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Engineering Materials

Engineering materials can be classified as ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals, or semiconductors. Ferrous metals contain iron as the main component and include cast iron, wrought iron, and various steels. Non-ferrous metals do not contain iron as the primary element and examples include aluminum, copper, brass, and bronze. Semiconductors are solid materials that allow some electron flow and are used to create devices for telecommunications, electronics, and more.

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Ahmed Elkomy
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110 views18 pages

Engineering Materials

Engineering materials can be classified as ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals, or semiconductors. Ferrous metals contain iron as the main component and include cast iron, wrought iron, and various steels. Non-ferrous metals do not contain iron as the primary element and examples include aluminum, copper, brass, and bronze. Semiconductors are solid materials that allow some electron flow and are used to create devices for telecommunications, electronics, and more.

Uploaded by

Ahmed Elkomy
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Engineering Materials

CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINEERING
MATERIALS
Metals and Alloys
• Metals are polycrystalline bodies consisting of
a great number of fine crystals. Pure metals
possess low strength and do not have the
required properties.
• So, alloys are produced by melting or sintering
two or more metals or metals and a non-
metal, together. Alloys may consist of two
more components.
Metals and Alloys
• Metals and alloys are further classified into two
major kind namely ferrous metals and non-
ferrous metals.
• (a) Ferrous metals are those which have the iron
as their main constituent, such as pig iron, cast
iron, wrought iron and steels.
• (b) Non-ferrous metals are those which have a
metal other than iron as their main constituent,
such as copper, aluminum, brass, bronze, tin,
silver zinc, invar etc.
FERROUS METALS
• Ferrous metals are iron base metals which
include all variety of pig iron, cast iron
wrought iron and steels. The ferrous metals
are those which have iron as their main
constituents.
• The ferrous metals commonly used in
engineering practice are cast iron, wrought
iron, steel and alloy steels.
Types of Iron Ore
Steels
• Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon with
carbon content maximum up to 1.7%. The
carbon occurs in the form of iron carbide,
because of its ability to increase the hardness
and strength of the steel.
• Other elements e.g. silicon, sulphur,
phosphorus and manganese are also present
to greater or lesser amount to import certain
desired properties to it.
Steels
Effect of impurities on steel
• Silicon:
• Silicon content in the finished steel usually
ranges from 0.05 to 0.30%. It is added in low
carbon steels for preventing them from
becoming porous.
• It helps in removing the gases and oxides. It
prevents blow holes there by making steel
tougher and harder.
Effect of impurities on steel
• Sulphur.:
• It renders free cutting properties in steel. It is
found in steel either as iron sulphide or
manganese sulphide.
• Iron sulphide due to its low melting point,
produces brittleness whereas manganese
sulphide does not affect so much. Therefore,
manganese sulphide is less objectionable in
steel than iron sulphide.
Effect of impurities on steel
• Manganese:
• It serves as a valuable deoxidizing and purifying agent,
in steel. Manganese also combines with sulphur and
thereby decreases the harmful effect of this element
remaining in the steel. It increases wear resistance,
hardness and strength and decreases machineability.
• When used in ordinary low carbon steels, manganese
makes the metal ductile and of good bending
quantities. In high speed steels, it is used to tougher
the metal and to increase its critical temperature.
Effect of impurities on steel
• Phosphorus:
• In low carbon steels, it raises the yield point
and improves the resistance to atmospheric
corrosion.
• The sum of carbon and phosphorus usually
does not exceed 0.25%.
Non-ferrous materials
• Aluminum:
• It is white metal produced by electrical process from the oxide
(alumina).
• Aluminum ore is bauxite.
• Properties:
• Pure aluminum has silvery color and lusture. It is ductile,
malleable and very good conductor of heat and electricity.
• It has a very high resistance to corrosion than the ordinary
steel. Its specific gravity is 2.7 and melting point is 658°C. Its
tensile strength varies from 95 to 157 MN/m2. In proportion
to its weight it is quite strong.
• In its pure state the metal would be weak and soft for most
purposes, but when mixed with small amounts of other alloys,
it becomes hard and rigid.
Applications.
• It is mainly used in aircraft and automobile
parts where saving of weight is an advantage.
• The high resistance to corrosion and its non-
toxicity make it a useful metal for cooking
utensils under ordinary conditions.
• It is used in making furniture, doors and
window components, rail road, electrical
cables, rivets and kitchen utensils
COPPER
• Copper is one of the most widely used non-
ferrous metals in industry. It is extracted from
ores of copper such as copper glance, copper
pyrites and azurite.
• Properties:
• Pure copper is soft, malleable and ductile metal
with a reddish-brown appearance.
• It is a good conductor of electricity. It is non-
corrosive under ordinary conditions and resists
weather very effectively.
• Its tensile strength varies from 300 to 470
MN/m2 and melting point is 1084°C.
COPPER
• Applications:
• Copper is mainly used in making electric cables and wires
for electric machinery, motor winding, electric conducting
appliances, and electroplating.
• Alloys of copper are made by alloying it with zinc, tin, and
lead and these find wide range of applications.
• Brass, which is an alloy of copper and zinc, finds
applications in utensils, household fittings, decorative
objects, etc. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin and
possesses very good corrosion resistance. It is used in
making valves and bearings.
• Brass and bronze can be machined at high speeds to fine
surface finish.
SEMICONDUCTORS

• Semiconductors are solid materials, either


non-metallic elements or compounds which
allow electrons to pass through them. These
materials occupy intermediate position
between conductors and insulators.
Semiconductors usually have high resistivity,
negative temperature coefficient of resistance
SEMICONDUCTORS
• Examples:
• Germanium (Ge), Arsenic (As), Silicon (Si),
Boron (B), Sulphur (S), Selenium (Se).
• Applications:
• Semiconductors are utilized in making devices
used in areas of telecommunication and radio
communication, electronics and power
engineering, photocells, rectifiers

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