITH THEM, SO THEY CREATED CALCULATORS. A
COMPUTER CORPORATION. CALCULATOR WAS THE VERY FIRST SIGN OF AN INFORMATION PROCESSOR. THE
• OSBORNE 1 – THE FIRST PORTABLE COMPUTER. POPULAR MODEL OF THAT TIME WAS THE ABACUS.
B. MECHANICAL COMPUTER WAS 8FT HIGH, 50FT LONG, 2FT WIDE, AND WEIGHED 5 TONS -
HUGE. IT WAS PROGRAMMED USING PUNCH CARDS. HOW DOES YOUR PC
THE MECHANICAL AGE IS WHEN WE FIRST START TO SEE CONNECTIONS MATCH UP TO THIS HUNK OF METAL? IT WAS FROM HUGE MACHINES LIKE THIS
BETWEEN OUR CURRENT TECHNOLOGY AND ITS ANCESTORS. THE MECHANICAL THAT PEOPLE BEGAN TO LOOK AT DOWNSIZING ALL THE PARTS TO FIRST MAKE
AGE CAN BE DEFINED AS THE TIME BETWEEN 1450 AND 1840. A LOT OF NEW THEM USABLE BY BUSINESSES AND EVENTUALLY IN YOUR OWN HOME.
TECHNOLOGIES ARE DEVELOPED IN THIS ERA AS THERE IS A LARGE EXPLOSION IN
INTEREST WITH THIS AREA. TECHNOLOGIES LIKE THE SLIDE RULE (AN ANALOG D. ELECTRONIC
COMPUTER USED FOR MULTIPLYING AND DIVIDING) WERE INVENTED. BLAISE
PASCAL INVENTED THE PASCALINE WHICH WAS A VERY POPULAR MECHANICAL THE ELECTRONIC AGE IS WHAT WE CURRENTLY LIVE IN. IT CAN BE DEFINED AS
COMPUTER. CHARLES BABBAGE DEVELOPED THE DIFFERENCE ENGINE WHICH THE TIME BETWEEN 1940 AND RIGHT NOW. THE ENIAC WAS THE FIRST HIGH-
TABULATED POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS USING THE METHOD OF FINITE SPEED, DIGITAL COMPUTER CAPABLE OF BEING REPROGRAMMED TO SOLVE A
DIFFERENCES FULL RANGE OF COMPUTING PROBLEMS. THIS COMPUTER WAS DESIGNED TO
BE USED BY THE U.S. ARMY FOR ARTILLERY FIRING TABLES. THIS MACHINE WAS
THERE WERE LOTS OF DIFFERENT MACHINES CREATED DURING THIS ERA AND EVEN BIGGER THAN THE MARK 1 TAKING UP 680 SQUARE FEET AND WEIGHING
WHILE WE HAVE NOT YET GOTTEN TO A MACHINE THAT CAN DO MORE THAN 30 TONS - HUGE. IT MAINLY USED VACUUM TUBES TO DO ITS CALCULATIONS.
ONE TYPE OF CALCULATION IN ONE, LIKE OUR MODERN-DAY CALCULATORS, WE
ARE STILL LEARNING ABOUT HOW ALL OF OUR ALL-IN-ONE MACHINES STARTED. THERE ARE 4 MAIN SECTIONS OF DIGITAL COMPUTING. THE FIRST WAS THE ERA
ALSO, IF YOU LOOK AT THE SIZE OF THE MACHINES INVENTED IN THIS TIME OF VACUUM TUBES AND PUNCH CARDS LIKE THE ENIAC AND MARK 1. ROTATING
COMPARED TO THE POWER BEHIND THEM IT SEEMS (TO US) ABSOLUTELY MAGNETIC DRUMS WERE USED FOR INTERNAL STORAGE. THE SECOND
RIDICULOUS TO UNDERSTAND WHY ANYBODY WOULD WANT TO USE THEM, GENERATION REPLACED VACUUM TUBES WITH TRANSISTORS, PUNCH CARDS
BUT TO THE PEOPLE LIVING IN THAT TIME ALL OF THESE INVENTIONS WERE WERE REPLACED WITH MAGNETIC TAPE, AND ROTATING MAGNETIC DRUMS
HUGE. WERE REPLACED BY MAGNETIC CORES FOR INTERNAL STORAGE. ALSO DURING
THIS TIME HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES WERE CREATED SUCH AS
C. ELECTROMECHANICAL FORTRAN AND COBOL. THE THIRD GENERATION REPLACED TRANSISTORS WITH
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS, MAGNETIC TAPE WAS USED THROUGHOUT ALL
NOW WE ARE FINALLY GETTING CLOSE TO SOME TECHNOLOGIES THAT COMPUTERS, AND MAGNETIC CORE TURNED INTO METAL OXIDE
RESEMBLE OUR MODERN-DAY TECHNOLOGY. THE ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE SEMICONDUCTORS. AN ACTUAL OPERATING SYSTEM SHOWED UP AROUND THIS
CAN BE DEFINED AS THE TIME BETWEEN 1840 AND 1940. THESE ARE THE TIME ALONG WITH THE ADVANCED PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE BASIC. THE
BEGINNINGS OF TELECOMMUNICATION. THE TELEGRAPH WAS CREATED IN THE FOURTH AND LATEST GENERATION BROUGHT IN CPUS (CENTRAL PROCESSING
EARLY 1800S. MORSE CODE WAS CREATED BY SAMUEL MORSE IN 1835. THE UNITS) WHICH CONTAINED MEMORY, LOGIC, AND CONTROL CIRCUITS ALL ON A
TELEPHONE (ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR FORMS OF COMMUNICATION EVER) SINGLE CHIP. THE PERSONAL COMPUTER WAS DEVELOPED (APPLE II). THE
WAS CREATED BY ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL IN 1876. THE FIRST RADIO GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) WAS DEVELOPED.
DEVELOPED BY GUGLIELMO MARCONI IN 1894. ALL OF THESE WERE EXTREMELY
CRUCIAL EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES THAT LED TO BIG ADVANCES IN THE
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FIELD.

THE FIRST LARGE-SCALE AUTOMATIC DIGITAL COMPUTER IN THE UNITED STATES

WAS THE MARK 1 CREATED BY HARVARD UNIVERSITY AROUND 1940. THIS
HISTORY OF COMPUTER: GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER EXAMPLES: UNIVAC III, RCA 501, PHILCO TRANSACT S-2000, NCR 300 SERIES, IBM
7030 STRETCH, IBM 7070, 7080, 7090 SERIES
THERE ARE FIVE GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER:
C. THE THIRD GENERATION
• FIRST GENERATION – 1946 TO 1958
• SECOND GENERATION – 1959 TO 1964 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT WAS THE HALLMARK OF THE
• THIRD GENERATION – 1965 TO 1970 THIRD GENERATION OF COMPUTERS. TRANSISTORS WERE MINIATURIZED AND
• FOURTH GENERATION – 1971 TO TODAY PLACED ON SILICON CHIPS, CALLED SEMICONDUCTORS, WHICH DRASTICALLY
• FIFTH GENERATION – TODAY TO FUTURE INCREASED THE SPEED AND EFFICIENCY OF COMPUTERS. IT COULD CARRY OUT
INSTRUCTIONS IN BILLIONTHS OF A SECOND. MUCH SMALLER AND CHEAPER
A. THE FIRST GENERATION COMPARE TO THE SECOND-GENERATION COMPUTERS.

THE FIRST COMPUTERS USED VACUUM TUBES FOR CIRCUITRY AND MAGNETIC D. THE FOURTH GENERATION
DRUMS FOR MEMORY, AND WERE OFTEN ENORMOUS, TAKING UP ENTIRE
ROOMS. THEY WERE VERY EXPENSIVE TO OPERATE AND IN ADDITION TO USING THE MICROPROCESSOR BROUGHT THE FOURTH GENERATION OF COMPUTERS,
A GREAT DEAL OF ELECTRICITY, GENERATED A LOT OF HEAT, WHICH WAS OFTEN AS THOUSANDS OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS WERE BUILT ONTO A SINGLE SILICON
THE CAUSE OF MALFUNCTIONS. FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS RELIED ON CHIP. AS THESE SMALL COMPUTERS BECAME MORE POWERFUL, THEY COULD BE
MACHINE LANGUAGE, THE LOWEST-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE LINKED TOGETHER TO FORM NETWORKS, WHICH EVENTUALLY LED TO THE
UNDERSTOOD BY COMPUTERS, TO PERFORM OPERATIONS, AND THEY COULD DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNET.
ONLY SOLVE ONE PROBLEM AT A TIME. INPUT WAS BASED ON PUNCHED CARDS FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS ALSO SAW THE DEVELOPMENT OF GUIS, THE
AND PAPER TAPE, AND OUTPUT WAS DISPLAYED ON PRINTOUTS MOUSE AND HANDHELD DEVICES.

EXAMPLES: – ENIAC – EDSAC – UNIVAC I, UNIVAC II, UNIVAC 1101 E. THE FIFTH GENERATION
B. THE SECOND GENERATION
BASED ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI). STILL IN DEVELOPMENT. THE USE OF
TRANSISTORS REPLACED VACUUM TUBES AND USHERED IN THE SECOND PARALLEL PROCESSING AND SUPERCONDUCTORS IS HELPING TO MAKE
GENERATION OF COMPUTERS. ONE TRANSISTOR REPLACED THE EQUIVALENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE A REALITY. THE GOAL IS TO DEVELOP DEVICES THAT
40 VACUUM TUBES. ALLOWING COMPUTERS TO BECOME SMALLER, FASTER, RESPOND TO NATURAL LANGUAGE INPUT AND ARE CAPABLE OF LEARNING AND
CHEAPER, MORE ENERGY-EFFICIENT AND MORE RELIABLE. STILL GENERATED A SELF-ORGANIZATION. THERE ARE SOME APPLICATIONS, SUCH AS VOICE
GREAT DEAL OF HEAT THAT CAN DAMAGE THE COMPUTER. RECOGNITION, THAT ARE BEING USED TODAY.

SECOND-GENERATION COMPUTERS MOVED FROM CRYPTIC BINARY MACHINE

LANGUAGE TO SYMBOLIC, OR ASSEMBLY, LANGUAGES, WHICH ALLOWED
PROGRAMMERS TO SPECIFY INSTRUCTIONS IN WORDS. SECOND GENERATION
COMPUTERS STILL RELIED ON PUNCHED CARDS FOR INPUT AND PRINTOUTS FOR
OUTPUT. THESE WERE ALSO THE FIRST COMPUTERS THAT STORED THEIR
INSTRUCTIONS IN THEIR MEMORY, WHICH MOVED FROM A MAGNETIC DRUM
TO MAGNETIC CORE TECHNOLOGY.