Name:__________________________________ Grade & Sec:__________ Score:_______

Teacher:________________________________ Date:__________________ Rating:______

Activity 1
Mirror, mirror, on the wall…

Objectives:
• Determine the height, width, and the distance from the mirror of the
image formed by plane mirrors.
• Compare the actual height, width and the distance from the mirror of
the object with that of the image formed by plane mirror.

Materials:
• 1 (10 cm x 15 cm) plane mirror
• 1 graphing paper
• 10 one–peso coins
• modeling clay
• pen

Procedure:
1. Let the mirror stand vertically along a line on a graphing paper as shown in
Figure 1. Use the modeling clay to support the plane mirror.

Figure 1. A Plane Mirror on a Graphing Paper.

2. Using a pen, make three (3) different marks along the intersections on the
graphing paper in front of a mirror.

3. Measure the distance of each mark from the mirror by counting the number
of parallel lines between the mark and the base of the plane mirror. Record
your data in a table similar to Table 1 below.

4. Look at the images of the marks formed by the mirror. Measure the distance
of each image from the mirror by counting the number of parallel
lines between the image and the base of the mirror. Record this also in
Table 1.
 Table 1. Distance of the Object and Image from the Mirror

Q1. Refer to Table 1, compare the distance (number of parallel lines) from the
mirror of the object with that of the image.

5. Stack 10 pieces of one-peso coin in front of the plane mirror as in Figure 2.

Using a ruler, measure the height and width of the stack of coins. Measure
also the height and width of the image as seen on the mirror. Enter your
measurements in a table similar to Table 2.

Figure 2. Stack of Coins In front of the Plane Mirror

Table 2. Height and Width of Object and Image

Q2. How do the height and width of the object compare with the height and
width of the image?

Conclusion:
Name:__________________________________ Grade & Sec:__________ Score:_______
Teacher:________________________________ Date:__________________ Rating:______

Activity 2
Angle of Incidence vs. Angle of Reflection

Objectives:
• Compare the angle of reflection and the angle of incidence.
• State one of the laws of reflection.

Materials:
• 1 plane mirror
• 1 low – frequency laser/ laser pen/laser pointer
• 1 paper protractor (see Appendix A)

Procedure:
1. Let the mirror stand vertically along the edge of the paper protractor
as shown in Figure 4. Use the clay to support the plane mirror.

Figure 4.A Plane mirror on a paper protractor

2. Position the laser beam such that it hits the mirror at an angle of 10o with
the normal line. Measure the angle between the reflected ray and the normal
line. Record your measurement in a table similar to Table 3.

3. Make three trials and get the average.

4. Repeat steps 2 to 4 for angles 20o, 30o, 40o, and 50o. Enter all your
measurements in Table 3.

Table 3. Angles of Incidence and Reflection

Q3. How does the angle of incidence compare with the angle of reflection?

Q4. A periscope is an instrument for observation over, around or through an

obstacle. Explain how light travels in a periscope. Diagram the light rays as
these pass through the periscope.

Conclusion:
Name:__________________________________ Grade & Sec:__________ Score:_______
Teacher:________________________________ Date:__________________ Rating:______

Activity 3
Mirror Left-Right Reversal

Objectives:
• Describe the images formed by plane mirror.
• Show an understanding of reversal effect in mirrors by writing laterally
inverted letters and words.

Materials:
• alphabet chart
• 1 plane mirror

Procedure:
1. Place the alphabet chart in front of the plane mirror. Identify all
capital letters in the alphabet that can be read properly in front of the
mirror.

2. Write at least 3 words (all in capital letters) that can be read properly both
with a mirror and without a mirror in front of it.

Q5. What are the letters of the alphabet (in capital) that can be read properly in
front of a mirror?

Q6. Think of words (in capital letters) that can be read properly both with a
mirror and without a mirror. What are these words?

Q7. Write the sentence below on a clear sheet of paper in such a way that it
can be read properly in front of a mirror:

Conclusion.
Name:__________________________________ Grade & Sec:__________ Score:_______
Teacher:________________________________ Date:__________________ Rating:______

Activity 4
Who wants to be a Millionaire?

Objectives:
• Identify the relationship between the number of images formed and the
angle between the two mirrors.
• Use the gathered data to derive the formula for determining the
number of images formed when two mirrors are kept at a
certain angle.

Materials:
• 1 one-peso coin
• 1 paper protractor
• 2 plane mirrors

Procedure:
1. Place two plane mirrors at an angle of 90o and place the one-peso coin
between the mirrors as shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6.Two plane mirrors at 90 degree angle

2. Count the number of images formed. Record this in a table similar to Table
4 below.

3. Try to vary the angle between the mirrors.

Q8. What happens to the number of images formed as you vary theangle
between the mirrors?

4. Set the angle between the mirrors to 60o. Count and record again
the number of images formed.
5. Do again step 4 for angles 45o and 30o. Enter all the values in a table
similar to Table 4

Table 4. Number of Images Formed

Q9. Refer to Table 4. What relationship exists between the number of images
formed and the angle between two mirrors?

Q10. Use the data in Table 4 to derive the formula for determining the number
of images formed by two mirrors?

Q11. How should the mirrors be arranged such that an infinite number of
images will be formed or seen?

Conclusion:
Name:__________________________________ Grade & Sec:__________ Score:_______
Teacher:________________________________ Date:__________________ Rating:______

Activity 5
Images Formed by Curved Mirrors
Objective:
 Describe the location, size, and orientation of the images formed by
curved mirrors.

Materials:
• Improvised optical bench apparatus
• Curved mirror (concave and convex)
• Mirror stand
• Screen or white cardboard
• Flashlight
• Meter stick
• Sheet of paper (colored black)

Procedure:
1. Cut a U-shaped object from a cartolina with a size that fits the glass cover
of the flashlight. Attach the U-shaped object to the cover of the flashlight.
Refer to Figure 12.

Figure 12.A U-shaped object attached to the flashlight

2. Position the concave mirror intact with the mirror stand at the center of two
meter sticks as shown in Figure 13 below.

Figure 13. Set-up for Curved Mirror Experiment

3. Mark the improvised optical bench or meter sticks at the following points:
the focal point F (see the specified focal length on label of the mirror), and
the center of curvature, C which is equal to 2F.

4. Place the flashlight at a distance farther than the center of curvature, C in

front of the mirror.

5. Allow the light rays coming from the flashlight to strike the mirror.

6. Place a screen (a white cardboard) at a distance in front of the mirror. Move

the screen in different distances in front of the mirror until a clear and
sharp image of the U-shape is formed on the screen. Note the size and
location of the image formed (on the screen).

7. Do the same thing in different location of the object by moving the flashlight
at the center of curvature C, near the focal point, F at the focal point, and
between the focal point and the mirror.

Q12. What happens to the size and location of the image when you bring the
flashlight nearer to the concave mirror?

8. Repeat steps 3, 5, and 7 using a convex mirror. This time, you will not use
the screen. Look through the convex mirror to see the image.

Q13. What is the generalization from the nature of images formed by convex
mirror and concave mirror?

Conclusion:
Name:__________________________________ Grade & Sec:__________ Score:_______
Teacher:________________________________ Date:__________________ Rating:______

Activity 6
Are you L-O-S-T after Reflection?

Objective:
 Construct ray diagrams to determine the location, orientation, size,
and type of images formed by curved mirror.

Materials:
• Protractor and ruler
• Sheets of paper

Procedure:
1. Using the protractor and the ruler, copy each of the diagrams (A – G) below
on a separate sheet of paper. As much as possible, use the four principal
rays to locate the image formed in a curved mirror.
2. Use a table similar to Table 6 below to summarize the characteristics and
location of the images formed.

Table 6. Location, Orientation, Size, and Type of Image Formed in Curved

Mirrors
Q14. Refer to Table 6. How does the location of the object affect the
characteristics and location of the image formed in a concave mirror?
Convex mirror?

Q15. What type of mirror do dentists usually use to clearly see the images of
our teeth? Why?

Q16. What kind of curved mirror do you see in most of the department stores?
Why do they use such kind of mirror?

Conclusion:
Name:__________________________________ Grade & Sec:__________ Score:_______
Teacher:________________________________ Date:__________________ Rating:______

Activity 7
YoU can be Magnified!
Objectives:
• Measure the focal length and linear magnification of a convex lens.
• Locate the image formed by convex lens.
• Describe the image formed by a convex lens.

Materials:
• convex lens or magnifying glass
• lens holder e.g. clay
• meterstick
• index card

Procedure:
1. Hold the convex lens under a ceiling light. A projection screen (e.g. the floor
or the surface table) should be placed under the convex lens.

2. Move the convex lens up and down until a sharp image of the ceiling light is
projected on the screen.

3. Measure the distance between the lens and the projection surface using a
ruler.

Q17. What is the focal length of the convex lens?

Q18. How would you describe the image formed if a distant object is used?

4. Mount the convex lens on a clay. Draw a U–shaped object on an index card
and mount the index card on another clay. Initially place the index card
beside the zero (0) mark on the meter stick, and place the lens in front of
the index card as shown in Figure 18a below:
5. Look through the lens and move the lens until you can clearly see
an enlarged and upright image of the U-shaped object as shown in Fig. 18b
below.

6. Measure the distance between the convex lens and the card using a meter
stick. Record your observation on the second column of a table similar to
Table 7.

7. Measure the distance between the lens and your eye. Record your
observation on the third column of a table similar to Table 7.

8. Move again the convex lens back and forth, until you can clearly see, this
time, an enlarged and inverted image of the U-shaped object. Then, repeat
steps 6 and 7.

9. Move again the convex lens so that you can clearly see a reduced
and upside down image of the U-shaped object. Repeat steps 6 and 7.

Q19. What kind of lenses are magnifying glasses? When a magnifying glass
produces a sharp clear image, where is the object located in relation to the
lens?

Q20. Where should a magnifying glass be placed to produce an enlarged and

upright image, closer to the eye or nearer to the object? Why?

Conclusion:
Name:__________________________________ Grade & Sec:__________ Score:_______
Teacher:________________________________ Date:__________________ Rating:______

Activity 8
Are you L-O-S-T after Refraction?

Objectives:
• Construct ray diagrams for lenses.
• Determine graphically the location, orientation, size, and type of
image formed.
• Show graphically the changes in the image formed as an object‟s
position is changed.

Materials:
• paper
• ruler

Procedure:
1. Copy each of the diagrams (A–H) below on a clear sheet of paper. Construct
ray diagram using, as much as possible, the „three most useful rays‟ for
each of the following cases to determine the location, orientation, size, and
type of the image.
2. Use a table similar to Table 9 below to summarize the characteristics and
location of the images formed.
Table 9. Location, Orientation, Size, and Type of Image Formed by Lenses

Q21. Refer to Table 9. How does the image change in its size and location, as
the object comes nearer the convex lens? Concave lens?

Q22. Refer to the size of object and the size of image from the drawn ray
diagrams for convex lens. Identify the location of object for which the
following optical instruments are used to. Match column A with column B.

Column A Column B
photocopy “Xerox” Machine At Infinity
Camera Beyond 2F‟
Telescope At 2F‟
Projector Between 2F‟ and F‟
Magnifying Glass Between F‟ and V

Q23. Why is it impossible for a concave lens to form a real image?

Conclusion:
Name:__________________________________ Grade & Sec:__________ Score:_______
Teacher:________________________________ Date:__________________ Rating:______

Activity 9
Making Improvised Optical Device

Option 1: The Camera

Task:
• Construct a pin hole camera and explain the factors that affect the
image on the screen

Materials:
• illustration board/cardboard
• black cartolina, cutting mat
• pin/sewing needle, glue/sticky tape
• cutter, scissors, foot ruler, clear lamp

Procedure:
1. With your group mates and using the materials given, design and construct
an improvised camera based on the information gathered from
different resources.

2. A record sheet is provided to serve as your guide for accomplishing the

written report on your constructed camera. Refer to your copy of Attached
Assessment Tools: Problem Solving Sheet.

Option 2: The Periscope

Task:
• Construct a periscope and trace the incident and reflected rays.

Materials:
• 2 plane mirrors
• illustration board/cardboard
• cutting mat
• glue/sticky tape
• cutter, scissors, foot ruler, clear lamp

What to do:
1. With your group mates and using the materials given, design and construct
an improvised periscope based on the information gathered from different
resources.

2. A record sheet is provided to serve as your guide for accomplishing the

written report on your constructed periscope. Refer to your copy of Attached
Assessment Tools: Problem Solving Sheet.
Option 3: The Microscope

Task:
• Set up a simple microscope and investigate the factors affecting the
magnification capabilities of a microscope

Materials:
• set of lenses with different focal lengths
• specimen, light source, ruler or meter stick
• thin, clean sheet of paper to serve as the camera‟s screen

What to do:
1. Using the materials given, construct or set up a simple microscope. Use
knowledge learned in the previous lesson and based on the
information gathered from different resources.

2. Discuss with your group mates and agree on one design.

3. Use the problem-solving record sheet as your guide for writing the report on
how you were able to construct your microscope.

Option 4: The Telescope

Task:
• Construct a simple telescope and investigate the factors affecting the
magnification capabilities of a telescope.

Materials:
• set of lenses with different focal lengths specimen, light source, ruler or
meter stick thin, clean sheet of paper to serve as the camera‟s screen

What to do:
1. Using the materials listed above, construct a telescope based on information
obtained from the previous lesson and other resources. After
discussing telescope with your teammates, design a simple telescope.

2. Use the problem-solving record sheet as your guide for writing the report on
how you were able to construct your telescope.