09PHFST102 PDF

GROWTH AND BIOMASS PRODUCTION OF ENERGY
PLANTATION TREE SPECIES IN AGRO CLIMATIC

ZONES OF JHARKHAND
Ph. D. THESIS
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of

the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
in
Forestry
by
BASANT CHANDRA ORAON

(ID.NO. 09PHFST102)
School of Forestry and Environment,

Faculty of Agriculture,
Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences
(Deemed-to-be-University), Allahabad – 211007 (UP), India
2016
1
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINAL WORK
This is to certify that the study conducted by Mr. Basant Chandra Oraon,
ID No. 09PHFST102 as reported in the present thesis has been carried out under my
guidance and supervision. The results reported by him are genuine and the candidate
himself has written the script of the thesis entitled, “Growth and Biomass
Production of Energy Plantation Tree Species in Agro Climatic Zones of
Jharkhand”, is therefore, forwarded for the acceptance in partial fulfillment of
requirements for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Forestry,
School of Forestry & Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Sam Higginbottom
Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences (Deemed-to-be-University),
Allahabad (U.P), India.
Dr. Arvind Bijalwan

Place: Allahabad (Advisor)
Assistant Professor,
Date: Faculty of Technical Forestry
&
Formerly, Assistant Professor,
SOFE, SHIATS, Allahabad, U.P., India
2
CERTIFICATE OF RECOMMENDATIONS OF STUDENT ADVISORY
COMMITTEE
This thesis entitled, “Growth and Biomass Production of Energy

Plantation Tree Species in Agro climatic Zones of Jharkhand”, has been
prepared and submitted by Mr. Basant Chandra Oraon, ID. No. 09PHFST102 for
the award of degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Forestry from Sam Higginbottom
Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Deemed University, Allahabad
(U.P).
Name & Designation Evaluation Signature
Dr. Arvind Bijalwan Satisfactory/

(Advisor) Not Satisfactory
Faculty of Technical Forestry,
IIFM, Bhopal, M.P.&
Formerly, AP at SOFE, SHIATS
Dr. M.S. Malik Satisfactory/

(Co-Advisor) Not Satisfactory
University Professor,
Faculty of Forestry,
BAU, Ranchi, Jharkhand.
Dr. B. Mehera Satisfactory/

(Member) Not Satisfactory
Associate Professor & Associate Dean,
School of Forestry & Environment,
SHIATS, Allahabad.
Dr. Shalini B. Masih Satisfactory/

(Member) Not Satisfactory
Department of Mathematics & Statistics,
SHIATS, Allahabad
This thesis is recommended by the Student Advisory Committee for partial fulfillment of
award of Ph.D. degree.
Dr. Munish Gangwar Prof. (Dr.) Thomas Abraham

(External Examiner) (Chairman)
Professor (SCWM/Forestry, College of Agriculture Department of Agronomy, ASA,
CSA University of Agriculture and Technology, SHIATS, Allahabad, U.P.
Kanpur, U.P.
3
Ph.D. FINAL DEFENCE REPORT
This is to certify that the study conducted by Mr. Basant Chandra Oraon,
ID No. 09PHFST102 presented the oral defense for his thesis entitled, “Growth
and Biomass Production of Energy Plantation Tree Species in Agro Climatic
Zones of Jharkhand”, on 11.07.2016 at 11.00 a.m. in the Department of
Silviculture, School of Forestry & Environment, Faculty of Agriculture. The results
are genuine, have considerable scientific importance and performance of the
candidate was found satisfactory.
We, the following members of the evaluation board agree and recommend to
the University for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Forestry to
Mr. Basant Chandra Oraon.
Dr. Munish Gangwar Dr. Arvind Bijalwan

(External Examiner) (Advisor)
Professor (SCWM/Forestry), College of Agriculture Assistant Professor,
CSA University of Agriculture and Technology Faculty of Technical Forestry,
Kanpur, U.P IIFM, Bhopal, M.P.India
&
Formerly,Assistant Professor
SOFE,SHIATS,Allahabad,U.P
Prof. (Dr.) Thomas Abraham

(Chairman)
Department of Agronomy, ASA,
SHIATS, Allahabad, U.P
4
CERTIFICATE
SELF ATTESTATION
I, Basant Chandra Oraon hereby declare that the research work entitled
“Growth and Biomass Production of Energy Plantation Tree Species in Agro
Climatic Zones of Jharkhand”, is the original and genuine work done by me and
submitted to the School of Forestry & Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Sam
Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad (U.P.),
India, for the partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of the Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy in Forestry. The data and/or other contribution from other
have been duly acknowledged. The results embodied in this thesis have not been
submitted to any other Institutions/University for award of any degree or diploma.
(Basant Chandra Oraon)

Place: Allahabad ID No. 09PHFST102
School of Forestry & Environment,
Date: SHIATS, Allahabad
5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all with limitless humanity, I would like to thank the

almighty God who infused a beacon in my heart during hours of dark, gloom
and melancholy and also giving me the wisdom and knowledge. I thank him
for giving me this platform and to complete my thesis work.
I would like to express deep sense of respect and gracious regards to
Prof. (Dr.) R.B. Lal, Hon’ble Vice Chancellor, Sam Higginbottom Institute of
Agriculture, Technology & Sciences (Deemed-to-be-University), Allahabad
for his invaluable support and providing necessary facilities, innovative
idea during entire course of my research work.
I am proudly grateful to Prof. (Dr.) S.B. Lal, Pro-Vice Chancellor and
Dean, School of Forestry & Environment, SHIATS for his guidance,
cooperation and encouragement throughout the course of my study.
I am very much grateful to Prof. (Dr.) P.W. Ramteke, Dean, Post
Graduate Studies and Dr. B. Mehra, Associate Professor and Associate Dean
and Member, School of Forestry & Environment for their valuable
suggestions and encouragement throughout my research work.
I take this opportunity to gratefully acknowledge and express my
deep sense of gratitude to my Advisor Dr. Arvind Bijalwan, Assistant
Professor, Faculty of Technical Forestry, IIFM, Bhopal for his guidance,
inspiration and constant encouragement.
I pay my sincere thanks to my Co-Advisor Dr. M.S. Malik, University
Professor and Chairman, Department of Silviculture & Agroforestry,
Faculty of Forestry, Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi,
Jharkhand for his valuable suggestions during my research and thesis work.
I would like to express my sincere thanks and warmest regard to the
member of my Advisory Committee Dr. Shalini B. Masih, Assistant
Professor, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, SHIATS for her
talented and needful advice and valuable suggestions during the course of
my research work.
I can never forget to express my sincere thanks to the present Hon’ble
Vice Chancellor Dr. George John, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi for
use of all facilities during the course of research work to complete this
manuscript.
It gives me immense pleasure and privilege to express my heartfelt
thanks to Dr. P. Kaushal, Ex-Dean, Faculty of Forestry, BAU, Ranchi, Dr.
D.P. Sharma, Professor, Deptt. of Soil Science, SHIATS, Mr. Praksah Kumar,
Ex-In-charge, ARIS Cell, BAU, Ranchi & Dr. Ramesh Kumar, Deptt. of
Agril. Physics, BAU for their valuable guidance, encouragement during the
experiment and throughout the course of my study.
6
I cannot forget to express my sincere thanks to all the faculty
members of School of Forestry and Environment, SHIATS Dr. Anthony J.
Raj, Dr. A. Majid Wani, Dr. Sameer Daniel, Dr. Satyendra Nath, Dr. M.
Deka, Dr. Ram Bharose, Dr. (Miss.) Neelam Khare, Dr. H.B. Paliwal, Dr. A.
James, Dr. Amit Larkin, Dr. Somnath Sen, Dr. Ramchandra, Dr. Somesh
Singh, Dr. Rajiv Umrao, Mr. Hemant Kumar and Dr. Dilip for their help
during my course & research work at SHIATS.
I extend my deep sense of gratitude and profound thanks to my
senior Mr. Devendra Kumar and classmate Md. Salim Wani and Miss Vijya
Rawat (Ph.D. Scholar).
I am highly obliged and thankful to all the faculty members of my
parent faculty (BAU) for their support, kind help and encouragement
during this Ph.D. programme.
I wish to avail this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to my
friend Dr. Sunil Kumar, Dr. A. Paul, Dr. R.B. Sah, Dr. A.K. Chakraborty, Dr.
Anil Kumar, Dr. P.R. Oraon, Mr. J. Kerketta, Mr. Jai Kumar, Dr. Kaushal
Kumar, Mr. N. Prasad, Mr. L.B. Mahto, Er. B. Oraon, Mr. R.K.Gupta (Raju)
and Sri. N.C. Munda (ACF), Forest Department, Government of Jharkhand
for the encouragement and help, I received from them.
I express my sincere, heartfelt and deepest sense of gratitude to my
junior Mr. P.K. Sarkar, Mr. G. Munda and Mr. Manoj Kumar, Computer
Assistant for helping in the data analysis and typing work, which enabled
me to complete this monumental task fruitfully, otherwise I could not
materialize this dream.
I express my heartfelt gratitude to my beloved elder sister Mrs.
Sarita Bhagat, wife Mrs. Renu Minz, my daughters Miss. Rashmi, Miss
Moshmi and my son Master Indrajeet who always gave me necessary
support, blessings and best wishes to complete this manuscript.
Lastly, I am very much thankful to all the faculty, staff of SOFE,
SHIATS, who directly or indirectly helped me in completion of my course as
well as research work.
Place: Allahabad
Date: (Basant Chandra
Oraon)
7
CONTENTS
CHAPTERS PARTICULARS PAGES
I INTRODUCTION 1-7
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 8-42
III MATERIALS AND METHODS 43-62
IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 63-207
208-214
V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
i-xiv
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES xv-xx
8
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
TITLE
NO. NO.
3.1 Initial soil properties of the experimental site. 45
3.2 Silvicultural characters of selected tree species. 52
3.3 Experimental site details 54
4.1 Survival percentage of tree species in different agro climatic sub zones 64
of zone VII
4.2 Mean height of tree species in different agro climatic sub zones of zone 66
VII
4.3 Mean diameter of tree species in different agro climatic sub zones of 68
zone VII
4.4 Basal area of four year tree species in different agro climatic sub zones 70
of zone VII
4.5 Volume of four year tree species in different agro climatic sub zones of 72
zone VII
4.6 Fresh Biomass of bole of four years tree species in different agro 74
climatic sub zones of zone VII
4.7 Fresh Biomass of branch of four years tree species in different agro 76
4.8 Fresh Biomass of twig of four years tree species in different agro 78
4.9 Fresh Biomass of bark of four years tree species in different agro 80
4.10 Below ground fresh biomass of root in four years tree species 82
4.11 Above ground fresh biomass of above ground component in four years 84
tree species in different agro climatic sub zones of zone VII
4.12 Total fresh biomass of four years tree species in different agro climatic 86
sub zones of zone VII
4.13 Dry biomass of bole of four years tree species in different agro climatic 88
4.14 Dry biomass of branch of four years tree species in different agro 90
4.15 Dry biomass of twigs of four years tree species in different agro 92
4.16 Dry biomass of bark of four years tree species in different agro climatic 94
4.17 Below ground Dry biomass of root of four years tree species in different 96
agro climatic sub zones of zone VII
4.18 Above ground dry biomass of four years tree species in different agro 98
4.19 Total dry biomass of four years tree species in different agro climatic 100
4.20 Carbon sequestration of bole in four years tree species in different agro 102
9
TABLE PAGE
TITLE
NO. NO.
4.21 Carbon sequestration of branch in four years tree species in different 104
4.22 Carbon sequestration of twigs in four years tree species in different agro 106
4.23 Carbon sequestration of bark in four years tree species in different agro 108
4.24 Carbon sequestration of root in four years tree species in different agro 110
4.25 Above ground carbon sequestration in four years tree species in different 112
4.26 Total carbon sequestration in four years tree species in different agro 114
4.27 Nitrogen contents in bole of four years tree species in different agro 116
4.28 Nitrogen contents in branch of four years tree species in different agro 118
4.29 Nitrogen contents in leaves of four years tree species in different agro 120
4.30 Nitrogen contents in twig of four years tree species in different agro 122
climatic sub zone s of zone VII
4.31 Total nitrogen content of four years tree species in different agro 124
4.32 Phosphorus content in bole of four years tree species in different agro 126
4.33 Phosphorus content in branch of four years tree species in different agro 128
4.34 Phosphorus content in leaves of four years tree species in different agro 130
4.35 Phosphorus content in twig of four years tree species in different agro 132
4.36 Total Phosphorus content of four years tree species if n different agro 134
4.37 Potassium content in bole of four years tree species in different agro 136
4.38 Potassium content in branch of four years tree species in different agro 138
4.39 Potassium content in leaves of four years tree species in different agro 140
4.40 Potassium content in twig of four years tree species in different agro 142
4.41 Total Potassium content of four years tree species in different agro 144
4.42 Ash content of bole in four years tree species in different agro climatic 146
4.43 Ash content of branch in four years tree species in different agro 148
10
TABLE PAGE
TITLE
NO. NO.
4.44 Ash content of leaf and twig in four years tree species in different agro 150
4.45 Ash content of bark in four years tree species in different agro climatic 152
4.46 Ash content of root in four years tree species in different agro climatic 154
4.47 Above ground ash content in four years tree species in different agro 156
4.48 Total ash content in four years tree species in different agro climatic sub 158
zones of zone VII
4.49 Crude fiber content of bole in four years tree species in different agro 160
4.50 Crude fiber content of branch in four years tree species in different agro 162
4.51 Crude fiber content of leaf and twig in four years tree species in 164
different agro climatic sub zones of zone VII
4.52 Crude fiber content of bark in four years tree species in different agro 166
4.53 Crude fiber content of root in four years tree species in different agro 168
4.54 Above ground crude fiber content in four years tree species in different 170
4.55 Total crude fiber content in four years tree species in different agro 172
4.56 Calorific value of bole in four years tree species in different agro 174
4.57 Calorific value of branch in four years tree species in different agro 176
4.58 Calorific value of leave and twig in four years tree species in different 178
4.59 Calorific value of bark in four years tree species in different agro 180
4.60 Calorific value of root in four years tree species in different agro 182
4.61 Total Calorific value in four years tree species in different agro climatic 184
4.62 pH of soil (0-15cm) under plantation in different agro climatic sub zones 186
of zone VII
4.63 pH of soil (15-30cm) under plantation in different agro climatic sub 188
zones of zone VII
4.64 Organic carbon content of soil (0-15cm) under plantation in different 190
4.66 Available nitrogen of soil (0-15cm) under plantation in different agro 194
11
TABLE PAGE
TITLE
NO. NO.
4.68 Available phosphorus of soil (0-15cm) under plantation in different 198
4.69 Available phosphorus of soil (15-30cm) of the plantation area in 200
4.70 Available potassium of soil at 0-15cm depth of the plantation area in 202
4.72 Economics of the energy plantation of different tree species of sub zone 205
IV
V
VI
12
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
TITLE
NO. NO.
3.1 Location map of site 43
4.1 Survival percentage of tree species in different agro-climatic sub zones 64
of zone VII
4.2 Mean height of tree species in different agro climatic sub zones of zone 66
VII
4.3 Mean diameter of tree species in different agro climatic sub zones of 68
zone VII
4.4 Basal area of four year tree species in different agro climatic sub zones 70
of zone VII
4.5 Volumeof four year tree species in different agro climatic sub zones of 72
zone VII
4.6 Fresh Biomass of bole of four years tree species in different agro 74
4.7 Fresh Biomass of branch of four years tree species in different agro 76
4.8 Fresh Biomass of twig of four years tree species in different agro 78
4.9 Fresh Biomass of bark of four years tree species in different agro 80
4.10 Below ground fresh biomass of root in four years tree species 82
4.11 Above ground fresh biomass of above ground component in four years 84
tree species in different agro climatic sub zones of zone VII
4.12 Total fresh biomass of four years tree species in different agro climatic 86
4.13 Dry biomass of bole of four years tree species in different agro climatic 88
4.14 Dry biomass of branch of four years tree species in different agro 90
4.15 Dry biomass of twigs of four years tree species in different agro climatic 92
4.16 Dry biomass of bark of four years tree species in different agro climatic 94
4.17 Below ground Dry biomass of root of four years tree species in different 96
4.18 Above ground dry biomass of four years tree species in different agro 98
4.19 Total dry biomass of four years tree species in different agro climatic sub 100
zones of zone VII
4.20 Carbon sequestration of bole in four years tree species in different agro 102
4.21 Carbon sequestration of branch in four years tree species in different 104
4.22 Carbon sequestration of twigs in four years tree species in different agro 106
13
FIGURE PAGE
TITLE
NO. NO.
4.23 Carbon sequestration of bark in four years tree species in different agro 108
4.24 Carbon sequestration of root in four years tree species in different agro 110
4.25 Above ground carbon sequestration in four years tree species in different 112
4.26 Total carbon sequestration in four years tree species in different agro 114
4.27 Nitrogen contents in bole of four years tree species in different agro 116
4.28 Nitrogen contents in branch of four years tree species in different agro 118
4.29 Nitrogen contents in leaves of four years tree species in different agro 120
4.30 Nitrogen contents in twig of four years tree species in different agro 122
4.31 Total nitrogen contents of four years tree species in different agro 124
4.32 Phosphorus contents in bole of four years tree species in different agro 126
4.33 Phosphorus contents in branch of four years tree species in different agro 128
4.34 Phosphorus contents in leaves of four years tree species in different agro 130
4.35 Phosphorus contents in twig of four years tree species in different agro 132
4.36 Total Phosphorus contents of four years tree species if n different agro 134
4.37 Potassium contents in bole of four years tree species in different agro 136
4.38 Potassium contents in branch (kg/tree) of four years tree species in 138
4.39 Potassium contents in leaves of four years tree species in different agro 140
4.40 Potassium contents in twig of four years tree species in different agro 142
4.41 Total Potassium contentof four years tree species in different agro 144
4.42 Ash content of bole in four years tree species in different agro climatic 146
4.43 Ash content of branch in four years tree species in different agro climatic 148
4.44 Ash content of leaf and twig in four years tree species in different agro 150
4.45 Ash content of bark in four years tree species in different agro climatic 152
4.46 Ash content of root in four years tree species in different agro climatic 154
14
FIGURE PAGE
TITLE
NO. NO.
4.47 Above ground ash content in four years tree species in different agro 156
4.48 Total ash content in four years tree species in different agro climatic sub 158
zones of zone VII
4.49 Crude fiber content of bole in four years tree species in different agro 160
4.50 Crude fiber content of branch in four years tree species in different agro 162
4.51 Crude fiber content of leaf and twig in four years tree species in different 164
4.52 Crude fiber content of bark in four years tree species in different agro 166
4.53 Crude fiber content of root in four years tree species in different agro 168
4.54 Above ground crude fiber content in four years tree species in different 170
4.55 Total crude fibre content in four years tree species in different agro 172
4.56 Calorific value of bole in four years tree species in different agro 174
4.57 Calorific value of branch in four years tree species in different agro 176
4.58 Calorific value of leave and twig in four years tree species in different 178
4.59 Calorific value of bark in four years tree species in different agro 180
4.60 Calorific value of root in four years tree species in different agro climatic 182
4.61 Total Calorific value in four years tree species in different agro climatic 184
4.62 pH of soil (0-15cm) under plantation in different agro climatic sub zones 186
of zone VII
4.63 pH of soil (15-30cm) under plantation in different agro climatic sub 188
zones of zone VII
4.68 Available phosphorus of soil (0-15cm) under plantation in different agro 198
4.69 Available phosphorus of soil (15-30cm) of the plantation area in 200
15
FIGURE PAGE
TITLE
NO. NO.
IV
V
VI
16
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
% : Percent
& : And
/ : Per
@ : At the rate of
µ : Mean
0oC : Degree Celsius/ Centigrade
o
E : Degree East
o
N : Degree North
o
S : Degree South
o
W : Degree West
AGB : Above ground biomass
ANOVA : Analysis of variance
BGB : Below ground biomass
BCR : Benefit cost ratio
cd : Critical difference
cm : Centimeter
cv : Coefficient of variance
df : Degree of freedom
Dr. : Doctor
D1 : Deoghar district
D2 : Ranchi district
D3 : East Singhbhum district
et al. : et alia and others
F.cal : F. Calculated
F.tab : F. Tabulated
Fig. : Figure
FRBD : Factorial Randomized Block Design
g : Gram
ha : Hectare
ha-1 : Per hectare
i.e. : That is
kg : Kilogram
m : Meter
17
mm : Millimeter
Min. : Minimum
Max. : Maximum
No. : Number
R : Replication
R1 : Study site I
R2 : Study site II
R3 : Study site III
S.Em (±) : Standard error of mean
Spp. : Species
S1 : Species 1-Acacia auriculiformis
S2 : Species 2-Cassia siamea
S3 : Species 3-Eucalyptus hybrid
V : Volume
Wt. : Weight
Yr. : Year
18
ABSTRACT
Growth and biomass production of Energy plantation tree

species in Agroclimatic zones of Jharkhand
Name of the Research Scholar: B.C. Oraon
Advisor: Dr. Arvind Bijalwan
Degree pursued: Doctor of Philosophy (Forestry)
The present study titled “Growth and Biomass Production of Energy

Plantation Tree Species in Agro-Climatic Zones of Jharkhand” was conducted in
three agro climatic sub zones (IV, V and VI) of zone seven in Jharkhand, India.
Three energy plantation tree species viz. Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia siamea and
Eucalyptus hybrid were studied with the objectives to know the survival and growth
performance of these tree species, biomass and carbon sequestration ability of trees,
and estimation of calorific value of tree species of energy plantation growing in
different agro-climatic sub zones of Jharkhand.
On the basis of the availability of energy plantation, three districts each from
above sub agro climatic zones of Jharkhand were studied in detail. The important
parameter related to the objectives such as tree height, tree diameter, basal area,
volume, fresh and dry biomass (above and below ground), carbon sequestration
potential, calorific value, major wood nutrients and soil properties of the plantation
areas were studied. The results of the study showed higher growth performance in
Eualyptus hybrid compared to Acacia auriculiformi and Cassia siamea in the different zone
of Jharkhand State. The biomass and carbon sequestration ability of Eucalyptus hybrid
was also reported higher compared to Acacia auriculiformis and Cassia siamea,
however the calorific value was recorded to be highest in Acacia auriculiformis. The
soil organic carbon found maximum in Acacia auriculiformis followed by Cassia
siamea and minimum in Eucalyptus hybrid. The cost benefit ratio of Eucalyptus
hybrid was recorded more compared to Cassia siamea and Acacia auriculiformis.
Place: Allahabad
Date: 11th July, 2016 (Basant Chandra Oraon)
ID No. 09PHFST102
19
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Trees and shrubs used as fuel wood and fodders vary in growth from region
to region and from season to season. Shrubs and trees generally serve not only as
fuel and also provide shade and shelter for men, animals and crops.
Wood energy has been used for thousands of year for cooking and heating
and it remains the primary source of energy throughout much of the world (FAO,
2008; Gregory et al., 1999). In addition to wood, agricultural residues including rice
husks, straw, bagasse, corncobs, and other forms of biomass are important sources of
energy as well (Hulscher, 1998; CIFOR, 2003). Biomass energy is the largest source
of renewable energy and accounts for 10.4% of total global energy supply and 77.4%
of global renewable energy supply (Carlos and Khang, 2008).
Fuelwood is by far the most important source of biomass energy as it is the
primary energy source for more than 2 billion, primarily poor, people (Troncoso,
2007) Fuelwood extraction does not necessarily lead to forest degradation (FAO,
1997; Palmer and Macgregor, 2009). However, it often leads to forest degradation
where demands for fuelwood are high, where forest resources are limited
(particularly high elevation and arid environments where plant growth is constrained
by climate). It is important to note that fuelwood is used for both domestic and
industrial purposes in both rural and urban areas throughout much of the developing
world (Dovie et al., 2004).
More than half of global wood production is non-industrial round wood, most
of which is used as fuelwood (Palmer and Macgregor, 2009) and fuelwood
20
harvesting is estimated to account for over 54% of global wood harvest per annum
(Bhatt and Sachan, 2003). In developing countries, fuelwood accounts for 80% of all
household energy consumption (Sharma and Banskota, 2005). In Asia approximately
1,700 million people are expected to rely on fuelwood by 2030 (Arnold and Persson,
2003). Mainly rural populations consume fuelwood, though towns and city dwellers
also consume substantial amounts of fuelwood (FAO, 1997).
The energy crisis and its effect on the economy is a matter of concern all over
the world today. There is a wide gap between the demand and supply of fuel wood.
In India fuel wood is the only source of energy for 80% population living in villages.
Fuel wood mainly used in cooking and heating and there is no other alternative to
replace this source of energy especially in rural area. Recently, energy plantation has
got much boost in our country. Government has started many programmes like social
forestry, agroforestry practices and afforestation in waste lands.
The annual demand for fire wood in India is about 200 million tones, while
the endogenous production on sustained basis is about 20% of the demand
(Chaturvedi, 1993). On global basis, the demand for all wood products are increasing
(1.9% annually). The demand for bioenergy systems in small scale industry is also
increasing at faster rate due to its lower investment cost.
In India, forests occupy about 19.4% current requirement of total (11.7%
dense, 7.6% open and 0.1% mangrove) of the total land area, which is insufficient to
meet 140 million tonnes per year of fuel wood (FSI Report, 2013). Attempts are,
therefore, being made to increase the bio-energy conservation through the short
rotation high-density energy plantation of the fast growing species. The main source
of energy is biomass - the vegetative material produced by plants. Thus, production
21
of fuel-wood under short rotation high density (SRHD) energy plantation culture
should prove useful for meeting challenges of fuel wood crisis, especially in the rural
areas. A large number of fast growing exotic as well as local species are now being
selected for this purpose over the slow growing and less valuable indigenous species.
On the socio-economic front, short rotation high density energy plantation provides
help to rural population, particularly to women. The time lost in collecting fuel-wood
from forest sources can be saved and utilised for caring the families at home as well
as for some income-generating activities.
Energy plantation is the major source to meet the requirement for the rural
population not only in Jharkhand but all over the world today. According to a report,
if fuel/fire wood plants were not raised rapidly by 2020 AD, more than 250 millions
people would not be able to manage fuels for cooking purpose. India is the biggest
fuel wood producing country in the world, but the per capita fuel wood production is
very low.( )
The agro-climatic conditions are an important factor influencing the use of
biofuels in rural areas and availability of bioresources. Regions with similar
geographic, edaphic and meteorological characteristics have been grouped and are
termed agro-climatic zones and Jharkhand State has four (4) zones based on agro-
climatic conditions.
The forest cover of Jharkhand states is 23605 km2 constituting 29.61% of the
total geographical area of the state. Large number of communities/ people living in
rural part and in an around forest area and directly or indirectly depend upon forest
for meeting their basic requirement like fuel wood, fodder and other forest produce.
22
Energy plantation concept is a means for producing fuel from plant material
in practical and economic way be choosing suitable plant species and planting
density. The plantation must be designed and operated in a matter as to minimize the
cost of plant material production. Some of the fuel wood species namely Acacia
auriculiformis, Cassia siamea, Leucena leucocephalla, Melia azedarach and
Eucalyptus spp. are commonly grown in the state of Jharkhand and Maharashtra by
Social Forestry Department. Acacia auriculiformis and Eucalyptus spp. both are
Australian origin widely planted as an exotic species in India and considered to be
popular fuel wood species because of its high wood density between 0.5 to 0.8 t/m3
and high calorific value between 4800-4900 kcal/kg (Prakash and Hocking, 1985;
Pinyopusarerk, 1990).
Raising of fuelwood plantations to supplement existing resources is,
therefore, urgently called for fuelwood plantation have so far not been raised in right
earnest and after proper planning. For fuelwood plantations; we should select those
species which are fast in growth have good survival under adverse conditions and
produce more fuelwood.
Therefore, perennials plants should be grown to meet the demand of energy.
Keeping in view the climatic and edaphic factors, plantation of deciduous trees
should be encouraged, as their growth is faster than the coniferous ones. The species
to be planted should have the following characters: (i) fast growth, (ii) stress
resistance, (iii) less palatable to cattle and other animals, (iv) early propagable, (v)
high caloric value, (vi) absence of deleterious volatiles when smokes come out, (vii)
high yield of biomass, and (viii) disease/pest resistant.
23
Technically speaking, energy plantation means growing select species of
trees and shrubs which are harvestable in a comparably shorter time and are
specifically meant for fuel. The fuel wood may be used either directly in wood
burning stoves and boilers or processed into methanol, ethanol and producer gas.
These plantations help provide wood either for cooking in homes or for industrial
use, so as to satisfy local energy needs in a decentralised manner. The energy
plantations provide almost inexhaustible renewable sources (with total time
constant of 3-8 years only for each cycle) of energy which are essentially local
and independent of unreliable and finite sources of fuel . The attractive features
of energy plantations are: (a) heat content of wood is similar to that of Indian coal,
(b) wood is low in sulphur and not likely to pollute the atmosphere, (c) ash from
burnt wood is a valuable fertiliser, (d) utilisation of erosion prone land for raising
these plantations helps to reduce wind and water erosion, thereby minimising
hazards from floods, siltation, and loss of nitrogen and minerals from soil and (e)
help in rural employment generation - it is estimated that an hectare of energy
plantation is estimated to provide employment for at least seven persons regularly.
Selection of multipurpose species provides a number of by-products like oils,
organic compounds, fruits, edible leaves, forage for livestock, etc. Data collected
from Forest Department reveals that annual woody biomass available is in the range
11.9 to 21 t/ha/yr.
Nowadays, the faster grown forests, mainly the ones with eucalyptus, are
being characterized as atmospheric carbon drainages. Since the industrial revolution,
due to the fossil fuels utilization and the forests destruction, there was an elevation of
more than 20% in the carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the atmosphere (Lal et
al., 1998). The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon, from which the carbon
24
dioxide is one of the components that can cause environmental problems (Odum,
1988). As the plants have the capacity to fix carbon in its organic structure, due to
photosynthesis, the forest plantings are alternative to the “carbon sequestration”.
Despite harvesting, biomass plantations can often continue to store carbon on the
site. The carbon stored in soil can be greater in forested land than in frequently
cultivated agricultural soils, particularly at depth. During growth, the trees store
carbon in their increasing root biomass, which remains for extended periods after the
trees have been harvested. Replanting on a harvested site will continue to contribute
carbon into the soil profile. In addition to using biomass direct from the plantations,
it is common for industry to use the waste materials from manufacturing forest
products to produce energy. This is material that would otherwise be left to
decompose in landfill, often creating methane which is a significant greenhouse gas.
At present, forests are degraded due to distruction of forest vegetation,
increased soil erosion, devastating floods, reduction in soil fertility and siltation of
dames. These problems are bound to become still more if fuel wood crises is not
paid due attention. Energy plantation in India cannot be raised with conifers because
of there slow growth rate and less productivity (Banik et.al.,1995).
In India, Energy plantation are being made mainly through high density,
short rotation plantation. The practice of growing high density tree per unit land area
and harvesting them at ever younger ages was the common trend in India
(Vinayarai and Surendran, 1990).
In energy plantation several tree species have been identified as fast growing
nature, low moisture content, high calorific value and maximum biomass production.
Keeping in view of the aforesaid facts, three of the most important multipurpose tree
25
species of short rotation namely Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia siamea and
Eucalyptus hybrid were selected under the title “Growth and Biomass Production of
Energy Plantation Tree Species in Agro-climatic Zones of Jharkhand with the
following objectives
1. To study the survival and growth performance of tree species of energy
plantation in Jharkhand State.
2. To estimate the biomass and carbon sequestration ability of energy plantation
tree species.
3. To measure (analyze) the calorific value of species of energy plantation
growing in different agro-climatic zone.
4. To study the physico-chemical characteristics of soil present in energy
plantation area and role of their leaf fall in nutrient contribution.
5. To find out social adoptability and economics of the energy plantation.
26
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The present chapter deals with relevant literature related to the study. A
comprehensive review of literature forms the basis of scientific research. Literature
pertaining to present investigation was done thoroughly and is being described in the
following heads.
2.1 Energy plantation
2.2 Survival & Growth performance of Energy Plantation
2.3 Biomass and carbon sequestration of energy plantation
2.4 Estimation of nutrient, ash, crude fibre & calorific value of tree species.
2.5 Physico-chemical properties of soil of energy plantation
2.6 Social adoptability and economics of energy plantation
2.1 Energy plantation
In rural areas, biomass fuels dominate household energy use, with a high
dependence on locally collected fuelwood. In most rural areas, locally gathered
fuelwood constitutes the main source of domestic energy. Consequently, these users
are vulnerable to changes that affect their access to fuelwood Singh et al. (2009).
Widespread and unmanaged harvesting of vegetation for fuelwood and charcoal
exceeds biomass growth in many parts of the world and often results in declining
supplies and forest degradation (FAO, 2008).
27
Joshi et al. (1992) study confirms the predominance of firewood use in rural
areas with analysis indicating the 95% confidence interval for per capita
consumption (national aggregates) for cooking in the range of 1.10-1.34
kg/capita/day where as the consumption of dung cake was lower showing 0.40-0.49
kg/capita/day. The agricultural residue consumption was marginally higher with
95% confidence interval range of 0.47-0.63 kg/capita/day. .
Plessis (1994) observed that lopping of broad-leaved trees in forests for
fodder complicates fuelwood availability as it reduces the potential for fuelwood
branches.
Sinha and Joshi (1994) reported that contribution of firewood has remained
around 65% of the rural energy during the last three decades. The demand of
fuelwood in rural sector for domestic needs in 1991 was 180 million tonnes, with the
average consumption in villages being 1.22-kg/capita/day.
FAO (1997) reports that numerous surveys reveal that 2/3rd of all fuelwood
harvesting occurs on largely non-forested land which refutes the idea of fuelwood
collection leading to loss of forest coverage.
Mahapatra and Mitchell (1999) have examined the patterns of biomass
fuel use in rural India and their analyses showed that socioeconomic factors
influence the bioenergy use, but scarcity of forests does not lower the demand for
biofuel nor is it a driving force for farm forestry.
Heltberg et al. (2001) observed that fuelwood collection can affect future
resource availability in two ways; one, directly when fuelwood harvesting exceeds
biomass production (i.e. tree growth and yield) and another, indirectly when
28
harvesting practices adversely affect the health and productivity of vegetation (i.e.
future growth potentials). In both cases, future harvesting potentials are reduced.
Fuelwood gathered from the forested commons is the most important source
of domestic energy in rural areas of many developing countries, although animal
dung and other materials are also used. Fuelwood is collected directly from forests
and fields in the Himalayan region and there are cattle, buffalos, sheep and goats
which range free on the pastures in these forests whose grazing may reduce tree
regeneration and thereby affect future fuelwood supplies (Rawat et al., 2009).
Ramachandra et al. (2000) examined the present role of biomass in the
energy supply of Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka and calculated the potential for
future biomass provision and scope for conversion to both modern and traditional
fuels. The study reveals that fuel wood was mainly used for cooking and horticulture
residues from coconut and areca nut trees were used for water heating purposes.
Gunther and Schrattenholzer (2001) have studied the rural and urban
biofuel consumption rates and patterns in Kenya and observed that fuel wood was
the main biofuel used with an average consumption rate of 0.80-2.7 kg/capita/day in
rural sector whereas in the urban households largely consumed charcoal at weighted
average rates of 0.18-0.69 kg/capita/day. The consumption rates were largely
dependent on fuel availability but varied significantly among restaurants, academic
institutions and urban and rural households.
Arnold and Persson (2003) surveyed the household over large areas in India
and found that wood accounted for 56% of their energy use and that about 55% of
household needs for fuelwood were collected for free. Similar situations may exist in
29
other developing countries where fuelwood is the primary energy source (Palmer and
Macgregor, 2009).
Dovie et al. (2004) indicated that half the world’s population cooks with
biomass fuels, which provide around 35% of energy supplies in the developing
countries. Further, developing countries account for almost 90 percent of the world’s
fuelwood consumption with wood being the primary source of energy for cooking
and heating (Broadhead et al., 2001)
Dovie et al. (2004) reported that rural people of South Africa earn 44% of
their total income by selling charcoal and fuelwood. Similarly, it is also reported that
fuelwood is the main source of income for about 10% of rural households in Nepal
and that fuelwood earnings represent about 40% of their total cash income
(Sulpya, 1998).
Pattanayak et al. (2004) argues that it is particularly important to have
detailed understanding of the contribution of fuelwood to household economies, and
factors influencing household dependence on forests, (including household wealth).
Bhatt et al. (2009) observed that shifting cultivation coupled with excessive
deforestation for fuelwood has caused severe environmental degradation in
Northeastern Himalayas of India. This suggests that wood fuel extraction is
contributing to forest degradation in areas very near Bhutan.
FAO (2010) reported that fuelwood can also be important for religious and
cultural reasons. For example, Hindus and Buddhists require wood for cremation on
funeral pyres that use approximately 200-300 kilograms of wood each time. Further
30
studies suggest that demand for wood fuels may increase as countries seek to find
clean, green, efficient and cheaper alternatives to fossil fuels (FAO, 2010).
The sale of fuel wood provides income for huge numbers of people. In India,
the fuelwood sector employs 3-4 million people (FAO, 2010). With easy access to
both resources and markets, very large numbers of landless and very poor gather and
sell wood for fuel, and large numbers of farmers harvest and sell it as well.
Fuelwood related activities are the main source of income for some 10% of the rural
population in Asia (Hulscher, 1998). For example, about 125,000 people derive
their major source of income from selling charcoal and fuelwood in Tanzania and
many more rely on fuelwood and charcoal for supplemental, transitional or seasonal
sources of income or as a safety net in times of hardship (Arnold and Persson,
2003).
2.2 Survival and growth performance of energy plantation
Steill (1969) has reported the relationship of plantation spacing with volume
production as well as with the dry weight of foliage.
Assaman (1970) has done research on spruce in Norway and observe that
closest espacement (0.85 m x0.85 m) achieved highest volume production as
compared to other wide spacings (1.42 m x 1.42 m and 1.98 m x 1.98 m). Volume
production at wide spacings (1.42 m x 1.42 m and 1.98 m x 1.98 m) were 88% and
78% of the closest spacing (0.85 m x 0.85 m). It was also observed that mean
diameter and mean height for the stand as well as total volume production showed
distinct differences which are correlated with initial crop densities on establishment.
31
Wilson (1970) reported that the seedling stage is probably the most critical
stage in the life cycle of tree.
Mathur (1973) studied the growth of Eucalyptus plantations in India &
observed the mean annual increment is below 10 m3/ha and weighted average mean
annual increment of Eucalyptus plantation raised in six forest divisions of the U.P as
5.65 m3/ha (3.955 or say 4 ton/ha). Similarly Singh (1978) studied that an average
yields of 4 ton/ha can be expected from energy plantations to be raised in different
parts of the country.
Banerjee (1973) observed that Growth of Acacia auriculiformis in West
Bangal on deep red soil, it attained a height of 8.5 m and diameter of 8.9 cm at 10
years of age. Further Kessy (1987) studied at Zanzibar site in Tanzania and
observed growth of Acacia it attained 10.6 m in height and 12.7 cm in diameter at 8
years when planted on shallow coral soil and reached 10.6 m in height and 20.6 cm
in diameter on deep sandy soil. Similary, Sahunalu et al. (1979) studied 8 years oil
plantation of Acacia auriculiformis on a tailing tin-mine area in South Thailand and
found that mean height was 9.9 meters and mean diameter was 16.7 cm at 5 m x 5 m
spacing
Sahunalu et al. (1979) have reported that survival as high as 90% for 8 year
old Acacia auriculiformis plantion raised at a spcing of 5 m x 5 m on clayey textured
site with heavy rainfall (4000 mm).
Chaturvedi (1983) described that Eucalyptus can attain an average height of
16.50 m and 12.50 cm diameter (Eucalyptus hybrid); in case of Eucalyptus grandis it
is 20.50 m and 15.01 cm, just in 6 years plantation on good sites. Under scientific
32
management with the fertilizer and irrigation applications, an optimum size of 15cm
diameter with 15m height will be achieved in 6 years (Srivastava, 1983; Patel, 1983).
Toky and Khosla (1984) have done research on comparative growth
performance of agroforestry trees in subtropical region of Western Himalayas. They
have studied height, diameter and bole volume of six years old trees of 41
indigenous and 5 exotic species and observed best growth in Gravellia robusta,
Eucalyptus globulu Populus sps, Albizia lebbeck and Melia azedarach. However,
maximum diameter was found in Ailanthus excelsa. Albizia lebbeck was found as
most promising species.
Mckinnel (1984) has observed in 6 years-old Eucalyptus tereticornis
plantation that means height increases with increase in spacing. Similar observation
has also noticed by Singh and Murlidhar (1985), Dutta and Pathania (1986) and
Sharma et al. (1992).
Singh et al. (1985) have found an increase in mean girth from close to wide
spacings. Similarly Sharma et al. (1992) and Dutta and pathania (1986) have also
reported similar results in 5 years old Gmelina arborea plantations and found DBH
13.8, 13.9 and 15.0 cm at spacings of 1 m x 1 m, 1.5 m x 1.5 m and 2 m x 2 m,
respectively.
Parkash and Hocking (1985) reported that Acacia auriculiformis is well
adapted to drought and can grow with as little as 600 mm rainfall. But in case of
Cassia siamea, it needs a minimum annual rainfall of 1000 mm for good growth
(Hocking, 1993).
33
Kushalapa (1988) have studied growth performance of Acacia
auriculiformis and Casuarina equisetifolia in Karnataka. At 9 years of age in Acacia
auriculiformis, the average girth at beast height level was found 40.79 cm (diameter
12.98 cm). Similarly, in Madikeri Forest Division (Karnakata), the diameter and
height of Acacia auriculiformis and Leucaena leucocephala was studied at 6 years
of age (Kushalapa et al., 1988). In the case of Acacia auriculiformis the average
girth at breast height level was found 43.0 cm (diamter 13.68 cm) whereas average
height was 13.2 m. In Leucaena leucocephala, the average girth and average height
were 59.0 cm (diameter 18.77 cm) and 11.8 m, respectively at 6 years of age.
Bisht et al. (1989) studied the 18 years-old Eucalyptus hybrid plantation
raised in foot hills of Nainital and reported that the total above ground parts of trees
accumulated 110.0 t/ha biomass, of which the maximum biomass was produced by
bole 70.6 to 81.9 percent, while other tree components produced more or less similar
biomass.
Vinayarai and Surendran (1990) have suggested those energy plantations
are being made mainly through high density, short rotation plantation in India. The
practice of growing high density trees per unit land area and harvesting them at ever
younger ages was the common trend in India.
Tandon et al. (1993) have studied mean diameter of Eucalyptus hybrid
plantation in Haryana with respect to age 4, 6, 8 and 10 years. Mean diamter at these
ages were 6.9, 9.2, 14.5 and 16.5 cm respectively.
Patel and Singh (1994) have studied dynamics of growth of ten trees species
of agroforestry system in Gujarat and noticed maximum height growth in Albizzia
lebbeck (9.10 m) followed by Melia azedarach (8.8 m) and girth was found in Melia
34
azedarach (66.0cm) followed by Albizzia lebbeck (39.67cm) and Eucalyptus hybrid
(37.00 cm) at five years age.
Gera et al. (1996) studied the performance of seventeen different
multipurpose tree species having the fuel quality under semi-arid region of central
India. The surviving capacity of the seedling depends on drought tolerant capacity
to the planting site. The better growth in case of Cassia siamea may be because of
the irrigation given to the plants where as no irrigation has been given to Acacia
auriculiformis. It has also been reported that Acacia auriculiformis is well adapted
to drought and can grow with as little as 600 mm rain fall (Prakash and Hocking,
1985) but in case of Cassia siamea, it needs a minimum annual rainfall of 1000 mm
for good growth (Hocking, 1993).
Dutta and Dhiman (2001) studied growth and timber production of 12 trees
species in association with different crops in sub-humid tropics of Tripura, India and
observed that after 12 years of planting, Acacia auriculiformis attained maximum
height (18.1 m) and basal girth (92.8 cm) followed by Eucalyptus hybrid and Gmelina
arborea. The lowest height and diameter growth were observed in Morus alba.
Naugraiya and Puri (2001) reported that the multipurpose tree species (7.5
years old plantation) were grown for fuel and fodder in the wastelands of
Chhattisgarh plains. They found that growth and dry matter production were in the
order of Leucaena leucocephala > Eucalyptus tereticornis > Albizia procera >
Dalbergia sissoo > Azadirachta indica > Hardwickia binata > Terminalia arjuna
where total dry wood biomass production ranged between 1.5 to 35.1 kg/tree.
Luna (2005) described that Acacia auriculiformis is adaptable to a variety of
environment. This tree is a strong light demander and intolerant to competition. The
35
species is mainly used for fuel wood which is of good quality having specific gravity
of 0.6-0.75 with a calorific value being 4800-4900 kcal/kg. It gives excellent
charcoal that glows well and burns without smoke. Among many fuel wood tested it
was found to be the most efficient for domestic consumption (Hedge, 1993).
According to Luna (2005) Cassia siamea is capable of growing under a wide
variety of climatic conditions of the tropics from humid to sub humid, dry and arid
areas. The species is strong light demander and sensitive to poor drainage. The
species has proved to be very good for the fuel wood and small timber purpose. Its
calorific value being 3600 kcal/kg and specific gravity is 0.6-0.8.
Nandeshwar et al. (2006) studied the performance of different
multipurpose tree species in degraded land of Satpura region of Madhya Pradesh.
Among 12 tree species tried on the degraded land, the survival percentage at the end
of the fourth year was found to be maximum in Gmelina arborea (94%), followed by
Azadirachta indica (92%). Higher height growth was noted for Gmelina arborea
(610.0 cm) and Dalbaergia sissoo (602.8 cm). While collar diameter (6.9 cm) and
canopy spread (2.9 m) was noted higher in Bauhinia variegata. The results of the
study reveal that Dalbergia sissoo and Gmelina arborea were among the faster
growing species and appears to be promising tree species for rehabilitation of
degraded land ; Pongamia pinnata, Azadirachta indica, and Emblica officinalis
showed moderate performance.
Sharma and Tripathi (2006) studied the growth performance of 5 year old
Acacia catechu tree under resource constraints (nutrient and moisture) in mid-hill
condition of Himachal Pradesh. The results revealed that tree responded positively to
the application of nutrient and moisture. The application of fertilizer, irrigation and
36
mulch in combination resulted in an increase of 123 and 162 per cent in CAI and
biomass production, respectively over control. The per cent increase in foliar
macronutrients content N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S with the application of all resources
was recorded to the tune of 26, 79, 12, 13, 17 and 15 per cent over control. However,
available nutrients content exhibited a decreasing trend. The application of all
resources in combination resulted in substantial build up of available macronutrients,
particularly N, P and K. The correlation studies indicated that the sub-surface soil
nutrient status in an important factor governing the growth performance and nutrient
content of tree species.
Mishra et al. (2009) have done comparative study of normal and quality
planting stock of selected indigenous fuelwood and fodder tree species of sub-
tropical region of Garhwal Himalaya for selection of suitable fuelwood and fodder
tree species for higher biomass production. Based on the findings of the seed and
growth characteristics, it is concluded that Grewia optiva, Bauhinia variegata and
Albizzia lebbeck are the best suited tree species for plantation in the sub-tropical
region of Garhwal Himalayas.
2.3 Biomass and carbon sequestration of energy plantation
Banerjee (1973) calculated the growth of 15 years old plantation of Acacia
auriculiformis at a stocking of 1000 trees ha-1 and calculated MAI as 5 m³ ha-1 yr-1.
Further, Djuwadi et al. (1981) found maximum MAI of Acacia auriculiformis at 14
years (when CAI equaled MAI) and CAI was zero at 18 years. As such they have
recommended the rotation for maximum volume production of the species between
14 and 18 years
37
Cromer et al. (1976) reported percent contribution to above ground biomass
by bole, leaf, bark and branch in 2 years old Eucalyptus gobulus as 28-38%, 33-46%,
9% and 17-20%, respectively. They have further noticed that at 5 years, the above
ground biomass contribution was 83% to total standing biomass and the balance
biomass (17%) was contributed by tree roots.
Varmah (1977) listed the fuel wood species of the country and this list could
very well serve as a basis for selection of species for fuel wood plantations in
different sites. For a number of tree species, yield data their ability to propagate
vegetatively and coppicing power are known and the data could be used while
making selections.
Seshadri et al. (1978) reported about yield of energy plantation of
coromondal littoral areas are over 250 tones/hectare of dry matter at every four
years.
Patel (1982) reported total biomass yield of 38072 kg/ha in Eucalyptus
tereticornis. Out of which 24942 kg/ha was utilizable biomass contributed by wood,
bark and branches amounting to 12898, 4435 and 7609 kg/ha, respectively. In total
biomass, contribution of leaf, fruit and roots were 4761 kg/ha, 15 kg/ha and 56336
kg/ha respectively.
Deol (1983) describe Banerjee (1973) calculated the growth of 15 years old
plantation of Acacia auriculiformis at a stocking of 1000 trees ha-1 and calculated
MAI as 5 m³ ha-1 yr-1. Further, Djuwadi et al. (1981) found maximum MAI of
Acacia auriculiformis at 14 years (when CAI equaled MAI) and CAI was zero at 18
years. As such they have recommended the rotation for maximum volume
production of the species between 14 and 18 years. Plantation of trees along the
38
boundaries of fields would also help to provide protection to crops against wind and
extremes of temperature. Yield from such plantations would be higher because of
optimum management practices carried out for filed crops.
Kushalpa (1987) studied 5 years old fuel wood species and reported that
planting at closest spacing (1 m x 1 m) gave that best green biomass yield (81.0 t/ha
for Acacia auriculiformis and 68.9 t/ha for Casuarina equisetifolia. The respective
values for MAI (biomass) were 17.4 and 14.8 t/ha green weight. However, biomass
of Acacia auriculiformis were 8.2 and 9.2 kg/tree for 1.5 x 1.5 m and 1.0 m x 1.0 m,
respectively.
MacDicken and Brewbaker (1988) reported MAI of Acacia auriculiformis
to the tune of 30.9 m³ha-1yr-1 for 2 years old plantation in Philippines. Whereas
Chinsukjaiprasert et al. (1984) calculated above dry biomass of 5 years old
plantation of Acacia auriculiformis and found 46 t ha-1 in dry weight and its fire
wood production.
Kushalpa (1988) conducted biomass study on six years old plantation of A.
auriculiformis and L. leucocephala. L. leucocephala produced much greater biomass
than A. auriculiformis but wood percentage which is a source of tannin extract was
greater in Acacia auriculiformis. Kushalapa (1988) reported total biomass i.e. 83.7
kg/tree in Acacia auriculiformis at 6 years age whereas, in Leucaena lucocephala at
the same age total biomass was found 226.3 kg/tree.
Pal and Roturi (1989) raised indigenous tree Acacia nilotica as short
rotation energy plantation 6170 trees/ha and harvested 48.25 t/ha biomass after the
growth of 3 years, where the bole and branches alone contributed about 44.1 and
39
30.2 percent, respectively as major produce, while contribution of root, bole-bark
and leaf were 14.2, 9.8 and 1.6 percent, respectively.
Osman et al. (1992) have studied biomass and nutrient distribution in Acacia
auriculiformis, Pinus caribea and Dipterocarpus turbinatus at medium high hills of
the University of Chittagong Bangladesh and found that four year old A.
auriculiformis and P. caribeea produced 76 and 62 t/ha above ground tree biomass
respectively, whereas eight year old D. turbinatus containing 72-76% in stem, 14-
19% in branch and 9-12% in leaf. P. caribeea contained 47% biomass in stem, 35%
in branch and 18% in leaf. Plantation including undergrowth accumulated 192 to 673
kg nitrogen, 5.2 to 24.9 kg phosphorus, 195 to 633 kg by calcium and 147 to 323 kg
potassium per hectare. The accumulation was by D. turbinatus and the highest by A.
auriculiformis. In A. auriculiformis and D. turbinatus accumulation of these
nutrients was in higher proportion by the stem while P. caribeea accumulated higher
in branch. Undergrowth produced 4 to 6 t/ha above ground dry biomass containing 6
to 11 per cent of total plantation biomass and removed 5 to 35% of total nutrients.
Osman et al. (1992) found a total biomass of 82 and 55 t/ha at 4 and 5 years
age in Acacia auriculiformis, respectively.
Tandon et al. (1993) estimated above ground biomass and its distribution
among varous components in Eucalyptus hybrid plantation in Haryana at different
ages (4, 6, 8 and 10 years). The above grounds biomass reported at 4, 6, 8 and 10
years age was 20.1, 34.6, 88.7 and 137.7 t/ha, respectively. The componental
biomass at 10 years age by bole, bark, leaf, twig and branch were 77.7, 7.8, 2.5, 3.7
and 8.1%, respectively.
40
Toky and Singh (1993) studied litter dynamics in short rotation high density
tree plantation at Hissar, India. They have recorded maximum litter fall (7.5
mg/ha/yr and 7.2 mg/ha/yr). In four years old stands of exotic species viz. Leucaena
leucocephala and Eucalyptus tereticornis, the litter fall was about two times higher
than A. nilotica (4.22 mg/ha/yr). Litter fall increased with age of the stands. The
quantity of litter were 11.9 mg/ha/yr in Leucaena leucocephala 9.1 mg/ha/yr in
Eucalyptus tereticornis and 5.4 mg/ha/yr in A. nilotica in eight years old stand.
Tandan et al. (1993) applied various linear regression models for estimating
total and component wise biomass of Eucalyptus hybrid plantation having semi and
tropical climate in Haryana. The power model Y = a Db using D (diameter at breast
height) as independent variable was found to give the best fit.
Patel and Singh (1994) studied on biomass production of ten tree species
viz. Albizia lebbek (Siris), Azadirachta indica (Neem), Cassia fistula (Amaltas),
Casuarina equisetifolia (Casuarian), Cordia dichotama (Cordia), Eucalyptus hybid
(Eucalyptus), Melia azedirach (Persian lilac), Pithecellobium dulce (Manila
tamarind), Syzegium cumini (Jamun), and Tamarindus indica (Tamarind) at 2.5 years
of age in sounth Saurastra region of Gujrat. The total biomass for there species were
45.28, 46.28, 30.19, 28.34, 42.01, 27.89, 61.30, 22.97, 8.58 and 12.16 t/ha,
respectively.
Ibrahim (1996) has estimated stump wood biomass of Dipterocarpacea
family in Pertanian, Malaysia. For this, twenty-nine stump wood samples were
excavated. Their biomasses, both green and oven-dry were regressed with all the
measurable parameter and their transformations. It was found that the logarithmic
transformation gave the best fit equation. Crown length instead of stump parameter
41
and form product were two important variables in the equations. The equation
predicted the stump wood biomass of the hill stand, to be 10.83 ton per hectare or
3.18% of the total above
Naugraiya and Puri (1997) worked out the growth and mid term biomass
production under the pruning management of branches for four MPTs viz. Dalbergia
sissoo, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Gmelina arborea and Leucaena leucocephala grown
as high density plantations in red lateritic soil (Entisols) of Chhattisgarh plain. The
biomass varied from 0.95 to 2.13 t/ha for branches, 0.46 to 0.91t/ha for foliage and
0.01 to 0.035 t/ha for fruit components. The maximum biomass of branches was
recorded in L. leucocephala followed by G. arborea, E. tereticornis and D. sissoo,
respectively.
Pacholi and Pandey (1998) studied the biomass production of Dalbergia
sissoo in high density monoculture plantations at 1 x 1 m, 1.5 x 1.5 m, 2 x 2 m and 3
x 3 m plantation spacing where, the above ground biomass were observed 59.5 t ha-1,
58.5 t ha-1, 104.6 t ha-1 and 82.7 t ha-1, respectively. They also reported that above
ground biomass and mean annual biomass increment (MABI) were found to be
influenced by the plantation density. Above ground biomass (AGB) and mean
annual biomass increment were found maximum (104.6 t ha-1 and 13.04 t ha-1 year-1)
respectively at 2 m x 2 m spacing plantation. The 7 years-old dense plantation of
Populus deltoids were found suitable for production of maximum above ground
biomass i.e 102.2 t ha-1 (Lodhiyal et al., 1993).
Mishra and Nayak (2000) have studied biomass productivity of energy
plantations on Himalayan foothill. The experiment plot comprised three fast growing
species namely Eucalyptus tereticornis, Melia azedarach and L. leucephala planted
42
at four different spacing (1.0 x 0.5 cm, 1.0 x 0.67 m, 1 x 1 m and 2 x 1 m) in a
R.B.D. Above ground biomass estimated by mean tree method (quadratic mean
diameter) revealed highest biomass production by L. leucocephala for both mean
tree biomass and biomass per hectare. The plot with lowest density (5000 plants/ha)
recorded highest mean tree biomass (34.76 kg) where highest density plot (2000
plant/ha) recorded highest per ha production (235.25 t) with lowest mean tree
biomass (13.10 kg). Melia azedarach had lowest mean tree biomass and biomass per
hectar.
Aref et al. (2003) studied the growth and biomass production of six Acacia
species in the field for 4 years. The species used were Acacia asak, A. negrii, A.
seyal, A. learroo, A. ampliceps, and A. stenophylla. The first three species are
indigenous while the others are exotic. The results showed both A. ampliceps and A.
asak with 100% survival while all A. negrii died. Acacia ampliceps attained the
greatest height, diameter, relative growth rate and above ground biomass while A.
asak had the least. Height and diameter growth of acacia species decreased between
warm and cold periods of the year.
Roy et al. (2006) studied tree growth and biomass production in Melia
azedarach on farm boundaries in Jhansi a semi-arid region. Representative eight
year old trees of Melia azedarach planted in single line (2 m apart) on farm
boundary were felled for estimation of aerial biomass production. The trees were
ground into three diameter classes. Maximum number of trees were recorded in the
diameter range of >22 cm. The trees contributed a total biomass production of 21.1
t/ha of which 66, 24 and 10 per cent were contributed by minor timber, firewood and
fodder, respectively. Considering the overall phytomass production, the additional
43
productivity in a rainfed farm was estimated to be 2.64 t/ha/yr on a rotation of eight
years. Biomass prediction equations based on regression analysis with D 2 and D2H
were developed. The relationship of bole and total aerial biomass was found to be
strong with all the predictor variable whereas relationship of foliage was strong with
D2 and D2H only.
Chand et al. (2008) have examined the response of cutting height viz. 0.5,
1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 m on biomass productivity and plant nutrient concentration of four
multipurpose tree species viz. Morus alba, Celtis australis, Bauhinia variegate and
Grewia optiva of North-West Himalaya. They found that Morus alba accumulated
maximum leaf + branch biomass followed by Grewia optiva, Celtis australis and
Bauhinia variegate, respectively. The productivity of leaf, branch and their total
improved with increase cutting height up to 2.0 m under all species. The leaf N, K,
Ca and Mg concentrations, irrespective of cutting heights demonstrated a significant
variation among species.
Chauhan et al. (2009) measured the biomass partitioning and the actual
carbon allocation in different components of agroforestry tree species. The biomass
accumulation through stem was highest in Acrocarpus fraxinifolius (22.35 kg),
which was statistically at par with Populus deltoids (18.92 kg) and Eucalyptus
tereticornis (16.16 kg). There was no statistical difference in below ground biomass
of different tree species. The highest tree stem carbon storage at the plantation level
was found in Acrocarpus fraxinifolius (6.05 t ha-1), while the lowest was in Syzygium
cumini (0.73 t ha-1). The mean carbon storage in tree roots was 1.55 t ha-1, while the
mean stem carbon storage was 2.70 t ha-1). It was observed that the carbon content of
biomass components had relatively little influence on total carbon storage compared
44
to the relative biomass in each tree components. Stem alone was the largest store
house of carbon but litter and roots in the short rotation tree species play a major role
in carbon sequestration in the soil reservoir. The fate of stem carbon depends upon
its end use and needs locking up in post harvest products for longer period.
Melkania (2009) has described about carbon sequestration in Natural and
plantation forest and identified about emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous
oxide, chlorofluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons as green house
gases causing warming of earth globally of these CO2 alone accounts of 60 per cent
share. Absorbing atmospheric CO2 and moving into the physiological system and
plant biomass and finally into the soil, is considered as the most practical way of
removing excess carbon from atmosphere and storing it into a biological system.
Further studies have established that carbon sequestration by trees and forests could
provide relatively low cost net emission reductions. Studies indicate that Indian
forests store 1,083.81 mtC (wood only) in the year 1994 to 3,907.67 mtC (above and
below-ground material) in the year 1993. In forest soil, total C storage is estimated
9,815.95 mt as per 1994 forest stands under 19 ligneous species.
Yadav (2010) investigated effect of structural composition of agroforestry
system, number of woody perennial involved in the system and the management
practices plays a major role in influencing the biomass level, carbon storage, CO2
mitigation potential and total carbon sequestration (in trees) of 70.59 t ha -1, 21.38 t
ha-1, 116.29 t ha-1and 18.53 t C ha-1 in system S1 followed by 68.53 t ha-1, 20.63 t ha-
1
, 113.03 t ha-1and 17.60 t C ha-1 in system S4, respectively. It was also observed that
all the agroforestry systems can sequester more carbon as compared to sole
agricultural land use systems. It was also observed that Populus deltoids + wheat and
45
Populus deltoids + lemon grass under block plantation have the maximum potential
to sequester carbon than the boundary plantations of Populus deltoids and
Eucalyptus hybrid.
Gera et al. (2011) studied the selected afforestation and reforestation
interventions in the Terai region of Uttarakhand with the objectives to assess their
carbon sequestration potential and cost effectiveness exclusive and inclusive of carbon
benefits. The excel spreadsheet model “Project Based Comprehensive Mitigation
Assessment Process” was employed to workout the annual incremental carbon
sequestration, cost effectiveness indicators and likely benefits under different carbon
price scenarios for each selected afforestation and reforestation intervention. The
results have shown a wide range of sequestration potential, which varied from 0.74 t
C/ha/yr in case of Amla block plantation to 2.34 t C/ha/yr for Triphala block
plantation, calculated for the assessment period 2008-38. However, for the ‘with wood
products’ scenario, the maximum sequestration potential was observed for poplar
block plantation (2.41 t C/ha/yr) closely followed by Eucalyptus block (1.73 t
C/ha/yr), while teak block plantation showed sequestration potential of 1.50 t C/ha/yr.
among the selected plantation interventions under without wood products scenario,
Triphala block, NTFP block, and NTFP bund were observed to associated with
maximum carbon benefits, viz., ₹1976/-, ₹1841/- and ₹1518/- per ha per year
respectively. The study has demonstrated that plantation interventions involving NTFP
species associated with appreciable recurring non-carbon benefits are more likely to
succeed as afforestation and reforestation CDM project interventions compared to fast
growing commercial tree species, viz., poplar and Eucalyptus on farmlands.
2.4 Estimation of nutrient, ash, crude fibre & calorific value of species.
46
Golley (1961) studied a comparative account of calorific values of the
vegetation of various communities i.e., alpine, temperate, Tundra, mangrove and
tropical rain forests and showed that tropical vegetation has quite low average calorific
content (3897 cal/g dry weight) as compared to others (Alpine 4790 cal/g dry weight:
Tundra 4709 cal/g dry weight: Temperate (Pinus) 4787 cal/g dry weight). Energy
values in various plant parts of six tree species of the tropical dry deciduous forests of
Sagar correspond to the value determined by Golley (1961) fir tropical rain forests.
Kandya (1982) studied calorific content in nine plant parts (trunk, wood,
bark, branches, twigs, leaves, root wood, root bark, secondary and tertiary roots) of
six forest trees (Tactona grandis Linn., Terminalia tomentosa W. and A. Anogeissus
latifolia Wall., Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb., Butea monosperma (Lamk.) Taub.
and Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr.), total energy content in mature
individuals of these species, total energy content on forest area basis and dynamics
of energy in the tropical dry deciduous mixed teak forests of Sagar were enumerated
on an average 334.2 x 160 Kcal/ha of energy is present in the above ground parts of
the tree layer of their forest.
Singh et al. (1982) studied the calorific values in different components of
important tree and shrub species and quantified that the leaves showed highest
values (4254 - 4759 cal/g) in all the species, except in Buchanania lanzan, in
comparison to other components (3995 - 4205 for bole; 3938 - 4185 for branch and
3934 - 4207 for root). The mean calorific values of 11 tree species in different
components were reported in decreasing order of leaf > bole > branch > root. The
ground herbaceous layer showed higher values in above ground component than
below ground component.
47
Kumar (2008) studied the energy value, component energy, total energy
content and net annual energy production of 6 years old monoculture plantation stand
of Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. Ex. Benth at Saresar Forest Range situated in the
South-East outskirts of Varanasi city. The calorific value and content of different
component of sample harvested trees were analyzed. The energy content of different
component increased with increment in diameter classes. The energy value content of
different component increased in the order of root<bole<phyllode<branch. The rate of
total net energy production of the six year old plantation stand was 4.87 x 108 k J ha-1
yr-1 in 1995-96 to 4.14 x 108 k J ha-1 yr-1 in 1996-97. On increasing the age of the
plantation stand, the variation in component net energy fixation was also observed.
2.5 Physico-chemical properties of soil of energy plantation
Brinson et al. (1980) reported that presence of MPTs enhance the soil
quality, and also studied that the addition of organic matter to the soil through litter
fall (dead and falling leaves, twigs, branches, fruits, etc.), improve the fertility status
of the soil.
Chakravorty et al. (1989) investigated the effect of 2-4 years old Acacia
auriculiformis plantation of soil properties in Tripura. It was observed a remarkable
improvement in the soil properties. Soil colour changed from light yellowish brown
to brown. Soil pH was increased from acidic (5.9) in control area to slightly alkaline
(7.6), Organic Carbon, Nitrogen and Potassium contents also showed an increasing
trend.
Drechsel et al. (1991) studied the effect of four multipurpose tree species
Cassia siamea, Albizzia lebbek, Acacia auriculiformis and Azadirachta indica on
acrisols in Central Togo in Germany. Litter quality and soil fertility, measured under
48
four species in 1990 (at 5 years old) were significantly different. Top soil pH
increased significantly with increase in litter calcium levels. Cassia siamea and
Azadirachta were superior in enriching the sandy loam top soils with Ca, and
increasing soil pH. Under, Acacia auriculiformis which has the highest biomass
production, litter accumulation appeared to be responsible for the low mineral soils
and values. In addition soil pH under, Acacia auriculiformis was lower than under
grass or bush follow or under other species.
Osman et al. (1992) observed further about soil which were poorly fertile,
moderately acid, sandy clay loam. The spacing’s were 1.8 m x 1.8 m for Acacia
auriculiformis, 1.8 m x 2.0 m for Dipterocarpus turbinatus and 2.0 m x 3.0 m for
Pinus caribeea. They were all situated at the east aspect of low to medium high hills
of 10-20% slope. Five sample plots of 10m x10m size were randomly laid in each
plantation. There were 25 to 30 Acacia auriculiformis and Pinus caribeea and 16
Dipterocarpus turbinatus trees in each sample plot. During investigation the total
accumulation by the plantation including under growth was the highest in 4 years old
Acacia auriculiformis (673 kg N, 24.9 kg P, 323 kg K and 633 kg Ca/ha) and the
least in Dipterocarpus turbinatus (192 kg N, 5.2 kg P, 147 kg K and 195 kg Ca/ha).
Under growth accumulated 63 to 48 kg ca/ha there were accumulation of 67 to 81
percent N, 89 to 91 percent P, 64 to 78 percent K and 85 to 94 percent Ca in trees
and the remaining in under growth.
Pacholi and Pandey (1998) worked out the nutrient content of Dalbergia
sissoo for four spacing viz. 1 x 1 m, 1.5 x 1.5 m, 2 x 2 m and 3 x 3 m. and stated that
the total nutrient contents were influenced with plantation density. The level of
49
nutrients viz., N, P, K Ca and Mg were found maximum in 2 x 2 m spacing, while
they decreased with increasing the plant density.
Ponnabalam et al. (2001) studied the reclamation of limestone mine dump
through plantation of Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia holoseriecea, Acacia mellifera,
Azadirachta indica, Delonix regia and Eucalyptus tereticornis at Coimbatore. As per
their results A. auriculiformis and A. holoseriecea improved soil fertility appreciably
as compared to other species. Though the maximum stem and leaf weight were
observed in D. regia and E. tereticornis, respectively. Thus nitrogen-fixing trees
performed better in terms of soil development as well as biomass production. They
also reported that performance of A. indica was very poor.
Bharadwaj et al. (2001) studied the biomass production potential and
nutrient dynamics of Populus deltoides under high-density plantations and observed
that both accumulation of nutrients and its uptake showed increasing trends for
macronutrients (N, P and K) kg/ha, with increase in plant population. Total amount
of nitrogen retained in branch and bole was highest (1005.6 kg/ha) at 60 x 60 cm and
thus (765.4 kg/ha) at 120 x 120 cm plantation spacing respectively, while P and K
was in tune of 18.47 kg/ha and 895.7 kg/ha at closest spacing and 13.5 kg/ha and
011.9 kg/ha at wider spacing, respectively. They also observed the total above
ground uptake (retained + retained through litter fall) was highest at narrow spacing
and least at wider spacing. While N, P and K retention in branch, bole and
aboveground biomass showed decreasing trend with increase in spacing.
Imayavaramban et al. (2001) studied the fertility enrichment of soil under
Leucaena leucocephala plantation in Annamalai University Experimental Farm
during 1994-1999. The experimental soil was clayey with saline reaction (pH=8.38)
50
and EC (5.37 dsm-1) and low organic carbon content (0.38%). The available nutrient
status was 142.36, 9.42 and 115.16 N, P2O5 and K2O kg ha-1 respectively. The crop
was planted during January, 1994 at a spacing of 2 m x 2 m. The trees were grown
for a period of six years and biannual biometric observations were recorded. The soil
samples were collected at the start of the experiment and after five years of
plantation. The results of the experiments indicated that the plant height and girth of
the tree were significantly increased with the application of nitrogen. The pH and EC
were reduced by the Leucaena leucocephala planting to the level of 7.62 and 1.98
dsm-1, respectively. The fertility of the soil was significantly enhanced as reflected
by increased organic carbon content of 0.64% and available N, P2O5 and K2O status
of 187.31, 12.14 and 154.08 kg ha-1 respectively.
Kanwer et al. (2001) investigated the fuel wood characteristics of seven tree
species of North-East India viz. Michilus bombycina king, Castanopsis indica
(Roxb.) A. DC, Listsea monopetala (Roxb.) pers, Litsea glutinosa (Lour) Robinson,
Lagerstromea speciosa (Linn.) Pers, Derris indica (Lamk.) Bennet and Cassia
fistula. Among all the tree species Machilus bombycina was found to be the best fuel
wood species followed by Litsea glutinosa and Castanopsis indica.
Raina and Gupta (2009) studied soil characteristics in relation to forest
vegetation and parent material in Kempty range of Mussoorie Forest Division,
Uttarakhand. The results showed that the organic matter and available nitrogen
contents in the surface horizons increased with increase in altitude. The increase in
the clay content of B horizon may be due to in-situ weathering of minerals.
Statistical analysis showed that source of variations in different soil characteristics
are significant for clay, pH, CEC, Ex, Na, Available N and WHC for replications.
51
Gopichand and Singh (2009) conducted experiment in mid-hill conditions
of Palampur in the Indian Western Himalayas with objectives to develop
agrotechniques for fast growing fuel-wood species. At 24 months after planting, the
effect of fertilizers was more evident in terms of vertical growth than radial growth.
The plant height showed an increasing trend with increase in doses of fertilizer. The
maximum plant height was recorded in Eucalyptus hybrid followed by Populus
deltoides. In terms of stem diameter, Eucalyptus hybrid was the best species
followed Grevillea robusta and Trewia nudiflora. Application of
N:P2O5:K2O::150:75:75 kg/ha provided thicker stem in comparison of the lower
fertilizer doses. At 36 months after planting, G. robusta produced significantly
highest vertical growth followed by Jacaranda acutifolia and Eucalyptus hybrid,
while Bauhinia variegate showed significantly highest radial growth followed by
Eucalyptus and G. robusta. At 36 months after planting, significantly highest fresh
and dry biomass (oven dry) per plant was produced by Eucalyptus followed by G.
robusta and Melia azedarach. The maximum dry weight (62%) was recorded in case
of M. alba. At 72 months after planting, the significantly highest fresh and dry
weights per plant were recorded in Eucalyptus followed by G. robusta, T. ciliate and
M. azedarach.
Gopichand and Singh (2011) have studied a growth and biomass production
of selected fuel wood tree species in mid hill of Western Himalaya in India. The
objective of study was to evaluate effect of spacing, fertilizer and irrigation on
growth and biomass production of some selected fuel wood tree species in Palampur
located in mid hill of Western Himalaya, India. Two experiments were conducted
separately under rain fed and irrigated conditions. Twelve fast growing fuel-wood
tree species were planted in September 1993. Various physiological parameters
52
including conductance, water potential, photosynthesis rate etc. were measured
regularly. Data collected during 3 years of the studies showed that Eucalyptus hybrid
was unaffected in the adversities of the environment whereas Salix tetrasperma was
the most sensitive crop. Different doses of N, P and K did not affect the observed
physiological parameters; however, investigation provided information on crop-
specific optimal doses of N, P and K on plant performance. The paper dissects
various aspects of plant performance in relation to water potential, environmental
variable and fertilizer doses for optimal plant productivity. Eucalyptus, Melia
azedarach, Grevillea robusta and Toona ciliate exhibited lower water potential
during lean period especially in the months of June, September and October. The
survival rates of all the species were found 90%, except Salix tetrasperma, which
showed 75% survival rate.
2.6 Social adoptability and economics of energy plantation
Fraser et al. (1976) had established the minimum area for energy plantations
to be about 12,800 ha if the productivity is 20 ton per ha per annum, and 10,240 ha if
the productivity is 25 tons per ha per annum. A similar work-out for a tropical country
like ours would be smaller, though not less than 6,000 to 8,000 ha. It may however,
not be possible to mobilize such large areas in single units, nevertheless, in localities,
having substantial area available for plantations, it should be possible to have few
larger blocks close enough for convenient operation as a single production unit.
Revelle (1976) has worked out the patterns of energy used in rural India.
80% of rural energy requirement is met from traditional sources. In developing
countries wood is the principal source of energy. For many years, the conventional
wisdom assumed that fuelwood harvesting resulted in widespread forest conversion,
53
soil erosion and land degradation with the Himalayan region often cited as a
particularly impacted environment. Other assessments did not substantiate assertions
that woodfuel demand exceeds sustainable supplies or that it is a major cause of
deforestation (Singh et al., 2009). Nevertheless, adverse environmental and socio-
economic impacts can arise from unsustainable fuelwood harvesting and lead to
fuelwood shortages and the degradation of natural forests (Ghilardi et al., 2009).
Regarding socio-economic impacts, fuelwood harvesting that depletes
resource supplies can disproportionately impact poor households who are forced to
either spend more time collecting fuelwood or pay high prices to buy wood or
alternative energy sources. For such households, when fuelwood availability is
extremely limited or costly, food production and consumption can be adversely
affected. Furthermore there are gender-specific impacts. Fuelwood collection is
generally considered to be women’s work (FAO, 1997).
Bhatt and Sachan (2003) estimated that on average women in Garhwal
Himalayas of India spent 55% of their total labor gathering firewood, energy that
would otherwise be spent gathering or producing food. Although fuelwood
extraction may not be a major cause of deforestation, excessive tree cutting is a
significant environmental problem in some areas, particularly near large and growing
urban centers. Wood removal even at low rates, can adversely affect the structure,
growth and composition of natural forests (Ghilardi et al., 2009).
Pal (2011) collected data from randomly selected 100 lac growers in Kankar
districts of Chhattisgarh for the year 2008-09. The study resulted that 39% lac
growers were medium farmers followed by small (25%), marginal (18%), semi-
medium (16%) and large (2%). The majority of lac growers had education up to
54
primary level. Average family size was 5.9. Share of income from lac was 23.5% in
total average annual income of lac growers. Share of farm and off-farm income at
growers level was 58:42. About 58 per cent lac growers had palas (Butea
monosperma), 17% had ber (Zizyphus mauritiana), 87% had Kusum (Schleichera
oleosa) and 12% had other host trees available for lac cultivation in the study area.
Lac host utilization percentage was low due to some constraints faced by the lac
growers. The host utilization percentage was maximum for pala (58.6%) followed by
Kusum (36.76%), ber (32.61%) and other host (21.24%). About 51.0% lac growers
produced lac with average production of 60.44 kg, 23.0% had average production of
161.22 kg, 11.0% had 234.44 kg, and 15.0% had 418.08 kg, annually. Outcomes of
the study will be helpful in strengthening the socio-economic condition of lac
growers in Chhattisgarh.
55
CHAPTER III
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study was conducted on three tree species Acacia auriculiformis,
Cassia siamea and Eucalyptus hybrid. in three different sub zones IV, V and VI of
Jharkhand which comes under Agro-climatic zone VII (Eastern plateau and hill
region) under the title, “Growth and Biomass Production of Energy Plantation Tree
Species in Agro Climatic Zones of Jharkhand”.
Jharkhand state is categorized by undulating topography. However, the state
where the experiments were conducted is almost plain with minor slopes but
surrounded by rugged topography with serrated hills and hillocks. The study was
carried out in three districts each in sub zone IV, V and VI of Jharkhand state. The
altitude of site is about 622 m about mean sea level. In the sub zone IV consist of 13
districts, Dumka, Jamtara, Deoghar, Godda, Sahebgang, Pakur, Hazaribagh,
Koderma, Chatra, Giridih, Bokaro, Dhanbad and Ramgarh. The study sites lies
between 87014’38”E Longitude and 24015’14”N Latitude in Central and North
Eastern plateau sub zone IV. Spread over an area of 3518340 ha. which occupied
38527.6 km. Plantation site in Deoghar district lies 300 km (approx.) way in North-
East direction of Ranchi city. In the sub zone V consists of 8 districts, Ranchi,
Gumla Simdega, Lohardaga, Palamu, Garhwa, Latehar and Khunti. The study site
lies between 85018’20”E longitude and 23025’30”N latitude in western plateau sub
zone V. Spread over an area of 3095120 ha. Which occupied 31939.8 km. Plantation
sites in an around the forest area of Ranchi district. In the sub zone VI consists of 3
districts, West Singhbhum, East Singhbhum and Saraikela Kharsanwa district. The
56
study site lies between 86018’20”E longitude and 22041’42”N latitude in South
Eastern plateau sub zone VI. Spread over an area of 1356600 ha. which occupied
11545.3 km. Plantation sites in East singhbhum district lies 200 km (approx.) way in
South East direction of Ranchi city. The details of methods employed and analytical
procedure adopted for analyzing data are described in following map.
Geographical Situations
3.1.1 Location
INDIA
JHARKHAND
RANCHI EAST SINGHBHUM

DEOGHAR Sub Zone-IV Central and North Eastern Plateau zone
Sub Zone-V Western Plateau zone
Sub Zone-VI South Eastern Plateau zone
Figure 3.1 : Location of study sites
57
3.1.2 Climate
The area falls in the tropical region (humid to sub humid) with an average
annual rainfall varies from 1200 to 1400 mm. Most of the rain occurs in the area
during monsoon period (from June to September). The mean annual rainfall is
1320.0, 1246.0 and 1400 mm. in sub zone IV, V and VI respectively. The mean
annual temperature ranging from 30 to 350C. The elevation of the study area falls
between 443 m of zone IV to 625 m of mean sea level in zone VI. The state mostly
occupies a dry deciduous forest type with full of natural vegetation and few patches
which is used for pasture grassland or even lying vacant and used for grass
production and animal rearing. The weather conditions of three sub zones during
observation period are given in Annexure 1, 2 and 3.
3.1.3 Soil Characteristics of the experimental site
The soil of the experimental site is acidic in nature which is lateritic and
generally poor in organic carbon. Available nitrogen and phosphorus was low status
whereas potassium was medium status. The textural characteristic is sandy loam,
well drained and low water holding capacity. The initial soil characteristics of the
site before start of the experiment are given in Table 3.1.
58
Table 3.1: Initial soil properties of the experimental site
Sl. Parameters Soil properties

No.
Sub zone IV Sub zone V Sub zone VI
Values Status Values Status Values Status
1 pH 5.0 Slightly 5.6 Slightly 5.8 Slightly

acidic acidic acidic
2 Organic Carbon (%) 0.38 Low 0.52 Medium 0.55 Medium
Medium
3 Available Nitrogen 250 Medium 260 276 Medium
(kg ha-1)
Medium
4 Available 12.0 Low 22.5 30.0 Medium
Phosphorus (kg ha-1)
Medium
5 Available Potassium 110 Low 160 180 Medium
(kg ha-1)
6 Texture Sandy loam Sandy loam Sandy loam
3.2 Tree species for the experiment
The three tree species viz. Acacia auriculiformis (ex Benth), Cassia siamea
and Eucalyptus hybrid were selected for the experimental trials. The tree species
selected for experiments are multipurpose trees, suitable for energy plantation in the
region and farmers are generally growing these species on their wasteland and fallow
land. These species are more used for fuel wood purpose. General characteristic of
tree species are given below.
3.2.1 Acacia auriculiformis
59
Acacia auriculiformis is native to the savannas of Papua New Guinea and
Northern Australia. The tree has been extensively planted in moist habitats
throughout the tropics and in many sub tropical areas. Acacia auriculiformis is a
multipurpose, leguminous tree belonging to the subfamily Mimosoideae. It has been
planted for fuelwood production, erosion control, ornament and shade in many
tropical areas of the world. Its rapid early growth; ability to fix nitrogen; tolerance of
infertile, acid, alkaline, saline or seasonally waterlogged soils; and tolerance of
moderate dry seasons make it a very useful species for rehabilitation of degraded
lands. It is commonly a tree, 8-20 m in height, heavily branched with a short bole.
The bark is grey or brown, more or less smooth in young trees, becoming rough and
longitudinal fissured with age. Mature foliage consists of phyllodes, which may be
straight or falcate and acute. The pods are slightly woody and the seeds are broadly
ovate to elliptical. Among many fuel wood tested it was found to be the most
efficient for domestic consumption (Hedge, 1993)
Acacia auriculiformis is a very hardy, drought resistant tree which can
produce good fuelwood on poor soils. It prefers an annual rainfall of 1000 - 1800
mm with six months dry season. It is exceptionally tolerant of adverse soil
conditions and highly tolerant of soil salinity.
Acacia auriculiformis can be raised by direct sowing and stump planting.
Propagation is generally by seed. Approximately 38,000 - 42,400 seeds weigh one
kg. Pre germination treatment is essential to promote seed germination. The
germination capacity of seed is 50 - 57%. Seeds should be pretreated before sowing
by immersing them in boiling water for 24 hours. In general, 3-4 months are needed
to raise seedlings to a plantable size, 25 cm in height. In the field, weed control is
60
essential during the first 1-2 years. A small dose of NPK fertilizer in the first year
helps improve initial growth - fertilization rates depend on site quality. The species
tends to be multistemmed and experiments have indicated that pruning and
debudding during the first four years provides for a straight bole. It is usually planted
at 2 m x 2 m, 3 m x 2 m and 2.5 m x 2.5 m, however the latter appears to be ideal. At
a rotation of 10 - 12 years with a mean annual increament of 6 - 8 cubic m/ha/annum
could be expected. When trees are felled, there is usually a swarm of seedlings, so
cutover stands regenerate readily (Troup, 1983a).
Acacia auriculiformis is heavy, very hard, durable and has a high calorific
value. It is an ideal fuelwood used in China, India and throughout Asia. Charcoal is
not too heavy and glows well with no smoke or sparks. The wood has a high basic
density (500-650 kg/m³) and a calorific value of 4700-4900 k cal/kg, which make it
ideal for fuelwood and charcoal. Heartwood varies from light brown to dark red. The
wood makes attractive furniture and is suitable for construction work. Ten year old
trees can be pulped readily by the sulfate process to give high yield of pulp with very
good strength properties. The bark has sufficient tannins for possible commercial
exploitation. A natural dye, used in the batik textile industry is also extracted from
the bark. Its flowers are a source of bee forage for honey production.
3.2.2 Cassia siamea
Cassia siamea Lamk. (synonyms: Senna siamea Lamk., C. florida Vahl.;
Senna sumatrana, Roxb.) is a non nitrogen-fixing leguminous tree in the subfamily
Caesalpinoideae of the family Leguminosae. It has been widely planted in many
Southeast Asian countries for erosion control, windbreaks, shelterbelts, fuelwood,
and polewood. It is a good ornamental tree for planting along roadsides, and it is also
61
used in alley cropping, intercropping, and hedgerows. It is planted as a shade tree in
cocoa, coffee, and tea plantations.
Cassia siamea is a medium sized evergreen tree attaining 5 m height in all
conditions. It rarely exceeds 20 m height and 50 cm diameter at breast height. It has
a dense, evergreen, irregular, spreading crown, a crooked stem, and smooth, grayish
bark that is slightly fissured longitudinally. The leaves are pinnately compound and
flowers are yellow. The fruit is a flat pod 15-25 cm long, thickened at both sutures,
containing many seeds. Cassia siamea grows well in many environments, but it
grows particularly well in lowland tropics having mean annual rainfall of 500-2800
mm (optimum about 1000 mm), mean minimum temperature of 20 0C, and mean
maximum temperature of 31 0C. Best growth occurs in deep, well drained, rich soils
with pH 5.5-7.5. It tolerates well drained lateritic or limestone soils and moderately
acid soils (pH 5.0).
Cassia siamea is usually propagated by seed, and plantations are often
established by direct seeding. Mature pods should be collected from the tree when
they turn brown, but mature, half opened pods may be collected from beneath the
trees. After collection, the pods should be dried in the sun for a few days. The seeds
are small and greenish-brown, and there are about 37,000-43,000 seeds per kilogram.
Fresh seeds generally do not need any treatment, but soaking them in cold water for
12 hours accelerates germination. Germination is complete within 7-20 days and
germination percentage typically exceeds 70 percent. In the nursery, seed may be
sown in containers, or nursery beds and trays and transplanted to containers after
germination. Polybags 10 x 15 cm are widely used in Bangladesh for raising
seedlings. Well drained sandy- loam soil (preferably forest topsoil) mixed with
62
manure or well-decomposed compost in a ratio of 3:1 is recommended for nursery
use. In addition, 500 g each of triple superphosphate and muriate of potash may be
added to every cubic meter of nursery soil. In each polybag, 2-3 seeds should be
sown at a depth of 0.5-1.0 cm and covered with a thin layer of sand. Seedling growth
is favored by loose soil, sufficient soil moisture, full sunlight, and absence of weeds.
Seedlings are kept in the nursery for 12-14 weeks or until they have attained a height
of 25-30 cm. Root pruning and hardening off the seedlings before outplanting is
beneficial. Containerized seedlings generally have better survival than direct-sown
seedlings, particularly under heavy weed competition. Cassia siamea can also be
planted as stumps. The species is strong light demander and sensitive to poor
drainage. The species has proved to be very good for the fuelwood and small timber
purpose (Luna, 2005).
Plantations can be managed by coppicing, lopping, or pollarding. For
fuelwood, the recommended spacing is 1 x 1 in to 1 x 3 in, with the first harvest in 5-
7 years. A small dose of NPK fertilizer in the first year helps the seedlings' initial
growth; the fertilizer level varies with the site quality. On good sites, C. siamea can
grow to a height of 8 m and a root collar diameter of 20 cm in 40 months. Total
yield of wood for timber, poles, and fuelwood may reach 10-15 m3/ha/year (Troup,
1983b).
Cassia siamea wood is used for furniture, poles, small timber, and fuelwood.
It is hard, with specific gravity of 0.6-0.8. The fuelwood and charcoal are highly
regarded (calorific value of 4500-4600 k cal/kg). Cassia siamea is used in
intercropping systems, windbreaks, and shelterbelts. It is also used as a shade tree in
cocoa, coffee and tea plantations
63
3.2.3 Eucalyptus hybrid
Eucalyptus belongs to the family Myrtaceae with about 300 species of the
genus. The species is one of the fastest growing trees in the world and many species
attain great heights. Basically, a native of Australia and Tasmania, Eucalyptus was
introduced in India, by the British in 1843 in Nilgiri Hills as an experiment to find
high yielding species for fuel and timber. It is a favoured species commercial
plantations, owing to its fast growth, non exacting, non- browseable and drought
resistant nature and adaptability to a variety of agroclimatic conditions. Many fast
growing species suitable for commercial cultivation in India have been identified.
Eucalyptus tereticornis and E. grandis are important commercial species with a
clean straight bole and compact crown. Hybrid eucalyptus (combination to E.
tereticornis and E. grandis / E. urphaylla / E. camaldulensis) has shown greater
vigour and drought and insect resistant characters in the field conditions and are
preferred planting stock for commercial plantations.
Eucalyptus is a fast growing, medium- sized to tall tree attaining 20-50 m in
height and upto 2 m in diameter. The tree has a deep tap root system with
mycorrhizal associations which increases its ability to draw nutrients and water. The
tree has a smooth silvery white stem.
Eucalyptus is versatile, fast growing and strongly coppicing tree possessing a
wide range of soil and climatic adaptability. Eucalyptus is known for its drought
hardiness, although annual rainfall of 800 mm is preferred (Pryor,1976).
Eucalyptus can be easily propagated from seeds, as well as, through
vegetative propagation by cuttings (clonal propagation). Under nursery conditions,
seeds are sown on raised beds under shade. No pre-sowing treatment is required.
64
Plants at nursery stage are highly susceptible to damping off and other fungal
diseases, which can be limited by strict attention to hygiene, reducing watering and
shade and allowing good ventilation.
Eucalyptus generally rose for industrial plantations - mainly pulpwood,
firewood or poles, are maintained with a shorter rotation of 5-7 years. For
commercial plantations, intensive site preparation by ploughing or deep ripping on
compact sites is beneficial. On wet sites moulding should be adopted to improve root
aeration and provide well-drained condition that facilitates planting. Spacing adopted
is 2 m x 2 m or 1.5 m x 1.5 m (high density plantations). In case, crops are cultivated
between the rows (agroforestry), wider spacing of 4 m x 2 m; 6 m x 1.5 m or 8 m x 1
m are recommended. Nursery raised seedlings/plantlets in polybags may be planted
at the onset of monsoons, in pits of 45 cm x 45 cm x 45 cm. Organic manure
mixtures along with fertilizers containing 25 g of NPK (3:2:1) and 50 g of phosphate
should be applied in the planting pit at the time of planting. Harvesting is done by
clear felling the stand in 6-7 year. Once the tree is felled, the stump throws many
coppice shoots. These should be singled out to keep only one vigorous stem per
stump, which will form the second crop (Troup, 1932).
The mean annual increment (MAI) in volume overbark of E. tereticornis on
medium quality sites at age 8-10 years is about 15 cu m/ha. A review of the
performance of the species (E. tereticornis) from 8 years old plantations, through out
India showed a MAI of 1.3 - 19.8 cu m/ha depending on stocking and site quality.
Highest wood yield of 105 tonnes/ha in five years has been reported in red sandy
clay loam soils, under irrigated conditions. On an experimental scale, the best
provenances on the best sites in Bangladesh yielded over 60 cu m/ha/year after five
65
years, at a planting rate of 10,000 stems/ha. The sale price of well grown Eucalyptus
tree after 7 years is about ₹100-150/per bole. The sale price of wood at the farm gate
varies from ₹800 - ₹1000/ metric tonne.
Eucalyptus is one of the fastest growing trees and is an excellent timber for
paper and pulp, particleboard and hardboard industries. It is also an excellent source
of fuelwood and charcoal. Eucalyptus wood is also used for light and heavy
construction, railway sleepers, bridges, piles, poles and mining timber.
Table 3.2. Silvicultural Characters of selected tree species
Sl. Character Acacia Cassia siamea Eucalyptus hybrid

No. auriculiformis
1. Local name Akashi Chakundi Eucalyptus
2. Family Leguminaceae Leguminaceae Myrtaceae
3. Status Exotic Exotic Exotic
4. Habitat Evergreen Evergreen Semi evergreen
5. Foliage & plant Fast growing Fast growing Fast growing
feature
6. Plant type Tree (Strong light Tree (Strong Tree (Light
demander) light demander) demander)
7. Roots Tap root Tap root Deep root
8. Plant height Medium (10-20 m) Medium (10-15 Medium (40-50 m)
m)
9. Type of stem Soft wood Soft wood Soft wood
10. Susceptibility Fairly hardy Hardy in mature hardy
stage
11. Coppicing power Poor Vigorous Good
66
12. Temperature (0C) 35–40 30–35 35–40
13. Altitude (m) 400–700 610–1220 700–1000
14. Annual Rainfall 650–1800 1000–2500 1000–2000
(mm)
15. Climate Dry Dry Dry
16. Time of flowering Nov - Dec March – April Jan – March, Sept.
– Nov.
17. Time of seed Dec– Feb April – May May–June, Dec–
collection Jan.
18. Method of plating Direct sowing & Direct sowing & Direct sowing
stump planting stump planting
19. Seed weight (Nos. 30,800 to 42,800 37000 – 45530 75000 –100000
of seed/kg)
20. Soil type Acidic soil light Acidic soil light Acidic soil light
sandy sandy sandy
21 Plant utility Fuel & charcoal Fuel, fodder & Fuel, pulp
ornamental industries,
medicine oil & also
used as timber
Source : Silviculture of Indian trees (Troup, 1983)
3.3 Methodology
3.3.1 Experimental Details
The experiment was conducted with three multipurpose tree species namely
Acacia auriculiformis (S1) Cassia siamea (S2) and Eucalyptus hybrid (S3) were
planted in July 2007. The plantation are establishment in different location and
district of Jharkhand. There were 9 treatments and 27 plots. The 9 treatments
replicated three times. The experimental details are shown in table 8. The tree
samples was measured using stratified random sampling approach (10 x 10 m) for
67
different plantation area. All the treatments are accumulated in subplots randomly
and each sub-plots consisted of 100 plants at a distance of 1 m x 1 m (hdp). The
observation of the plantation area were taken in July, 2011 when plantation reached
the age of four years.
3.3.2 Treatment Details -
1. Agro-climatic zone IV Acacia auriculiformis- T1 - (L1S1)
(In one District- L1 ) Cassia siamea – T2 - (L1S2)

Eucalyptus hybrid T3 - (L1S3)
2. Agro-climatic zone V - Acacia auriculiformis– T4- (L2S1)
(In one District- L2 ) Cassia siamea- T5 - (L2S2)
Eucalyptus hybrid T6 - (L2S3)
3. Agro-climatic zone VI- Acacia auriculiformis- T7- (L3S1)
(In one District- L3 ) Cassia siamea- T8 - (L3S2)
Eucalyptus hybrid- T9 - (L3S3)
Table 3.3: Details of experiment sites

Study sites Treatment
Zone/ District Name of tree species
(Replication) combinations
IV Acacia auriculiformis (S1) Dharampur D1S1R1
(Distt-Deoghar) Ghormara D1S1R2
D1 Jharkhandi D1S1R3
Cassia siamea (S2) Dharampur D1S2R1
Ghormara D1S2R2
Jharkhandi D1S2R3
Eucalyptus hybrid (S3) Dharampur D1S3R1
Ghormara D1S3R2
Jharkhandi D1S3R3
V Acacia auriculiformis (S1) Hatma D2S1R1
68
(Distt-Ranchi) Rajadera D2S1R2
D2 Chandra D2S1R3
Cassia siamea (S2) Hatma D2S2R1
Rajadera D2S2R2
Chandra D2S2R3
Eucalyptus hybrid (S3) Hatma D2S3R1
Rajadera D2S3R2
Chandra D2S3R3
VI Acacia auriculiformis (S1) Mohanpur D3S1R1
(Distt-East Singhbhum) Sapdhara D3S1R2
D3 Darisai D3S1R3
Cassia siamea (S2) Mohanpur D3S2R1
Sapdhara D3S2R2
Darisai D3S2R3
Eucalyptus hybrid (S3) Mohanpur D3S3R1
Sapdhara D3S3R2
Darisai D3S3R3
 Quadrat size : 10 m x 10 m
 No. of tree harvested in each quadrat of each sp.: 5
 Total No. of species : 3
 No. of quadrat studied (each sp. in each site) : 3
 Total No. of trees harvested : 5 x 3 x 3 = 45
 Total agro-climatic zones in Jharkhand : 3
 Replication- : 3
 Design : Factorial Randomized Block Design
3.4 Observations recorded
69
The data were recorded using stratified random sampling approach from
different plantation area in July, 2011 when plantation reached the age of four years.
The observation for height, diameter and biomass of tree were recorded and analysed
in randomized block design. The soil characteristics of the plantation area were
measured before plantation and after plantation when plantation reached the age of 4
years to check the quality of soil improvement and enrichment of the soil.
3.4.1 Survival and growth performance of trees
3.4.1.1 Survival Per cent
The survival percent was calculated by total number of trees survive at the
time of observation in each plot with respect to the total number of trees initially
planted at the time of plantation and the obtained values is multiplied by 100 to get
survival percentage.
3.4.1.2 Growth performance (height and diameter)
The height of all the trees in each plot was measured using a graduated
bamboo pole. The graduation was done at one meter interval, half meter interval and
at an interval of 10cm. In the case of trees having greater height than poles Haga
Altimeter was used. The mean height of tree species is calculated with the help of
height of total height with the total number of tree of a plot and the diameter was
measured with the help of tree caliper in the interest of accuracy (Chaturvedi and
Khanna, 1982). Therefore, all trees of each plot were enumerated for diameter at
breast 1.37 m over bark.
3.4.1.3 Basal area
70
Basal area of each tree was calculated using the following formula and is
expressed in square meter.
d2
Basal area = π -----
4
Where d = Diameter at breast height in m

π = 3.14
The basal area calculated for every tree of each species was summed up and
the same was considered as total basal area of that species. The basal area of all the
species thus calculated was again summed up and it was considered as total basal
area of all the species together in that particular site.
3.4.1.4 Volume
The volume of each tree in the site was calculated using the following
formula and and is expressed in cubic meter (m3)
d2
V = π ----- h
4
Where d = Diameter at breast height in m

h = Bole height (m)
π = 3.14
3.5 Assessment of biomass
The biomass of the tree was determined by using harvesting method for
estimatioin of biomass of above ground and below ground components. Five tree
were selected randomly from each plots and all five selected trees were felled to
measure the biomass. The felled trees were separated into its components portion i.e
bole, branch, twigs, bark and roots for biomass study. Each portion of a tree is
71
weighed in the field itself with the help of spring balance of capacity 1 kg and 50 kg.
Roots were dugout up to the depth of one cubic meter and all the roots were taken
and weighed in the field with the help of spring balance after thorough washing. For
dry weight one kg sample from different parts of tree (bole, branch, twigs, bark and
root) were taken and dried in oven. All samples were dried up to 103 0C in an
electric oven till constant weight comes. In the case of twig and leaf samples were
dried slowly t low temperature (50 0C) till constant weight. Root of the field tree was
studied by excavation method as reported by Ghosh and Chattopadhyay (1972) and
Chandra et al., (1979).
3.5.1 Above ground biomass (AGB)
Above ground biomass includes the biomass from the above ground parts of
the trees. The above ground parts include the bole, branch, bark, leaves and twigs.
3.5.2 Below ground biomass (BGB)
Below ground biomass includes the biomass from the below ground part i.e
the root of the trees.
3.5.3 Determination of total weight of biomass
Total weight of biomass of tree = Total volume of biomass x specific gravity
3.6 Determination of carbon percentage in the trees
Dry ashing method is used for estimating carbon percent in trees. Approx. 10
gm of oven dried sample is placed in silica crucible and burnt in a muffle furnace for
two and a half hours. The ash content, the inorganic elements in the form of oxides,
72
left after burning was weighed and carbon content is calculated by using following
equation
W3 –W1
Ash ( % ) = -------------- x 100
W2 –W1
Where,
W1 = Weight of crucible
W2 = Weight of oven dried sample + crucible
W3 = Weight of ash + crucible
Carbon (%) = [100-Ash (%) x 0.58]
3.6.1 Carbon Dioxide Sequestered in tree
To estimate the carbon sequestered in the trees following equation has been used
CO2 sequestered in trees = Carbon content x 3.6663
Where, 3.6663 = Basis of atomic weight ratio of CO2 to C
The biomass and carbon sequestration has been estimated on the basis of
survival of the tree.
3.7 Estimation of Nutrient, ash, crude fiber and calorific value of tree
component
In each tree species samples of bole, branches, twigs and foliage etc. was
collected and dried in hot air oven at 700C for 72 hours to determine N, P, K and
calorific values. The dried samples were granded in willey mill and passed through 2
mm sized sieve and obtained fine powder. The powdered plant materials of different
tree components was analyzed for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calorific values,
ash, crude fiber as per standard methods by using Micro-kjeldhal methods (AOAC,
1975), Spectrophotometer (Olsen et al., 1954), Flame photometer (Jackson, 1973),
73
Bomb calorimeter, Muffle furnace combustion methods and Weende method
respectively.
3.8 Soil Properties
The soil sample was collected from the plantation area with a soil depth of 0-
15 cm and 15 – 30 cm (surface and sub surface soil) for the estimation of physic-
chemical properties of the soil. The samples were collected initially before the
plantation and also after plantation when plantation reached the age of 4 years.
Collected soil sample were air- dried, powdered and sieved prior to chemical
analysis. The composited samples were used for the analysis and determination of
physical properties i.e. soil texture and chemical properties like soil pH, available
nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and organic carbon (%).
The different methods followed for analysis of physical and chemical
properties of soil are as follows:
3.8.1 Soil texture
It is one of the major characteristics of the soil. It is used for describing the
size distribution of particles in the soil, i.e. sand, silt and clay. The soil particles size
distribution in the collected soil sample was determined by Bouyoucos (1962).
3.8.2 Soil pH
Soil pH was determined in soil : water suspension (2.5:1) using ELeco make
L1-612 model pH meter.
3.8.3 Available soil nitrogen
74
Available soil nitrogen was estimated by Alkaline permanganate method of
Subbiah and Asija (1956). The available nitrogen is expressed in terms of kg ha-1
3.8.4 Available soil phosphorus
Available soil phosphorus was calculated by ascorbic acid method by using
Calorimeter (Olsen et al., 1954). The available phosphorus is expressed in terms of
kg ha-1.
3.8.5 Available soil potassium
Available soil potassium was determined by flame photometer in soil
solution prepared in extraction solution of normal ammonium acetate (pH 7.0) in
ratio of 1:5 (w/v) (Jackson, 1973).
3.8.6 Organic Carbon content (%)
The soil samples were collected from 30 cm depth, dried and powdered using
wooden mallet and sieved through 2 mm sieve. The soil organic carbon content in
the 0.5 gm sieved soil samples was calculated by Walkley and Black’s method
followed by Bray and Kurtz (1945).
3.9 Social adoptability and Economics
A base line survey was simultaneously carried out using Participatory Rural
Appraisal (PRA) methodologies (Chambers et al., 1989) to analyze the feasibility of
these existing energy plantations in terms of socioeconomic benefits to the adjoining
rural people of the plantation area. The rationality of these plantation and their direct
or indirect impacts on people life will be determined by drawing the ideas from the
local people of the study area. The economics of different energy plantation tress
75
Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia siamea and Eucalyptus hybrid will also be estimated
in different agro climatic zones of Jharkhand.
3.10 Statistical Analysis
The data recorded in different species treatment and replication were
subjected to statistical analysis for statistical validity of results. The significance of
different source of variations were tested by variance ratio of mean sum of square (F
– test) at probability level of 5% adopting the method of Panse and Sukhatme
(1967). The statistical analysis was done by data analysis tool package of Excel (MS
Office 2007 package). The main objective of analysis of variance technique was to
examine if there is any significant difference between the class means in view of the
inherent variability within the separate classless (Gomez and Gomez, 1984).
Standard analysis of variance (ANOVA) table were prepared for each parameter.
The standered error of mean, critical difference at 5% and coefficient of variation
were also calculated.
76
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The present study was conducted on three tree species, Acacia
auriculiformis, Cassia siamea and Eucalyptus hybrid in three different sub zone IV
(Central North Eastern Plateau), sub zone V (Western Plateau) and sub zone VI
(South Eastern Plateau) of agro climatic zone VII (Eastern Plateau and hill region) of
Jharkhand under the title, “Growth and Biomass Production of Energy Plantation
Tree Species in Agro Climatic Zones of Jharkhand”. The data collected for different
parameters and the results obtained for each parameter has been described and
discussed separately in following manner.
4.1 Survival and growth performance of tree species
4.1.1 Survival percentage
The survival percentage of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia siamea
and Eucalyptus hybrid in different Agro climatic sub zones IV, V and VI of zone VII
of Jharkhand is presented in table 4.1 and figure 4.1. Perusal of data has indicated that
out of three species Eucalyptus hybrid has more suvival (79.89%) followed by Acacia
auriculiformis (75.78%) and the less survival in Cassia siamea (72.11%). The survival
percent is more in sub zone V as compare to other sub zones. The mean survival
percent of sub zone V is 77.78% followed by sub zone VI (77.33%) and the minimum
survival 72.67% in sub zone IV. Statistical analysis revealed that the survival percent
among three species have shown highly significant whereas sub zone V and sub zone
VI statistically at par, which are significant than sub zone IV. However, overall
survival percentage varies irrespective of species region.
77
Similarly, Sahunalu et al. (1979) have reported that survival as high as 90%
for 8 year old Acacia auriculiformis plantion raised at a spcing of 5 m x 5 m on
clayey textured site with heavy rainfall (4000 mm).
Table 4.1: Survival percentage of tree species in different agro climatic sub
zones of zone VII
Survival (%)
Species Sub zone Sub zone Sub zone Mean
IV V VI
Acacia auriculiformis 70.33 79.33 77.67 75.78
Cassia siamea 70.67 71.33 74.33 72.11
Eucalyptus hybrid 77.00 82.67 80.00 79.89
Mean 72.67 77.78 77.33 75.93
S.Em (±) CD 5%
Tree species 0.612 1.297
Agro climatic sub zone 0.612 1.297
Tree species x Agro climatic sub zone 1.060 2.247
CV% 2.418
Fig. 4.1 : Survival percentage of tree species in different

agro climatic zone
84.00
82.00
80.00
78.00
Survival %
76.00
74.00
72.00
70.00
68.00
66.00
64.00
Sub Zone- IV Sub Zone- V Sub Zone- VI
Agro climatic Sub Zone
Acacia auriculiformis Cassia siamea Eucalyptus hybrid
78
4.2 Height
The height of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia siamea and
Eucalyptus hybrid in different agro climatic sub zones IV, V and VI of zone VII of
Jharkhand is presented in Table 4.2 and Figure 4.2. Perusal of data has indicated
that Eucalyptus hybrid had maximum height (11.42 m) followed by Acacia
auriculiformis (5.54 m) whereas the minimum by Cassia siamea (5.03 m). Among
the zone, the maximum height was observed in sub zone V (7.72m) followed by sub
zone VI (7.64 m) and the least height in sub zone IV (6.63 m). Statistical analysis
revealed that among species Eucalyptus hybrid has highly statistically significant
whereas other two species Cassia siamea and Acacia auriculiformis are statistically
at par. Similarly, sub zone V and sub zone VI has statistically at par and statistically
superior than sub zone IV.
Banerjee (1973) observed that Growth of Acacia auriculiformis in West
Bangal on deep red soil, it attained a height of 8.5 m and diameter of 8.9 cm at 10
years of age. Chaturvedi (1983) described that Eucalyptus can attain an average
height of 16.50 m and 12.50 cm diameter (Eucalyptus hybrid); in case of Eucalyptus
grandis it is 20.50 m and 15.01 cm, just in 6 years plantation on good sites. Under
scientific management with the fertilizer and irrigation applications, an optimum size
of 15cm diameter with 15m height will be achieved in 6 years (Srivastava, 1983;
Patel, 1983). Gopichand and Singh (2009) have also reported about vertical growth
of Eucalyptus hybrid.
79
Table 4.2: Mean height of tree species in different agro climatic sub zones of
zone VII
Mean height (m)

Species Agro climatic sub zones
Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 4.83 5.22 5.05 5.03
Mean 6.63 7.72 7.64 7.33
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 7.892
80
Fig. 4.2: Mean height of tree species
14.00
12.00
10.00
Height (m)
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
Agro climatic sub zone
4.3 Diameter
The diameter of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia siamea and
Jharkhand is presented in Table 4.3 and Figure 4.3. Perusal of data has indicated that
Eucalyptus hybrid had found maximum diameter (9.14 cm) followed by Acacia
auriculiformis (4.69 cm) whereas the minimum obtained by Cassia siamea (3.85
cm). Among the sub zones, the maximum diameter was obtained in sub zone V (6.42
cm) followed by sub zone VI (5.92 cm) and the least diameter found in sub zone IV
(5.35 cm). Statistical analysis revealed that all tree species and zone has highly
statistically significant.
Data and Dhiman (2001) have reported that after 12 years of planting Acacia
auriculiformis attained maximum diameter (92.8 cm) followed by Eucalyptus hybrid
and Gmelina arborea. Tandon et al. (1993) have studied mean diameter of
81
Eucalyptus hybrid plantation in Haryana with respect to age 4, 6, 8 and 10 years.
Mean diamter at these ages were 6.9, 9.2, 14.5 and 16.5 cm respectively. Kushalapa
(1988) have reported at 9 years of age in Acacia auriculiformis, the average girth at
beast height level was found 40.79 cm (diameter 12.98 cm). On good sides
Eucalyptus can attain an average height of 16.5m and 12.5cm diameter (Eucalyptus
hybrid). In case of Eucalyptus grandis it is 20.5m and 15.1cm just in 6 years tree
Chaturvedi (1983).
82
Table 4.3: Mean diameter (cm) of tree specie in different agro climatic sub
zones of zone VII
Mean diameter (cm)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 3.63 4.12 3.80 3.85
Mean 5.35 6.42 5.92 5.90
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 4.367
83
Fig. 4.3 : Mean Diameter of tree species
10.00
9.00
8.00
7.00
Diameter (cm)
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
4.4 Basal area
The basal area of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia siamea and
Jharkhand is presented in Table 4.4 and Figure 4.4. Perusal of data has indicated
that Eucalyptus hybrid was obtained maximum basal area (0.66 sq.m.) followed by
Acacia auriculiformis (0.18 sq.m.) whereas the minimum basal area obtained by
Cassia siamea (0.12 sq.m.). Among the sub zones, the maximum basal area was
found in sub zone V (0.37 sq.m.) followed by sub zone VI (0.31 sq.m.) and the least
basal area in sub zone IV (0.26 sq.m.). Statistical analysis revealed that among
species Eucalyptus hybrid has highly statistically significant than other two species.
Similarly, all sub zones are statistically highly significant among themselves.
84
Table 4.4: Basal area of four year tree species in different agro climatic sub
zones of zone VII
Basal area (m2)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 0.10 0.13 0.11 0.12
Mean 0.26 0.37 0.31 0.32
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 7.558
Fig. 4.4: Basal area of tree species
0.80
0.70
0.60
Basal area (m2)
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
85
4.5 Volume
The volume of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia siamea and
Jharkhand is presented in Table 4.5 and Figure 4.5. Perusal of data has indicated that
Eucalyptus hybrid obtained maximum volume (7.60 cu.m.) followed by Acacia
auriculiformis (0.98 cu.m.) whereas the minimum volume obtained by Cassia
siamea (0.59 cu.m.). Among the sub zone the maximum volume was observed in sub
zone V (3.79 cu.m.) followed by sub zone VI (3.15 cu.m.) and the least volume in
sub zone IV (2.23 cu.m.). Statistical analysis revealed that among species Eucalyptus
hybrid has highly statistically significant than other two species. Similarly, all sub
zones are highly significant among themselves.
Steill (1969) has reported the relationship of plantation spacing with volume
production as well as with the dry weight of foliage. Assaman (1970) has done
research on spruce in Norway and observe that closest espacement (0.85 m x0.85 m)
achieved highest volume production as compared to other wide spacings (1.42 m x
1.42 m and 1.98 m x 1.98 m). Volume production at wide spacings (1.42 m x 1.42 m
and 1.98 m x 1.98 m) were 88% and 78% of the closest spacing (0.85 m x 0.85 m). It
was also observed that mean diameter and mean height for the stand as well as total
volume production showed distinct differences which are correlated with initial crop
densities on establishment.
86
Table 4.5: Volume of four year tree species in different agro climatic sub zones
of zone VII
Volume (m3)
Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 0.50 0.70 0.57 0.59
Mean 2.23 3.79 3.15 3.06
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 7.912
Fig. 4.5: Volume of tree species
10.00
9.00
8.00
7.00
Volume (m3)
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
87
4.6 FRESH BIOMASS
4.6.1 Fresh Biomass of bole of four years tree species
The fresh biomass of bole of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia
siamea and Eucalyptus hybrid in different agro climatic sub zones IV, V and VI of
zone VII of Jharkhand is presented in Table 4.6 and Figure 4.6. Perusal of data has
indicated that the maximum fresh biomass of bole obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid
(251.79 kg/tree) followed by Acacia auriculiformis (167.32 kg/tree) whereas the
minimum fresh biomass of bole, obtained by Cassia siamea (154.19 kg/tree).
Among the sub zone the maximum fresh biomass of bole was observed in sub zone
V (194.83 kg/tree) followed by sub zone IV (191.93 kg/tree) and least fresh
biomass of bole in sub zone VI (186.54kg/tree). Statistical analysis revealed that
among species Eucalyptus hybrid has highly statistically significant than other two
species whereas Acacia auriculiformis has highly significant than Cassia siamea.
Among sub zones sub zone V and IV have highly significant from sub zone VI
whereas sub zone V and sub zone IV are at par to each other.
Similarly, Roy et al. (2006) had observed that the mean bole biomass
increased with tree diameter and height. It ranged between 20.16 kg/tree to 220.79
kg/tree.
88
Table 4.6: Fresh Biomass of bole of four years tree species in dirrerent agro
Fresh Biomass of bole (kg/tree)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 155.51 153.15 153.91 154.19
Mean 191.93 194.83 186.54 191.10
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 1.799
89
Fig. 4.6: Fresh Biomass of bole of four years tree species
300.00
250.00
Fresh Biomass (kg/tree)
200.00
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.00
4.6.2 Fresh Biomass of branch of four years tree species
The fresh biomass of branch of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia
indicated that the maximum fresh biomass of branch obtained by Acacia
auriculiformis (27.77 kg/tree) followed by Cassia siamea (23.97 kg/tree) whereas
the minimum fresh biomass of branch, obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid (19.10 kg/tree)
Among the sub zones, the maximum fresh biomass of branch was observed in sub
zone V (24.92 kg/tree) followed by sub zone IV (23.28 kg/tree) and the least fresh
biomass of branch found in sub zone VI (22.65 kg/tree). Statistical analysis revealed
that among species Acacia auriculiformis has highly statistically significant than
other two species. Similarly, Cassia siamea has highly significant than Eucalyptus
90
hybrid. Among sub zones, sub zone V has highly significant over sub zone IV and
VI whereas sub zone IV and sub zone VI are at par to each other.
Cromer et al. (1976) observed that in 2 year Eucalyptus globulus, the percent
contribution to above ground biomass by bole, leaf, bark and branch were 28-38%,
33-46%, 9% and 17-20%, respectively. They further observed that at 5 years the
above ground biomass contributed 83 percent of total standing biomass and balance
i.e. 17 percent was contributed by roots.
91
Table 4.7: Fresh Biomass of branch of four years tree species in different agro
Fresh Biomass of branch (kg/tree)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 24.28 25.73 21.91 23.97
Mean 23.28 24.92 22.65 23.62
S.Em (±) CD 5%
Tree species x Agro climatic sub
zone 0.811 NS
CV% 5.947
92
Fig. 4.7: Fresh Biomass of branch of four years tree species
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
4.6.3 Fresh Biomass of leaf and twig of four years tree species
The fresh biomass of leaf and twig of tree species Acacia auriculiformis,
Cassia siamea and Eucalyptus hybrid in different agro climatic sub zones IV, V and
VI of zone VII of Jharkhand is presented in Table 4.8 and Figure 4.8. Perusal of
data has indicated that the maximum fresh biomass of twigs obtained by Cassia
siamea (26.84 kg/tree) followed by Acacia auriculiformis (22.63 kg/tree) whereas
the minimum fresh biomass obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid (14.37 kg/tree). Among
the sub zones, the maximum fresh biomass of twigs was observed in sub zone V
(22.74 kg/tree) followed by sub zone IV (20.76 kg/tree) and the least fresh biomass
of twigs in sub zone VI (20.34 kg/tree). Statistical analysis revealed that among
species Cassia siamea has highly statistically significant than other two species.
Similarly, Acacia auriculiformis has highly significant than Eucalyptus hybrid.
93
Among sub zones, sub zone V has highly significant from sub zone IV and VI
whereas sub zone IV and VI are at par to each other.
Patel (1982) reported total biomass yield of 38072 kg/ha in Eucalyptus
tereticornis. Out of which 24942 kg/ha was utilizable biomass contributed by wood,
bark and branches amounting to 12898, 4435 and 7609 kg/ha, respectively. In total
biomass, contribution of leaf, fruit and roots were 4761 kg/ha, 15 kg/ha and 56336
kg/ha respectively.
Table 4.8: Fresh Biomass of leaf and twig of four years tree species in different
Fresh Biomass of leaf and twig (kg/tree)

Mean
IV V VI
Acacia auriculiformis 217.8 2350 226.1 226.3
Cassia siamea 262.0 295.9 247.2 268.4
Mean 207.6 227.4 203.4 212.8
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 4.206
94
Fig. 4.8: Fresh Biomass of leaf and twig of four years
tree species
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
4.6.4 Fresh Biomass of bark of four years tree species
The fresh biomass of bark of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia
siamea and Eucalyptus hybrid in three different agro climatic sub zones IV, V and
data has indicated that the maximum fresh biomass of bark was obtained by Acacia
the minimum fresh biomass of bark obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid (8.98 kg/tree).
Among the sub zones, the maximum fresh biomass of bark was observed in sub zone
V (13.06 kg/tree) followed by sub zone IV (11.62 kg/tree) and the least fresh
biomass of bark in sub zone VI (10.51 kg/tree). Statistical analysis revealed that
among species Acacia auriculiformis has highly statistically significant than other
two species. Similarly, Cassia siamea is highly significant than Eucalyptus hybrid.
95
Among sub zones, sub zone V has highly significant from sub zone IV and VI.
Similarly, sub zone IV has highly significant than sub zone VI.
Tandon et al. (1993) observed that componental biomass at 10 years age by
bole, bark, leaf, twig and branch were 77.7, 7.8, 2.5, 3.7 and 8.1%, respectively.
96
Table 4.9: Fresh Biomass of bark of four years tree species in different agro
Fresh Biomass of bark (kg/tree)
Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 11.02 13.48 9.60 11.37
Mean 11.62 13.06 10.51 11.73
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 5.821
Fig. 4.9: Fresh Biomass of bark of four years tree species
18.00
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
97
4.6.5 Below ground fresh biomass of tree species (root)
The fresh biomass of root of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia
zone VII of Jharkhand is presented in Table 4.10 and Figure 4.10. Perusal of data
has indicated that the maximum fresh biomass of root obtained by Acacia
the minimum fresh biomass of root by Eucalyptus hybrid (13.45 kg/tree) Among the
sub zones, the maximum fresh biomass of root was observed in sub zone V (16.57
kg/tree) followed by sub zone VI (15.49 kg/tree) and the least fresh biomass of root
found in sub zone IV (15.33 kg/tree). Statistical analysis revealed that among species
Acacia auriculiformis has statistically significant than other two species. Similarly,
Cassia siamea is significant than Eucalyptus hybrid. Among sub zones, sub zone V
has highly significant over sub zone IV and VI. Similarly, sub zone IV and VI are at
par to each other.
Chauhan et al. (2009) The biomass accumulation through stem was highest
in Acrocarpus fraxinifolius (22.35 kg), which was statistically at par with Populus
deltoids (18.92 kg) and Eucalyptus tereticornis (16.16 kg). There was no statistical
difference in below ground biomass of different tree species.
98
Table 4.10: Below ground fresh biomass of root in four years tree species
Below ground fresh biomass (kg/tree)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 14.39 15.07 14.38 14.61
Mean 15.33 16.57 15.49 15.80
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 5.90
Fig. 4.10: Fresh Biomass of root of four years tree

species
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
99
4.6.6 Above ground fresh biomass of four year tree species
The above ground fresh biomass of tree species Acacia auriculiformis,
data has indicated that the maximum above ground fresh biomass obtained by
Eucalyptus hybrid (294.23 kg/tree) followed by Acacia auriculiformis (232.57
kg/tree) whereas the minimum above ground fresh biomass by Cassia siamea
(216.37 kg/tree). Among the sub zones, the maximum above ground fresh biomass
was observed in sub zone V (255.55 kg/tree) followed by sub zone IV (247.59
kg/tree) and the least above ground fresh biomass in sub zone VI (240.04 kg/tree).
Statistical analysis revealed that among species Eucalyptus hybrid is statistically
significant than other two species. Similarly, Acacia auriculiformis is significant
than Cassia siamea. Among sub zones, sub zone V has highly significant from sub
zone IV and VI. Similarly, sub zone IV has highly significant from sub zone VI.
Tandon et al. (1993) estimated above ground biomass and its distribution
among varous components in Eucalyptus hybrid plantation in Haryana at different
ages (4, 6, 8 and 10 years). The above grounds biomass reported at 4, 6, 8 and 10
years age was 20.1, 34.6, 88.7 and 137.7 t/ha, respectively. Osman et al. (1992) have
found that four year old A. auriculiformis and P. caribeea produced 76 and 62 t/ha
above ground tree biomass respectively,
100
Table 4.11: Above ground fresh biomass of above ground component in four
years tree species in different agro climatic sub zones of zone VII
Above ground fresh biomass (kg/tree)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 217.01 221.95 210.14 216.37
Mean 247.59 255.55 240.04 247.73
S.Em (±) CD 5%
Tree species x Agro climatic sub zone 2.531 NS
CV% 1.769
Fig. 4.11: Above ground fresh biomass of four years tree

species
350.00
Above ground fresh biomass (kg/tree)
300.00
250.00
200.00
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.00
101
4.6.7 Total fresh biomass of four years tree species.
The total fresh biomass of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia siamea
and Eucalyptus hybrid in different agro climatic sub zones IV, V and VI of zone VII
of Jharkhand is presented in Table 4.12 and Figure 4.12. Perusal of data has
indicated that the maximum total fresh biomass was obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid
minimum total fresh biomass, obtained by Cassia siamea (230.98kg/tree).
Gopichand and Singh (2009) have also reported about highest fresh biomass in
Eucalyptus after 3 years of plantation. Among the sub zones, the maximum total
fresh biomass was found in sub zone V (272.12 kg/tree) followed by sub zone IV
(262.92 kg/tree) and the least total fresh biomass in sub zone VI (255.53 kg/tree).
Statistical analysis revealed that among species Eucalyptus hybrid has statistically
significant than other two species. Similarly, Acacia auriculiformis has significant
than Cassia siamea. Among sub zones, sub zone V has highly significant from sub
zone IV and VI. Similarly, sub zone IV has highly significant from zone VI.
The fresh and dry weight was significantly highest with close spacing
(Gopichand and Singh, 2009). Singh et al. (2009), Pandey et al. (2002) and Singh
(1978) have similar observation in terms of biomass production in the Eucalyptus
hybrid species. Kushalapa (1988) reported total biomass i.e. 83.7 kg/tree in Acacia
auriculiformis at 6 years age whereas, in Leucaena lucocephala at the same age total
biomass was found 226.3 kg/tree. Osman et al. (1992) found a total biomass of 82
and 55 t/ha at 4 and 5 years age in Acacia auriculiformis, respectively.
102
Table 4.12: Total fresh biomass (kg/tree) of four years tree species in different
Total fresh biomass (kg/tree)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 231.41 237.02 224.52 230.98
Mean 262.92 272.12 255.53 263.52
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 1.569
Fig. 4.12: Total fresh biomass of four years tree species

350
Total fresh biomass (kg/tree)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Agro climatic Sub Zone
103
4.7 DRY BIOMASS
4.7.1 Dry biomass of bole of four years tree species
The dry biomass of bole of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia
has indicated that the maximum dry biomass of bole obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid
minimum dry biomass of bole by Cassia siamea (32.08 kg/tree). Among the sub
zones, the maximum dry biomass of bole was observed in sub zone V (48.11 kg/tree)
followed by sub zone IV (45.23 kg/tree) and the least dry biomass of bole found in
sub zone VI (44.07 kg/tree). Statistical analysis revealed that among species
Eucalyptus hybrid has statistically significant than other two species. Similarly,
Acacia auriculiformis has significant than Cassia siamea. Among sub zones, sub
zone V has highly significant from sub zone IV and VI. Similarly, sub zone IV has
significant from sub zone VI.
104
Table 4.13: Dry biomass of bole of four years tree species in different agro
Dry biomass of bole (kg/tree)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 32.31 32.92 31.01 32.08
Mean 45.23 48.11 44.07 45.80
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 3.946
105
Fig. 4.13: Dry biomass of bole of four years tree species
80.00
70.00
60.00
Dry biomass (kg/tree)
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
4.7.2 Dry biomass of branch of four years tree species
The dry biomass of branch of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia
has indicated that the maximum dry biomass of branch obtained by Acacia
the minimum dry biomass of branch, obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid (9.58 kg/tree).
Among the sub zones, the maximum dry biomass of branch was found in sub zone V
(12.09 kg/tree) followed by sub zone IV (11.06 kg/tree) and the least dry biomass of
branch in sub zone VI (10.66 kg/tree). Statistical analysis revealed that among
species Eucalyptus hybrid has statistically significant than other two species.
Similarly, Acacia auriculiformis has significant than Cassia siamea. Among sub
zones, zone V has highly significant from sub zone IV and VI. Similarly, sub zone
IV is significant from sub zone VI.
106
Naugraiya and Puri (1997) worked out the growth and mid term biomass
production under the pruning management of branches for four MPTs viz. Dalbergia
sissoo, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Gmelina arborea and Leucaena leucocephala grown
as high density plantations in red lateritic soil (Entisols) of Chhattisgarh plain. The
biomass varied from 0.95 to 2.13 t/ha for branches, 0.46 to 0.91t/ha for foliage and
0.01 to 0.035 t/ha for fruit components. The maximum biomass of branches was
recorded in L. leucocephala followed by G. arborea, E. tereticornis and D. sissoo,
respectively.
107
Table 4.14: Dry biomass of branch of four years tree species in different agro
Dry biomass of branch (kg/tree)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 10.03 11.47 9.89 10.46
Mean 11.06 12.09 10.66 11.27
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 8.501
108
Fig. 4.14: Dry biomass of branch of four years tree species
16.00
14.00
12.00
Dry biomass (kg/tree)
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
4.7.3 Dry biomass of twigs of four years tree species
The dry biomass of leaf and twig of tree species Acacia auriculiformis,
data has indicated that the maximum dry biomass of leaf and twig were obtained by
Cassia siamea (6.61 kg/tree) followed by Acacia auriculiformis (5.68 kg/tree)
whereas the minimum dry biomass of leaf and twig by Eucalyptus hybrid (4.92
kg/tree). Among the sub zones, the maximum dry biomass of leaf and twig was
found in sub zone V (6.08 kg/tree) followed by Zone IV (5.70 kg/tree) and the least
dry biomass of leaf and twig in Zone VI (5.43 kg/tree). Statistical analysis revealed
that among species Cassia siamea has statistically significant than other two species.
Similarly, Acacia auriculiformis has significant than Eucalyptus hybrid. Among sub
zones, zone V has significant from zone IV and VI. Similarly, zone IV and zone VI
are at par to each other.
109
Pal and Raturi (1989) raised indigenous tree Acacia nilotica as short rotation
energy plantation 6170 trees/ha and harvested 48.25 t/ha biomass after the growth of
3 years, where the bole and branches alone contributed about 44.1 and 30.2 percent,
respectively as major produce, while contribution of root, bole-bark and leaf were
14.2, 9.8 and 1.6 percent, respectively.
Table 4.15: Dry biomass of twigs of four years tree species in different agro
Dry biomass of twigs (kg/tree)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 6.47 7.14 6.22 6.61
Mean 5.70 6.08 5.43 5.74
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 7.976
110
Fig. 4.15: Dry biomass of leaf and twig of four years tree
species
Dry biomass of leaf and twig (kg/tree)
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
4.7.4 Dry biomass of bark of four years tree species
The dry biomass of bark of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia siamea
and Eucalyptus hybidr in different agro climatic sub zones IV, V and VI of zone VII
indicated that the maximum dry biomass of bark obtained by Acacia auriculiformis
(3.82 kg/tree) followed by Cassia siamea (2.96 kg/tree) whereas the minimum dry
biomass of bark, obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid (1.63 kg/tree). Among the sub
zones, the maximum dry biomass of bark was observed in sub zone V (3.07 kg/tree)
followed by sub zone IV (2.73 kg/tree) and the least dry biomass of bark found in
sub zone VI (2.60 kg/tree). Statistical analysis revealed that among species Acacia
auriculiformis has statistically significant than other two species. Similarly, Cassia
siamea has significant than Eucalyptus hybrid. Among sub zones, sub zone V has
significant from zone IV and VI. Similarly, zone IV and zone VI are at par to each
other.
111
Table 4.16: Dry biomass of bark of four years tree species in different agro
Dry biomass of bark (kg/tree)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 2.87 3.12 2.88 2.96
Mean 2.73 3.07 2.60 2.80
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 12.830
112
Fig. 4.16: Dry biomass of bark of four years tree species
4.50
4.00
Dry biomass of bark (kg/tree)
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
4.7.5 Below ground dry biomass of root of four years tree species
The dry biomass (kg/tree) of root of tree species Acacia auriculiformis,
data has indicated that the maximum dry biomass of root obtained by Acacia
auriculiformis (5.70 kg/tree) followed by Cassia siamea (4.67 kg/tree) whereas the
minimum dry biomass of root, obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid (2.70 kg/tree). Among
the sub zones, the maximum dry biomass of root was observed in sub zone V (4.60
kg/tree) followed by sub zone IV (4.33 kg/tree) and the least dry biomass of root in
sub zone VI (4.15 kg/tree). Statistical analysis revealed that among species Acacia
auriculiformis has highly statistically significant than other two species. Similarly,
Cassia siamea has significant than Eucalyptus hybrid. Among sub zones, zone V has
highly significant from zone IV and VI. Similarly, zone IV and zone VI are at par to
each other.
113
Table 4.17: Below ground Dry biomass of root of four years tree species in
Below ground Dry biomass of root (kg/tree)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 4.61 4.86 4.53 4.67
Mean 4.33 4.60 4.15 4.36
S.Em (±) CD 5%
Tree species x Agro climatic ub zone 0.155 NS
CV% 6.170
114
Fig. 4.17: Dry biomass of root of four years tree species
6.00
Dry biomass of root (kg/tree)
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
4.7.6 Above ground dry biomass of four years tree species
The above ground dry biomass (kg/tree) of tree species Acacia
auriculiformis, Cassia siamea and Eucalyptus hybrid in different agroclimatic sub
zones IV, V and VI of zone VII of Jharkhand is presented in Table 4.18 and Figure
4.18. Perusal of data has indicated that the maximum above ground dry biomass
obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid (84.93 kg/tree) followed by Acacia auriculiformis
(59.79 kg/tree) whereas the minimum above ground dry biomass, obtained by Cassia
siamea (52.11 kg/tree). Among the sub zones, the maximum above ground dry
biomass was observed in sub zone V (69.36 kg/tree) followed by sub zone IV
(64.71kg/tree) and the least above ground dry biomass in sub zone VI (62.76
kg/tree). Statistical analysis revealed that among species Eucalyptus hybrid has
highly statistically significant than other two species. Similarly, Acacia
auriculiformis has significant than Cassia siamea. Among sub zones, zone V has
115
highly significant from zone IV and VI. Similarly, zone IV is significant from zone
VI.
Chinsukjaiprasert et al. (1984) calculated above dry biomass of 5 years old
plantation of Acacia auriculiformis and found 46 t ha-1 in dry weight and its fire
wood production.
116
Table 4.18: Above ground dry biomass of four years tree species in different
Above ground dry biomass (kg/tree)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 51.67 54.65 50.00 52.11
Mean 64.71 69.36 62.76 65.61
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 2.811
Table 4.18: Above ground dry biomass of four years tree

species
800.00
Above ground dry biomass (q/ha)
700.00
600.00
500.00
400.00
300.00
200.00
100.00
0.00

117
4.7.7 Total dry biomass of four years tree species
The total dry biomass of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia siamea
indicated that the maximum total dry biomass obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid (87.64
kg/tree) followed by Acacia auriculiformis (65.49 kg/tree) whereas the minimum
total dry biomass by Cassia siamea (56.77 kg/tree). Among the sub zones, the
maximum total dry biomass was found in zone V (73.95 kg/tree) followed by zone
IV (69.04 kg/tree) and the least total dry biomass in zone VI (66.91 kg/tree).
Statistical analysis revealed that among species Eucalyptus hybrid has highly
statistically significant than other two species. Similarly, Acacia auriculiformis has
significant than Cassia siamea. Among sub zones, zone V is highly significant from
zone IV and VI. Similarly, zone IV has significant from zone VI.
Raizada et al. (2007) had carried out study on biomass production of Acacia
nilotica and concluded that biomass yields increased sharply from the age of 13
years. Patel and Singh (1994) studied on biomass production of ten tree species viz.
Siris, Neem, Amaltas, Casuarian, Cordia, Eucalyptus, Persian lilac, Manila
tamarind, Jamun and Tamarind at 2.5 years of age in sounth Saurastra region of
Gujrat. The total biomass for there species were 45.28, 46.28, 30.19, 28.34, 42.01,
27.89, 61.30, 22.97, 8.58 and 12.16 t/ha, respectively.
118
119
Table 4.19: Total dry biomass of four years tree species in different agro
Total dry biomass (kg/tree)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 56.28 59.51 54.54 56.77
Mean 69.04 73.95 66.91 69.97
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 2.642
Fig. 4.19: Total dry biomass of four years tree species
100.00
90.00
Total dry biomass (kg/tree)
80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
120
4.8 CARBON SEQUESTRATION
4.8.1 Carbon sequestration of bole in four years tree species
The carbon sequestration of bole of tree species Acacia auriculiformis,
VI of zone VII of Jharkhand is presented in Tabe 4.20 and Figure 4.20. Perusal of
data has indicated that the maximum carbon sequestration of bole obtained by
Eucalyptus hybrid (31.56 kgC/tree/year) followed by Acacia auriculiformis (16.76
kgC/tree/year) whereas the minimum carbon sequestration of bole by Cassia siamea
(14.72 kgC/tree/year). Among the zone, the maximum carbon sequestration of bole
was found in zone V (22.07 kgC/tree/year) followed by zone IV (20.75
kgC/tree/year) and the least carbon sequestration of bole in Zone VI (20.22
kgC/tree/year). Statistical analysis revealed that among species Eucalyptus hybrid
has highly statistically significant than other two species whereas Acacia
highly significant than other two zone whereas zone IV and zone VI are at par to
each other.
121
Table 4.20: Carbon sequestration of bole in four years tree species in
Carbon sequestration (kgC/tree/year)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 14.82 15.10 14.23 14.72
Mean 20.75 22.07 20.22 21.01
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 3.946
122
Fig. 4.20: Carbon sequestration of bole in four years tree
species
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
4.8.2 Carbon sequestration of branch in four years tree species
The carbon sequestration of branch of tree species Acacia auriculiformis,
data has indicated that the maximum carbon sequestration of branch obtained by
Acacia auriculiformis (6.31 kgC/tree/year) followed by Cassia siamea (4.80
kgC/tree/year) whereas the minimum carbon sequestration of branch, by Eucalyptus
hybrid (4.40 kgC/tree/year). Among the sub zones, the maximum carbon
sequestration of branch was observed in zone V (5.54 kgC/tree/year) followed by
zone IV (5.07 kgC/tree/year) and the least carbon sequestration of branch has found
in zone VI (4.89 kgC/tree/year). Statistical analysis revealed that among species
Acacia auriculiformis has statistically significant than other two species whereas
highly significant than other two zone whereas zone IV and zone VI are at par to
each other.
123
Table 4.21:Carbon sequestration of branch in four years tree species in

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 4.60 5.26 4.54 4.80
Mean 5.07 5.54 4.89 5.17
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 8.501
124
Fig. 4.21: Carbon sequestration of branch in four years
tree species
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
4.8.3 Carbon sequestration of leaf and twig in four years tree species
The carbon sequestration of leaf and twig of tree species Acacia
auriculiformis, Cassia siamea and Eucalyptus hybrid in different agroclimatic sub
4.22. Perusal of data has indicated that the maximum carbon sequestration of leaf
and twig obtained by Cassia siamea (3.03 kgC/tree/year) followed by Acacia
auriculiformis (2.60 kgC/tree/year) whereas the minimum carbon sequestration of
leaf and twig by Eucalyptus hybrid (2.26 kgC/tree/year). Among the sub zones, the
maximum carbon sequestration of leaf and twig were found in zone V (2.40
kgC/tree/year) followed by zone IV (2.27 kgC/tree/year) and the least carbon
sequestration of leaf and twig has found in zone VI (2.11 kgC/tree/year). Statistical
analysis revealed that among species Cassia siamea has statistically significant than
other two species whereas Acacia auriculiformis has significant than Eucalyptus
hybrid. Among sub zones, zone V has highly significant than other two zone
whereas zone IV and zone VI are at par to each other.
125
Table 4.22: Carbon sequestration of leaf and twig in four years tree species in

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 2.97 3.28 2.85 3.03
Mean 2.61 2.79 2.49 2.63
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 7.976
Fig. 4.22: Carbon sequestration of leaf and twig in four

years tree species
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
126
4.8.4 Carbon sequestration of bark in four years tree species
The carbon sequestration of bark of tree species Acacia auriculiformis,
data has indicated that the maximum carbon sequestration of bark obtained by
Acacia auriculiformis (1.75 kgC/tree/year) followed by Cassia siamea (1.36
kgC/tree/year) whereas the minimum carbon sequestration of bark by Eucalyptus
hybrid (0.75 kgC/tree/year). Among the sub zones, the maximum carbon
sequestration of bark was found in zone V (1.41 kgC/tree/year) followed by zone IV
(1.25 kgC/tree/year) and the least carbon sequestration of bark in zone VI (1.19
kgC/tree/year). Statistical analysis revealed that among species Acacia
auriculiformis has statistically significant than other two species whereas Cassia
siamea has significant than Eucalyptus hybrid. Among sub zones, zone V has highly
significant than other two sub zones whereas zone IV and zone VI are at par to each
other.
127
Table 4.23: Carbon sequestration of bark in four years tree species in different

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 1.32 1.43 1.32 1.36
Mean 1.25 1.41 1.19 1.29
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 12.830
128
Fig. 4.23: Carbon sequestration of bark in four years tree
species
2.00
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
4.8.5 Carbon sequestration of root in four years tree species
The carbon sequestration of root of tree species Acacia auriculiformis,
data has indicated that the maximum carbon sequestration of root obtained by Acacia
auriculiformis (2.62 kgC/tree/year) followed by Cassia siamea (2.14 kgC/tree/year)
whereas the minimum carbon sequestration of root by Eucalyptus hybrid (1.24
kgC/tree/year). Among the sub zones, the maximum carbon sequestration of root
was found in zone V (2.11 kgC/tree/year) followed by zone IV (1.99 kgC/tree/year)
and the least carbon sequestration of root in zone VI (1.90 kgC/tree/year). Statistical
analysis revealed that among species Acacia auriculiformis has statistically
significant than other two species whereas Cassia siamea has significant than
Eucalyptus hybrid. Among sub zones, zone V has highly significant than other two
zone whereas zone IV and zone VI are at par to each other.
129
Table 4.25: Carbon sequestration (kgC/tree/year) of root in four years tree
species in different agro climatic sub zones of zone VII

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 2.11 2.23 2.08 2.14
Mean 1.99 2.11 1.90 2.00
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 6.170
130
Fig. 4.25: Carbon sequestration of root in four years
tree species
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
4.8.6 Above ground carbon sequestration in four years tree species
The above ground carbon sequestration of tree species Acacia auriculiformis,
data has indicated that the maximum above ground carbon sequestration obtained by
Eucalyptus hybrid (38.96 kgC/tree/year) followed by Acacia auriculiformis (27.43
kgC/tree/year) whereas the minimum above ground carbon sequestration by Cassia
siamea (23.90 kgC/tree/year). Among the sub zones, the maximum above ground
carbon sequestration was found in zone V (31.82 kgC/tree/year) followed by zone IV
(29.69 kgC/tree/year) and the least above ground carbon sequestration has found in
zone VI (28.79 kgC/tree/year). Statistical analysis revealed that among species
Eucalyptus hybrid has statistically significant than other two species whereas Acacia
131
highly significant than other two zone whereas zone IV is significant than zone VI.
Gera et al. (2011) observed that the maximum sequestration potential was
observed for poplar block plantation (2.41 t C/ha/yr) closely followed by Eucalyptus
block (1.73 t C/ha/yr), while teak block plantation showed sequestration potential of
1.50 t C/ha/yr.
132
Table 4.26: Above ground carbon sequestration in four years tree species in
Above ground carbon sequestration (kgC/tree/year)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 23.70 25.07 22.94 23.90
Mean 29.69 31.82 28.79 30.10
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 2.811
133
Fig. 4.26: Above ground carbon sequestration in four
years tree species
Above ground carbon sequestration (kgC/tree/year)
45.00
40.00
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
4.8.7 Total carbon sequestration in four years tree species
The total carbon sequestration of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia
has indicated that the maximum total carbon sequestration obtained by Eucalyptus
hybrid (40.20 kgC/tree/year) followed by Acacia auriculiformis (30.04kgC/tree/year)
whereas the minimum total carbon sequestration, obtained by Cassia siamea (26.05
kgC/tree/year). Among the sub zones, the maximum total carbon sequestration was
found in zone V (33.93 kgC/tree/year) followed by zone IV (31.67 kgC/tree/year)
and the least total carbon sequestration in zone VI (30.69 kgC/tree/.year). Statistical
analysis revealed that among species Eucalyptus hybrid has statistically significant
than other two species whereas Acacia auriculiformis has significant than Cassia
134
siamea. Among sub zones, zone V has highly significant than other two zones
whereas zone IV is significant than zone VI.
Chauhan et al. (2009) had observed that carbon content of biomass
components which had relatively little influence on total carbon storage compared to
the relative biomass in each tree components. Stem alone was the largest store house
of carbon but litter and roots in the short rotation tree species play a major role in
carbon sequestration in the soil reservoir.
135
Table 4.27: Total carbon sequestration in four years tree species in different
Total carbon sequestration (kgC/tree/year)
Spnecies Agro climatic sub zones

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 25.82 27.30 25.02 26.05
Mean 31.67 33.93 30.69 32.10
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 2.642
Fig. 4.27: Total carbon sequestration in four years tree

species
45.00
Total carbon sequestration (kgC/tree/year)
40.00
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
136
4.9 NUTRIENT ESTIMATION
4.9.1 Nitrogen content in bole of four years tree species
The nitrogen content in bole of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia
indicated that the maximum nitrogen contents in bole obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid
minimum nitrogen contents in bole by Cassia siamea (1.61 kg/tree). Among the sub
zones, the maximum nitrogen contents in bole was found in sub zone V (1.84
kg/tree) followed by zone IV (1.81 kg/tree) and the least nitrogen contents in zone
VI (1.68 kg/tree). Statistical analysis revealed that among species Eucalyptus hybrid
has highly statistically significant than other two species. Similarly, Acacia
VI.
137
Table 4.28: Nitrogen content in bole of four years tree species in different agro
Nitrogen content in bole (kg/tree)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 1.57 1.67 1.60 1.61
Mean 1.81 1.84 1.68 1.78
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 3.503
138
Fig. 4.28: Nitrogen content in bole of four years tree
species
2.50
2.00
Nitrogen content (kg/tree)
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
4.9.2 Nitrogen content in branch of four years tree species
The nitrogen content in branch of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia
siamea and Eucalyptus hybrid in different agro climatic zones IV, V and VI of zone
VII of Jharkhand is presented in Table 4.29 and Figure 4.29. Perusal of data has
indicated that the maximum nitrogen contents in branch obtained by Eucalyptus
hybrid (0.51 kg/tree) followed by Acacia auriculiformis (0.47 kg/tree) whereas the
minimum nitrogen contents in branch, obtained by Cassia siamea (0.42 kg/tree).
Among the sub zones, the maximum nitrogen contents in branch was observed in
sub zone V (0.49 kg/tree) followed by sub zone IV (0.47 kg/tree) and the least
nitrogen contents in sub zone VI (0.44 kg/tree). Statistical analysis revealed that
species. Similarly, Acacia auriculiformis has significant than Cassia siamea. Among
sub zones, zone V has highly significant from zone IV and VI. Similarly, zone IV is
statistically significant from zone VI.
139
Table 4.29: Nitrogen content in branch of four years tree species in different
Nitrogen content in branch (kg/tree)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 0.42 0.43 0.41 0.42
Mean 0.47 0.49 0.44 0.47
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 3.322
140
Fig. 4.29: Nitrogen content in branch of four years tree
species
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
4.9.3 Nitrogen content in leaves of four years tree species
The nitrogen content in leaves of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia
indicated that the maximum nitrogen contents in leaves obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid
(2.59 kg/tree) followed by Acacia auriculiformis (2.16 kg/tree) whereas the minimum
nitrogen contents in leaves, obtained by Cassia siamea (1.86 kg/tree). Among the sub
zones, the maximum nitrogen contents in leaves was found in sub zone V (2.30
kg/tree) followed by sub zone IV (2.23 kg/tree) and the least nitrogen contents in sub
zone VI (2.09 kg/tree). Statistical analysis revealed that among species Eucalyptus
hybrid has highly statistically significant than other two species. Similarly, Acacia
highly significant from zone IV and VI. Similarly, zone IV is significant from zone VI.
141
Table 4.30: Nitrogen content in leaves of four years tree species in different
Nitrogen content in leaves (kg/tree)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 1.89 1.94 1.75 1.86
Mean 2.23 2.30 2.09 2.21
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 2.561
142
Fig. 4.30: Nitrogen content in leaves of four years tree
species
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
4.9.4 Nitrogen content in twig of four years tree species
The nitrogen contents in twig of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia
siamea and Eucalyptus hybrid in different agroclimatic zones IV, V and VI of zone
indicated that the maximum nitrogen contents in twig obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid
minimum nitrogen contents in twig, obtained by Cassia siamea (0.50 kg/tree).
Among the sub zones, the maximum nitrogen contents in twig was found in sub zone
V (0.70 kg/tree) followed by sub zone IV (0.69 kg/tree) and the least nitrogen
contents in sub zone VI (0.65 kg/tree). Statistical analysis revealed that among
Similarly, Acacia auriculiformis has significant than Cassia siamea. Among sub
zones, zone V has highly significant from zone IV and VI. Similarly, zone IV is
significant from zone VI.
143
Table 4.31: Nitrogen content in twig of four years tree species in different agro
Nitrogen content in twig (kg/tree)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 0.49 0.52 0.50 0.50
Mean 0.69 0.70 0.65 0.68
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 3.390
144
Fig. 4.31: Nitrogen content in twig of four years tree
species
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
4.9.5 Total nitrogen content of four years tree species
The total nitrogen content of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia
siamea and Eucalyptus hybrid in different agroclimatic sub zones IV, V and VI of
indicated that the maximum total nitrogen contents obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid
minimum total nitrogen contents, obtained by Cassia siamea (4.40 kg/tree). Among
the sub zones, the maximum total nitrogen contents was observed in sub zone V
(5.33 kg/tree) followed by sub zone IV (5.20 kg/tree) and the least total nitrogen
contents in sub zone VI (4.86 kg/tree). Statistical analysis revealed that among
Similarly, Acacia auriculiformis is significant than Cassia siamea. Among sub
zones, zone V has highly significant from zone IV and VI. Similarly, zone IV has
145
Bharadwaj et al. (2001) observed that total amount of nitrogen retained in
branch and bole was highest (1005.6 kg/ha) at 60 x 60 cm and thus (765.4 kg/ha) at
120 x 120 cm plantation spacing respectively. While nitrogen retention in branch,
bole and aboveground biomass showed decreasing trend with increase in spacing.
146
Table 4.32: Total nitrogen content of four years tree species in different agro
Total nitrogen content (kg/tree)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 4.38 4.55 4.26 4.40
Mean 5.20 5.33 4.86 5.13
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 1.731
147
Fig. 4.32: Total nitrogen content of four years tree
species
7.00
6.00
Total nitrogen content (kg/tree)
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
4.9.6 Phosphorus content in bole of four years tree species
The phosphorus content in bole of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia
indicated that the maximum phosphorus contents in bole obtained by Eucalyptus
minimum phosphorus contents in bole, obtained by Cassia siamea (0.27 kg/tree).
Among the sub zones, the maximum phosphorus contents in bole was found in sub
zone V (0.45 kg/tree) followed by sub zone IV (0.42 kg/tree) and the least
phosphorus contents in sub zone VI (0.37 kg/tree). Statistical analysis revealed that
148
Table 4.33: Phosphorus content in bole of four years tree species in different
Phosphorus content in bole (kg/tree)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.27
Mean 0.42 0.45 0.37 0.42
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 6.544
149
Fig. 4.33: Phosphorus content in bole of four years
tree species
0.70
0.60
Phosphorus content (kg/tree)
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
4.9.7 Phosphorus content in branch of four years tree species
The phosphorus content in branch of tree species Acacia auriculiformis,
data has indicated that the maximum phosphorus contents in branch obtained by
Eucalyptus hybrid (0.14 kg/tree) followed by Acacia auriculiformis (0.13 kg/tree)
whereas the minimum phosphorus contents obtained by Cassia siamea (0.12 kg/tree).
Among the sub zones, the maximum phosphorus contents in branch was found in sub
zone V (0.14 kg/tree) followed by sub zone IV (0.13 kg/tree) and the least phosphorus
contents in sub zone VI (0.12 kg/tree). Statistical analysis revealed that among species
Eucalyptus hybrid has highly statistically significant than other two species. Similarly,
Acacia auriculiformis has significant than Cassia siamea. Among sub zones, zone V
has highly significant from zone IV and VI. Similarly, zone IV has statistically
150
Table 4.34: Phosphorus content in branch of four years tree species in different
Phosphorus content in branch (kg/tree)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 0.12 0.13 0.11 0.12
Mean 0.13 0.14 0.12 0.13
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 6.412
151
Fig. 4.34: Phosphorus content in branch of four years tree
species
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
4.9.8 Phosphorus content in leaves of four years tree species
The phosphorus content in leaves of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia
indicated that the maximum phosphorus contents in leaves obtained by Eucalyptus
minimum phosphorus contents obtained by Cassia siamea (0.16 kg/tree). Among the
sub zones, the maximum phosphorus contents in leaves was observed in sub zone V
(0.20 kg/tree) followed by sub zone IV (0.18 kg/tree) and the least phosphorus
contents in sub zone VI (0.17 kg/tree). Statistical analysis revealed that among species
Eucalyptus hybrid has highly statistically significant than other two species. Similarly,
has highly significant from zone IV and VI. Similarly, zone IV is significant from
zone VI.
152
Table 4.35: Phosphorus content in leaves of four years tree species in different
Phosphorus content in leaves (kg/tree)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 0.16 0.17 0.14 0.16
Mean 0.18 0.20 0.17 0.18
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 6.181
153
Fig. 4.35: Phosphorus content in leaves of four years
tree species
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
4.9.9 Phosphoru content in twig of four years tree species
The phosphorus content in twig of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia
indicated that the maximum phosphorus contents in twig obtained by Eucalyptus
minimum phosphorus contents in twig, obtained by Cassia siamea (0.15 kg/tree).
Among the sub zones, the maximum phosphorus contents in twig was observed in
sub zone V (0.18 kg/tree) followed by sub zone IV (0.17 kg/tree) and the least
phosphorus contents in sub zone VI (0.16 kg/tree). Statistical analysis revealed that
154
Table 4.36: Phosphorus content in twig of four years tree species in different
Phosphorus content in twig (kg/tree)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 0.16 0.16 0.14 0.15
Mean 0.17 0.18 0.16 0.17
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 6.529
155
Fig. 4.36: Phosphorus content in twig of four years tree
species
0.20
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
4.9.10 Total phosphorus content of four years tree species
The total phosphorus content of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia
indicated that the maximum total phosphorus contents obtained by Eucalyptus
minimum total phosphorus contents, obtained by Cassia siamea (0.70 kg/tree).
Among the sub zones, the maximum total phosphorus contents was observed in sub
zone V (0.97 kg/tree) followed by sub zone IV (0.90 kg/tree) and the least in sub
zone VI (0.83 kg/tree). Statistical analysis revealed that among species Eucalyptus
hybrid has highly statistically significant than other two species. Similarly, Acacia
VI.
Bharadwaj et al. (2001) observed that phosphorus was in tune of 18.47 kg/ha
at closest spacing and 13.5 kg/ha at wider spacing, respectively. While phosphorus
156
retention in branch, bole and aboveground biomass showed decreasing trend with
increase in spacing.
157
Table 4.37: Total Phosphorus content of four years tree species if n different
Total Phosphorus content (kg/tree)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 0.71 0.73 0.64 0.70
Mean 0.90 0.97 0.83 0.90
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 3.932
158
Fig. 4.37: Total Phosphorus content of four years tree
species
1.40
Total Phosphorus content (kg/tree)
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
159
4.9.11 Potassium content in bole of four years tree species
The potassium content in bole of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia
siamea and Eucalyptus hybrid in three different agro climatic sub zones IV, V and
data has indicated that the maximum potassium contents in bole obtained by
whereas the minimum potassium contents in bole, obtained by Cassia siamea (1.57
kg/tree). Among the sub zones, the maximum potassium contents in bole was found
in sub zone V (1.60 kg/tree) followed by sub zone IV (1.59 kg/tree) and the least in
sub Zone VI (1.57 kg/tree). Statistical analysis revealed that among species
Eucalyptus hybrid has highly statistically significant than other two species whereas
Acacia auriculiformis and Cassia siamea are at par to each other. Among sub zones,
zone V has highly significant from zone IV and VI. Similarly, zone IV and VI are at
par to each other.
160
Table 4.38: Potassium content in bole of four years tree species in different agro
Potassium content in bole (kg/tree)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 1.59 1.58 1.55 1.57
Mean 1.59 1.60 1.57 1.59
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 1.231
161
Fig. 4.38: Potassium content in bole of four years tree
species
1.62
1.60
Potassium content (kg/tree)
1.58
1.56
1.54
1.52
1.50
4.9.12 Potassium content in branch of four years tree species
The potassium content in branch of tree species Acacia auriculiformis,
data has indicated that the maximum potassium contents in branch obtained by
whereas the minimum in Cassia siamea (0.73 kg/tree). Among the sub zones, the
maximum potassium contents in branch was found in sub zone V (0.79 kg/tree)
whereas sub zone IV and sub zone VI have obtained 0.75 kg/tree. Statistical analysis
revealed that among species Eucalyptus hybrid has highly statistically significant
than other two species whereas Acacia auriculiformis has significant than Cassia
siamea. Among sub zones, zone V has highly significant from zone IV and VI.
Similarly, zone IV and VI are at par to each other.
162
Table 4.39: Potassium content in branch of four years tree species in different
Potassium content in branch (kg/tree)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 0.72 0.76 0.72 0.73
Mean 0.75 0.79 0.75 0.76
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 3.061
163
Fig. 4.39: Potassium content in branch of four years
tree species
0.82
0.80
0.78
0.76
0.74
0.72
0.70
0.68
0.66
Zone- IV Zone- V Zone- VI
Agro climatic zone
4.9.13 Potassium content in leaves of four years tree species
The potassium content in leaves of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia
indicated that the maximum potassium contents in leaves obtained by Eucalyptus
minimum in Cassia siamea (1.52 kg/tree). Among the sub zones, the maximum
potassium contents in leaves was found in sub zone V (1.61 kg/tree) followed by sub
zone IV (1.59 kg/tree) and the least has found in sub zone VI (1.55 kg/tree).
Statistical analysis revealed that among species Eucalyptus hybrid has highly
statistically significant than other two species whereas Acacia auriculiformis has
significant than Cassia siamea. Among sub zones, zone V has highly significant
from zone IV and VI. Similarly, zone IV is significant from zone VI.
164
Table 4.40: Potassium content in leaves of four years tree species in different
Potassium content in leaves (kg/tree)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 1.53 1.55 1.49 1.52
Mean 1.59 1.61 1.55 1.58
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 2.164
165
Fig. 4.40: Potassium content in leaves of four years
tree species
1.70
1.65
1.60
1.55
1.50
1.45
1.40
1.35
4.9.14 Potassium content in twig of four years tree species
The potassium content in twig of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia
indicated that the maximum potassium contents in twig obtained by Eucalyptus
minimum in Cassia siamea (0.85 kg/tree). Among the sub zones, the maximum
potassium contents in twig was found in sub zone IV (0.93 kg/tree) followed by sub
zone V (0.92 kg/tree) and the least in sub zone VI (0.88 kg/tree). Statistical analysis
revealed that among species Eucalyptus hybrid has statistically significant than other
two species whereas Acacia auriculiformis has significant than Cassia siamea.
Among sub zones, zone IV and zone V are at par to each other whereas it is
166
Table 4.41: Potassium content in twig of four years tree species in different agro
Potassium content in twig (kg/tree)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 0.91 0.85 0.80 0.85
Mean 0.93 0.92 0.88 0.91
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 2.968
167
Fig. 4.41: Potassium content in twig of four years tree
species
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
4.9.15 Total potassium content in twig of four years tree species
The total potassium content of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia
indicated that the maximum total potassium contents obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid
minimum in Cassia siamea (4.68 kg/tree). Among the sub zones, the maximum total
potassium contents was found in sub zone V (4.91 kg/tree) followed by sub zone IV
(4.86 kg/tree) and the least total potassium contents has found in sub zone VI (4.75
kg/tree). Statistical analysis revealed that among species Eucalyptus hybrid has
significant than Cassia siamea. Among sub zones, zone V has highly significant than
other two zone whereas zone IV is significant than zone VI.
168
Bharadwaj et al. (2001) observed that potassium was in tune of 895.7 kg/ha
at closest spacing and 811.9 kg/ha at wider spacing, respectively. Potassium
retention in branch, bole and aboveground biomass showed decreasing trend with
increase in spacing.
169
Table 4.42: Total Potassium content of four years tree species in different agro
Total Potassium content (kg/tree)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 4.74 4.74 4.55 4.68
Mean 4.86 4.91 4.75 4.84
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 1.174
170
Fig. 4.42: Total Potassium content of four years tree
species
5.10
5.00
Total Potassium content (kg/tree)
4.90
4.80
4.70
4.60
4.50
4.40
4.30
4.20
4.10 ASH
4.10.1 Ash content of bole in four years tree species
The ash content of bole of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia siamea
indicated that the maximum ash contents of bole obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid
(1.54%) followed by Acacia auriculiformis (1.24%) whereas the minimum obtained
by Cassia siamea (1.14%). Among the sub zones, the maximum ash contents of bole
was found in sub zone IV (1.32%) followed by sub zone V (1.31%) and the least in
sub zone VI (1.29%). Statistical analysis revealed that all species are non significant.
Among sub zones, zone IV has significant than zone V and zone VI whereas zone V
is significant than zone VI.
171
Table 4.43: Ash content of bole in four years tree species in different agro
Ash content (%) of bole

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 1.13 1.16 1.12 1.14
Mean 1.32 1.31 1.29 1.30
S.Em (±) CD 5%
Tree species 0.015 NS
CV% 3.533
172
Fig. 4.43: Ash content (%) of bole in four years tree species
1.60
1.40
1.20
Ash content (%)
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
4.10.2 Ash content of branch in four years tree species
The ash content of branch of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia
indicated that the maximum ash contents of branch obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid
by Cassia siamea (0.94%). Among the sub zones, the maximum ash contents of
branch was found in sub zone IV (1.11%) followed by sub zone V and sub zone VI
(1.09%). Statistical analysis revealed that Eucalyptus hybrid has significant than
other two species whereas Acacia auriculiformis has significant than Cassia siamea.
All sub zones are non significant to each others.
173
Table 4.44: Ash content (%) of branch in four years tree species in different
Ash content (%) of branch

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.94
Mean 1.11 1.09 1.09 1.10
S.Em (±) CD 5%
Agro climatic sub zone 0.015 NS
CV% 4.063
174
Fig. 4.44: Ash content (%) of branch in four years tree
species
1.40
1.20
1.00
Ash content (%)
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
4.10.3 Ash contents of leaf and twig in four years tree species
The ash contents of leaf and twig of tree species Acacia auriculiformis,
data has indicated that the maximum ash contents of leaf and twig obtained by
Eucalyptus hybrid (1.05%) followed by Acacia auriculiformis (0.95%) whereas the
minimum ash contents of leaf and twig, obtained by Cassia siamea (0.85%). Among
the sub zones, the maximum ash contents of leaf and twig was observed in sub zone
V and sub zone VI (0.96%) followed by sub zone IV (0.93%). Statistical analysis
revealed that Eucalyptus hybrid has significant than other two species whereas
and zone VI are at par whereas zone IV has shows significant.
175
Table 4.45: Ash content of leaf and twig in four years tree species in different
Ash content (%) of leaf and twig

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 0.83 0.86 0.86 0.85
Mean 0.93 0.96 0.96 0.95
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 1.968
176
Fig. 4.45: Ash content (%) of leaf and twig in four years
tree species
1.20
1.00
0.80
Ash content (%)
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
4.10.4 Ash content of bark in four years tree species
The ash content of bark of three tree species viz. Acacia auriculiformis,
Cassia siamea and Eucalyptus hybrid in three different agroclimatic sub zones IV, V
and VI of zone VII of Jharkhand is presented in Table 4.46 and Figure 4.46. Perusal
of data has indicated that the maximum ash contents of bark obtained by Eucalyptus
hybrid (1.28%) followed by Acacia auriculiformis (1.07%) whereas the minimum in
Cassia siamea (0.96%). Among the sub zones, the maximum ash contents of bark
was found in sub zone V (1.11%) followed by sub Zone VI (1.10%) and the
minimum in sub zone IV (1.09). Statistical analysis revealed that Eucalyptus hybrid
has significant than other two species whereas Acacia auriculiformis has significant
than Cassia siamea. All sub zones are non significant.
177
Table 4.46: Ash content of bark in four years tree species in different agro
Ash content (%) of bark

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 0.96 0.97 0.95 0.96
Mean 1.09 1.11 1.10 1.10
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 2.547
Fig. 4.46: Ash content (%) of bark in four years tree

species
1.40
1.20
1.00
Ash content (%)
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
178
4.10.5 Ash content of root in four years tree species
The ash content of root of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia siamea
and Eucalyptus hybrid. in different agro climatic sub zones IV, V and VI of zone
indicated that the maximum ash contents of root obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid
by Cassia siamea (1.04%). Among the sub zones, all sub zones has same percentage
of ash contents i.e. 1.20%. Statistical analysis revealed that Eucalyptus hybrid has
significant than other two species whereas Acacia auriculiformis has significant than
Cassia siamea. All sub zones are non significant.
179
Table 4.47: Ash content of root in four years tree species in different agro
Ash content (%) of root

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 1.03 1.04 1.06 1.04
Mean 1.21 1.20 1.20 1.20
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 3.851
180
Fig. 4.47: Ash content (%) of root in four years tree
species
1.60
1.40
1.20
Ash content (%)
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
4.10.6 Above ground ash content in four years tree species
The above ground ash content of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia
indicated that the maximum above ground ash contents obtained by Eucalyptus
hybrid (1.29%) followed by Acacia auriculiformis (1.08%) whereas the minimum
Cassia siamea (0.97%). Among the sub zones, sub zone V has maximum ash
contents (1.12%) whereas sub zone IV and sub zone VI has same percentage of ash
contents i.e. 1.11%. Statistical analysis revealed that Eucalyptus hybrid has
significant than other two species whereas Acacia auriculiformis has significant than
Cassia siamea. All sub zones are non significant.
181
Table 4.48: Above ground ash content in four years tree species in different
Above ground ash content (%)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 0.97 0.98 0.97 0.97
Mean 1.11 1.12 1.11 1.11
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 1.976
Fig. 4.48: Above ground ash content (%) in four years

tree species
1.40
1.20
Above ground ash content (%)
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
182
4.10.7 Total ash content in four years tree species
The total ash content of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia siamea
indicated that the maximum total ash contents obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid
(1.32%) followed by Acacia auriculiformis (1.09%) whereas the minimum in Cassia
siamea (0.99%). All sub zones have same percentage of total ash contents i.e. 1.13%.
Statistical analysis revealed that Eucalyptus hybrid has significant than other two
species whereas Acacia auriculiformis is significant than Cassia siamea. All sub
zones are non significant.
183
Table 4.49: Total ash content in four years tree species in different agro climatic
Total ash content (%)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99
Mean 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.13
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 2.226
Fig. 4.49: Total ash content (%) in four years tree

species
1.40
1.20
Total ash content (%)
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
184
4.11 CRUDE FIBRE
4.11.1 Crude fibre content in bole in four years tree species
The crude fibre content of bole of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia
indicated that the maximum crude fibre contents in bole obtained by Eucalyptus
hybrid (26.71%) followed by Acacia auriculiformis (21.10%) whereas the minimum
obtained by Cassia siamea (20.07%). Among sub zones, maximum crude fibre
contents in bole was obtained in sub zone V (23.28%) followed by sub zone VI
(22.31%) whereas the minimum was observed in sub zone IV (22.29%). Statistical
analysis revealed that Eucalyptus hybrid has significant than other two species
whereas Acacia auriculiformis has significant than Cassia siamea. All sub zones are
non significant.
185
Table 4.50: Crude fibre content of bole in four years tree species in different
Crude fibre content (%) of bole

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 20.05 20.75 19.42 20.07
Mean 22.29 23.28 22.31 22.62
S.Em (±) CD 5%
Tree species X Agro climatic sub zone 0.636 NS
CV% 4.871
186
Fig. 4.50: Crude fibre content (%) of bole in four years
tree species
30.00
25.00
Crude fibre content (%)
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
4.11.2 Crude fibre content in branch in four years tree species
The crude fibre content of branch of tree species Acacia auriculiformis,
data has indicated that the maximum crude fibre contents in branch obtained by
Acacia auriculiformis (45.76%) followed by Eucalyptus hybrid (43.53%) whereas
the minimum obtained by Cassia siamea (39.88%). Among sub zones, maximum
crude fibre contents in branch was obtained in sub zone V (44.13%) followed by sub
zone VI (42.77%) whereas minimum was observed in sub zone IV (42.25%).
Statistical analysis revealed that Acacia auriculiformis has significant than other two
species whereas Eucalyptus hybrid has significant than Cassia siamea. All sub zones
are non significant.
187
Table 4.51: Crude fibre content of branch in four years tree species in different
Crude fibre content (%) of branch

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 37.55 41.08 41.00 39.88
Mean 42.77 44.13 42.25 43.05
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 10.457
188
Fig. 4.51: Crude fibre content (%) of branch in four years
tree species
50.00
45.00
40.00
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
4.11.3 Crude fibre content in leaf and twig in four years tree species
The crude fibre content of leaf and twig of tree species Acacia auriculiformis,
Cassia siamea and Eucalyptus hybrid in different agroclimatic sub zones IV, V and
data has indicated that the maximum crude fibre contents in leaf and twig obtained
by Eucalyptus hybrid (26.91%) followed by Cassia siamea (21.50%) whereas the
minimum obtained by Acacia auriculiformis (20.88%). Among sub zones, maximum
crude fibre contents in leaf and twig was obtained in sub zone IV (23.53%) followed
by sub zone V (23.24%) whereas minimum in sub zone IV (22.52%). Statistical
analysis revealed that Acacia auriculiformis has significant than other two species
whereas Eucalyptus hybrid has significant than Cassia siamea. All sub zones are non
significant.
189
Table 4.52: Crude fibre content of leaf and twig in four years tree species in
Crude fibre content (%) of leaf and twig

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 21.52 21.25 21.73 21.50
Mean 23.53 23.24 22.52 23.10
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 8.442
190
Fig. 4.52: Crude fibre content (%) of leaf and twig in four
years tree species
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
4.11.4 Crude fibre content in bark in four years tree species
The crude fibre content of bark of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia
indicated that the maximum crude fibre contents in bark obtained by Acacia
auriculiformis (18.57%) followed by Cassia siamea (17.82%) whereas the minimum
obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid (3.83%). Among sub zones, maximum crude fibre
contents in bark were obtained in sub zone V (13.91%) followed by sub zone VI
(13.40%) whereas minimum in sub zone IV (12.92%). Statistical analysis revealed
that Acacia auriculiformis has significant than other two species whereas Cassia
siamea has significant than Eucalyptus hybrid. All sub zones are non significant.
191
Table 4.53: Crude fibre content of bark in four years tree species in different
Crude fibre content (%) of bark

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 17.26 16.09 20.13 17.82
Mean 12.92 13.91 13.40 13.41
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 23.387
192
Fig. 4.53: Crude fibre content (%) of bark in four years
tree species
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
4.11.5 Crude fibre content in root in four years tree species
The crude fibre content of root of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia
indicated that the maximum crude fibre contents in root obtained by Cassia siamea
(24.79%) followed by Acacia auriculiformis (23.58%) whereas the minimum
obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid (9.68%). Among sub zones, maximum crude fibre
contents in root were obtained in sub zone V (19.93%) followed by sub zone IV
(19.49%) whereas minimum in sub zone VI (18.63%). Statistical analysis revealed
that Cassia siamea has significant than other two species whereas Acacia
auriculiformis has significant than Eucalyptus hybrid. All sub zones are non
significant.
193
Table 4.54: Crude fibre content of root in four years tree species in different
Crude fibre content (%) of root

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 24.89 25.29 24.19 24.79
Mean 19.49 19.93 18.63 19.35
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 10.940
194
Fig. 4.54: Crude fibre content (%) of root in four years tree
species
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
Cassia siamea Eucalyptus hybrid Mean
4.11.6 Above ground crude fibre content in four years tree species
The above ground crude fibre content of tree species Acacia auriculiformis,
Cassia siamea and Eucalyptus hybrid in different agroclimatic sub zones IV, V and
data has indicated that the maximum above ground crude fibre contents obtained by
Eucalyptus hybrid (28.42%) followed by Acacia auriculiformis (25.24%) whereas
the minimum obtained by Cassia siamea (23.63%). Among sub zones, maximum
above ground crude fibre contents was obtained in sub zone V (26.40%) followed by
sub zone IV (25.45%) whereas minimum in sub zone VI (25.44%). Statistical
analysis revealed that Eucalyptus hybrid has significant than other two species
whereas Acacia auriculiformis has significant than Cassia siamea. All sub zones are
non significant.
195
Table 4.55: Above ground crude fibre content in four years tree species in
Above ground crude fibre content (%)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 23.36 24.20 23.34 23.63
Mean 25.45 26.40 25.44 25.76
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 3.530
Fig. 4.55: Above ground crude fibre content (%) in four

years tree species
30
Above ground crude fibre content (%)
25
20
15
10
0
196
4.11.7 Total crude fibre content in four years tree species
The total crude fibre content of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia
siamea and Eucalyptus hybrid. in different agroclimatic sub zones IV, V and VI of
indicated that the maximum total crude fibre contents obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid
obtained by Cassia siamea (24.15%). Among sub zones, maximum total crude fibre
contents was obtained in sub zone V (26.53%) followed by sub zone IV (25.67%)
whereas minimum in sub zone VI (25.57%). Statistical analysis revealed that
Eucalyptus hybrid has significant than other two species whereas Acacia
auriculiformis has significant than Cassia siamea. All sub zones are statistically non
significant.
197
Table 4.56: Total crude fibre content in four years tree species in different agro
Total crude fibre content (%)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 23.90 24.70 23.86 24.15
Mean 25.65 26.53 25.57 25.92
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 3.222
198
Fig. 4.56: Total crude fibre content (%) in four years tree
species
30.00
25.00
Total crude fibre content (%)
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
4.12 CALORIFIC VALUE
4.12.1 Calorific value of bole in four years tree species
The calorific value of bole of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia
indicated that the maximum calorific value of bole obtained by Acacia auriculiformis
(4804.00 kcal/kg) followed by Eucalyptus hybrid (3865.65 kcal/kg) whereas the
minimum obtained by Cassia siamea (3370.10 kcal/kg). Among the sub zones, the
maximum calorific value of bole was found in sub zone V (4062.16 kcal/kg) followed
by sub Zone IV (4016.87 kcal/kg) and the least in sub Zone VI (3960.71 kcal/kg).
Statistical analysis revealed that among species Acacia auriculiformis has statistically
significant than other two species whereas Eucalyptus hybrid has significant than
Cassia siamea. Among sub zones, sub zone V has highly significant than other two
zone whereas sub zone IV is significant than sub zone VI.
199
Table 4.57: Calorific value of bole in four years tree species in different agro
Calorific value (kcal/kg) of bole

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 3415.52 3442.88 3251.89 3370.10
Mean 4016.87 4062.16 3960.71 4013.25
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 0.978
200
Fig. 4.57: Calorific value of bole in four years tree species
5000.00
Calorific value (kcal/kg)
4500.00
4000.00
3500.00
3000.00
2500.00
2000.00
1500.00
1000.00
500.00
0.00
Agro climatic zone
4.12.2 Calorific value of branch in four years tree species
The calorific value of branch of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia
indicated that the maximum calorific value of branch obtained by Acacia
auriculiformis (4527.05 kcal/kg) followed by Eucalyptus hybrid (3523.72 kcal/kg)
whereas the minimum calorific value of branch, obtained by Cassia siamea (3130.43
kcal/kg). Among the sub zones, the maximum calorific value of branch was found in
sub zone V (3868.87 kcal/kg) followed by sub zone IV (3762.00 kcal/kg) and the
least in sub zone VI (3550.32 kcal/kg). Statistical analysis revealed that among
species Acacia auriculiformis has highly statistically significant than other two
species whereas Eucalyptus hybrid has significant than Cassia siamea. Among sub
zones, sub zone V has highly significant than other two zone whereas sub zone IV is
significant than sub zone VI.
201
Singh et al. (1982) studied the calorific values in different components of
important tree and shrub species and quantified that the leaves showed highest
values (4254 - 4759 cal/g) in all the species, except in Buchanania lanzan, in
comparison to other components (3995 - 4205 for bole; 3938 - 4185 for branch and
3934 - 4207 for root). The mean calorific values of 11 tree species in different
components were reported in decreasing order of leaf > bole > branch > root. The
ground herbaceous layer showed higher values in above ground component than
below ground component.
202
Table 4.58: Calorific value of branch in four years tree species in different agro
Calorific value (kcal/kg) of branch

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 3105.06 3205.74 3080.49 3130.43
Mean 3762.00 3868.87 3550.32 3727.06
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 2.524
203
Fig. 4.58: Calorific value of branch in four years tree
species
5000.00
4500.00
4000.00
3500.00
3000.00
2500.00
2000.00
1500.00
1000.00
500.00
0.00
4.12.3 Calorific value of leaves and twig in four years tree species
The calorific value of leaves and twig of tree species Acacia auriculiformis,
data has indicated that the maximum calorific value of leaves and twig obtained by
Acacia auriculiformis (4817.03 kcal/kg) followed by Eucalyptus hybrid (3835.25
kcal/kg) whereas the minimum obtained in Cassia siamea (3379.07 kcal/kg). Among
the sub zones, the maximum calorific value of leaves and twig was found in sub
zone V (4101.28 kcal/kg) followed by Zone sub IV (4060.15 kcal/kg) and the least
in sub Zone VI (3869.91 kcal/kg). Statistical analysis revealed that among species
Acacia auriculiformis has highly statistically significant than other two species
whereas Eucalyptus hybrid has significant than Cassia siamea. Among sub zones,
sub zone V has highly significant than other two zone whereas sub zone IV is
204
Kandya (1982) studied calorific content in nine plant parts (trunk, wood,
bark, branches, twigs, leaves, root wood, root bark, secondary and tertiary roots) of
six forest trees (Tactona grandis Linn., Terminalia tomentosa W. and A. Anogeissus
latifolia Wall., Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb., Butea monosperma (Lamk.) Taub.
and Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr.), total energy content in mature
individuals of these species, total energy content on forest area basis and dynamics
of energy in the tropical dry deciduous mixed teak forests of Sagar were enumerated
on an average 334.2 x 160 Kcal/ha of energy is present in the above ground parts of
the tree layer of their forest.
205
Table 4.59: Calorific value of leave and twig in four years tree species in
Calorific value (kcal/kg) of leave and twig

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 3522.94 3526.93 3087.33 3379.07
Mean 4060.15 4101.28 3869.91 4010.45
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 2.314
206
Fig. 4.59: Calorific value of leave and twig in four years
tree species
5000.00
4500.00
4000.00
3500.00
3000.00
2500.00
2000.00
1500.00
1000.00
500.00
0.00
Agro climatic zone
4.12.4 Calorific value of bark in four years tree species
The calorific value of bark of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia
indicated that the maximum calorific value of bark obtained by Acacia
whereas the minimum calorific value of bark, obtained by Cassia siamea (2498.50
kcal/kg). Among the sub zones, the maximum calorific value of bark was observed
in sub zone V (3422.22 kcal/kg) followed by sub zone IV (3324.61 kcal/kg) and the
least in sub zone VI (3248.44 kcal/kg). Statistical analysis revealed that among
species Acacia auriculiformis has highly statistically significant than other two
species whereas Eucalyptus hybrid is significant than Cassia siamea. Among sub
zones, sub zone V has highly significant than other two zone whereas sub zone IV is
207
Table 4.60: Calorific value of bark in four years tree species in different agro
Calorific value (kcal/kg) of bark

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 2466.90 2634.80 2393.80 2498.50
Mean 3324.61 3422.22 3248.44 3331.76
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 0.936
208
Fig. 4.60: Calorific value of bark in four years tree species
4500.00
4000.00
3500.00
3000.00
2500.00
2000.00
1500.00
1000.00
500.00
0.00
4.12.5 Calorific value of root in four years tree species
The calorific value of root of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia
has indicated that the maximum calorific value of root obtained by Acacia
whereas the minimum in Cassia siamea (3104.26 kcal/kg). Among the sub zones,
the maximum calorific value of root was observed in sub zone V (3908.84Kcal/kg)
followed by sub zone IV (3811.62 kcal/kg) and the least in sub zone VI (3621.74
kcal/kg). Statistical analysis revealed that among species Acacia auriculiformis has
highly statistically significant than other two species whereas Eucalyptus hybrid has
significant than Cassia siamea. Among sub zones, zone V has highly significant than
other two zone whereas zone IV is significant than zone VI.
209
Table 4.61: Calorific value of root in four years tree species in different agro
Calorific value (kcal/kg) of root

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 3110.36 3203.38 2999.05 3104.26
Mean 3811.62 3908.84 3621.74 3780.73
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 3.309
210
Fig. 4.61: Calorific value of root in four years tree species
5000.00
4500.00
4000.00
3500.00
3000.00
2500.00
2000.00
1500.00
1000.00
500.00
0.00
4.12.6 Total calorific value in four years tree species
The total calorific value of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia siamea
indicated that the maximum total calorific value obtained by Acacia auriculiformis
(4615.78 kcal/kg) followed by Eucalyptus hybrid (3605.70 kcal/kg) whereas the
minimum in Cassia siamea (3096.47 kcal/kg). Among the sub zones, the maximum
total calorific value was observed in sub zone V (3872.67 kcal/kg) followed by sub
zone IV (3795.05 kcal/kg) and the least in sub zone VI (3650.23 kcal/kg). Statistical
analysis revealed that among species Acacia auriculiformis is highly statistically
significant than other two species whereas Eucalyptus hybrid has significant than
Cassia siamea. Among sub zones, zone V has highly significant than other two zone
whereas zones.
211
Shrivastava and Lal (1989) observed that calorific values of most wood
species vary about 5% between them. For Eucalyptus the calorific value is between
4740 and 4800 kcal/kg. Kumar (2008) also reported that the energy value of
different component increased in the order of root< bole < phyllode < branch. The
rate of total net energy production of the six years old plantations was 4.87x10
KJ/ha/yr in 1995-96 to 4.14x10 KJ/ha/yr. in 1996-97. On increasing the age of the
plantation stand.The variation in component, net energy fixation was observed.
212
Table 4.62: Total Calorific value in four years tree species in different agro
Total Calorific value (kcal/kg)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 3124.15 3202.74 2962.51 3096.47
Mean 3795.05 3872.67 3650.23 3772.65
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 1.112
213
Fig. 4.62: Total Calorific value in four years tree species
5000.00
4500.00
4000.00
Total Calorific value (kcal/kg)
3500.00
3000.00
2500.00
2000.00
1500.00
1000.00
500.00
0.00
4.13 SOIL PROPERTIES
4.13.1 pH
pH of the soil at 0-15cm depth of the plantation area of tree species Acacia
auriculiformis, Cassia siamea and Eucalyptus hybrid in different agro climatic sub
4.63. Perusal of data has indicated that Acacia auriculiformis was obtained
maximum pH of soil (5.78) followed by Cassia siamea (5.44) whereas the minimum
in Eucalyptus hybrid (5.39). Among the sub zone, the maximum pH of soil was
observed in sub zone V (5.64) whereas zone IV and zone VI has minimum pH i.e.
5.48. Statistical analysis revealed that among species Acacia auriculiformis has
highly statistically significant than other two species. Among sub zones, zone V has
highly significant from other two zone whereas zone IV and zone VI are at par.
214
Further, it was observed that ther is an increase of 5.35% of pH in the 4 year’s old
Acacia auriculiformis plantation over control in zone V at top soil.
The soil under trees showed a trend of improvement in pH (Imayavaramban
et al., 2001).
215
Table 4.63: pH of soil under plantation in different agro climatic sub
zones of zone VII
pH of soil (0-15cm)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 5.46 5.51 5.34 5.44
Mean 5.48 5.64 5.48 5.54
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 1.137
216
Fig. 4.63 : pH of soil (0-15cm) of the plantation area
5.90
5.80
5.70
5.60
pH of soil
5.50
5.40
5.30
5.20
5.10
5.00
The pH of soil at 15-30 cm depth of the plantation area of tree species.
Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia siamea and Eucalyptus hybrid in different agro
climatic sub zones IV, V and VI of zone VII of Jharkhand is presented in Table 4.64
and Figure 4.64. Perusal of data has indicated that Acacia auriculiformis was
obtained maximum pH of soil (5.86) followed by Cassia siamea (5.48) whereas the
minimum in Eucalyptus hybrid (5.44). Among the sub zones, the maximum pH of
soil was found in sub zone V (5.70) followed by zone VI (5.55) and least pH was
obtained in zone IV (5.53). Statistical analysis revealed that among species Acacia
auriculiformis is highly statistically significant than other two species whereas
highly significant from other two zone whereas zone VI is significant than zone IV.
217
Drechsel et al. (1991) studied the effect of four multipurpose tree species
Cassia siamea, Albizzia lebbek, Acacia auriculiformis and Azadirachta indica on
acrisols in Central Togo in Germany. Litter quality and soil fertility, measured under
four species in 1990 (at 5 years old) were significantly different. Top soil pH
increased significantly with increase in litter calcium levels. Cassia siamea and
Azadirachta were superior in enriching the sandy loam top soils with Ca, and
increasing soil pH. Under, Acacia auriculiformis which has the highest biomass
production, litter accumulation appeared to be responsible for the low mineral soils
and values. In addition soil pH under, Acacia auriculiformis was lower than under
grass or bush follow or under other species.
218
Table 4.64: pH of soil under plantation in different agro climatic sub zones of
zone VII
pH of soil (15-30cm)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 5.50 5.56 5.38 5.48
Mean 5.53 5.70 5.55 5.59
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 1.114
219
Fig. 4.64: pH of soil (15-30cm) of the plantation area
6.00
5.90
5.80
5.70
5.60
pH of soil
5.50
5.40
5.30
5.20
5.10
5.00
4.8 Organic Carbon Content
The organic carbon content of soil at 0-15cm depth of the plantation area of
tree species Acacia auriculiformis,Cassia siamea and Eucalyptus hybrid in different
agro climatic sub zones IV, V and VI of zone VII of Jharkhand is presented in Table
4.65 and Figure 4.65. Perusal of data has indicated that Cassia siamea was obtained
maximum organic carbon content of soil (0.53%) followed by Acacia auriculiformis
(0.51%) whereas the minimum in Eucalyptus hybrid (0.48%). Among the sub zones,
the maximum organic carbon content of soil was observed in sub zone V (0.53%)
followed by zone VI (0.51%) and least in sub zone IV (0.48%). Statistical analysis
revealed that among species Cassia siamea has highly statistically significant than
other two species whereas Acacia auriculiformis is significant than Eucalyptus
hybrid. Among sub zones, zone V is highly significant from other two zone whereas
zone VI has significant than zone IV. Further, it was observed that there is an
220
increase of 57.14% of organic carbon in the 4 years old Cassia siamea plantation
over control in zone V at top soil.
The soil organic matter content was generally higher in different forest
vegetation at high altitude with maximum accumulation in the surface horizon. It
decreased with depth but without a definite trend (Raina and Gupta, 2009).
221
Table 4.65: Organic carbon content of soil (0-15cm) under plantation in
Organic carbon content (%) of soil (0-15cm)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 0.52 0.55 0.53 0.53
Mean 0.48 0.53 0.51 0.51
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 2.823
Fig. 4.65 : Organic carbon content (%) of soil (0-15cm) of

the plantation area
0.60
Organic carbon content (%) of soil
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
222
The organic carbon content of soil at 15-30cm depth of the plantation area of
tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia siamea and Eucalyptus hybrid. in
different agro climatic sub zones IV, V and VI of zone VII of Jharkhand is presented
in Table 4.66 and Figure 4.66. Perusal of data has indicated that Cassia simea was
obtained maximum organic carbon content of soil (0.48%) followed by Acacia
auriculiformis (0.47%) whereas the minimum organic carbon content of soil
obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid (0.44%). Among the sub zone, the maximum organic
carbon content of soil was observed in sub zone V (0.48%) followed by zone VI
(0.47%) and least was obtained in zone IV (0.45%). Statistical analysis revealed that
among species Cassia siamea has highly statistically significant than other two
species, whereas Acacia auriculiformis is significant than Eucalyptus hybrid. Among
sub zones, zone V has highly significant from other two zone whereas sub zone VI is
significant than zone IV.
Chakravorty et al. (1989) investigated the effect of 2-4 years old Acacia
auriculiformis plantation of soil properties in Tripura. It was observed a remarkable
improvement in the soil properties. Soil colour changed from light yellowish brown
to brown. Soil pH was increased from acidic (5.9) in control area to slightly alkaline
(7.6), Organic Carbon, Nitrogen and Potassium contents also showed an increasing
trend.
223
Table 4.66: Organic carbon content of soil (15-30cm) under plantation in
Organic carbon content (%) of soil (15-30cm)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 0.47 0.50 0.49 0.48
Mean 0.45 0.48 0.47 0.47
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 2.797
224
Fig. 4.66: Organic carbon content (%) of soil (15-30cm)
of the plantation area
0.50
0.48
Organic carbon content (%)
0.46
0.44
0.42
0.40
0.38
0.36
4.10 Available nitrogen
The available nitrogen (kg/ha) of soil at 0-15cm. depth of the plantation area
of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia siamea and Eucalyptus hybrid in
different agro climatic sub zones IV, V and VI of zone VII of Jharkhand is presented
in Table 4.67 and Figure 4.67. Perusal of data has indicated that Cassia siamea was
obtained maximum available nitrogen of soil (307.52 kg/ha) followed by Acacia
auriculiformis (298.67 kg/ha) whereas the minimum available nitrogen of soil
obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid (289.44 kg/ha). Among the sub zones, the maximum
available nitrogen of soil was obsreved in zone V (323.89 kg/ha) followed by zone
IV (287.22 kg/ha) and least available nitrogen was obtained in zone VI (284.44
225
kg/ha). Statistical analysis revealed that among species Cassia siamea has highly
significant than Eucalyptus hybrid. Among sub zones, zone V is highly significant
from other two zones whereas sub zone IV and VI are at par. So there is an increase
of 27.21% of available nitrogen in Cassia siamea plantation over control in sub zone
V of Zone VII.
Table 4.67: Available nitrogen of soil at 0-15 cm under plantation in different
Available nitrogen (kg/ha) of soil (0-15cm)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 308.33 325.67 288.33 307.44
Mean 287.22 323.89 284.44 298.52
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 2.689
226
Fig. 4.67 : Available nitrogen of soil at 0-15 cm of the
plantation area
350.00
300.00
Available nitrogen (kg/ha) of soil
250.00
200.00
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.00
The available nitrogen of soil at 15-30cm. depth of the plantation area of tree
species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia siamea and Eucalyptus hybrid in different
4.68 and Figure 4.68. Perusal of data has indicated that at sub- surface (15-30cm).
Cassia siamea was obtained maximum available nitrogen of soil (277.78 kg/ha)
followed by Acacia auriculiformis (267.78 kg/ha). This reflects similar trends in sub
surface of the soil also statistically. The soil under trees showed a trend of
improvement in fertility inrichment of available nutrient status (Imayavaramban et
al.2001). Among the sub zone, the maximum available nitrogen of soil was observed
in zone V (291.11 kg/ha) followed by zone VI (258.00 kg/ha) and least in zone IV
(256.67 kg/ha). Statistical analysis revealed that among species Cassia siamea has
highly statistically significant than other two species whereas Acacia auriculiformis
has significant than Eucalyptus hybrid. Among sub zones, zone V has highly
significant from other two zones whereas sub zone IV and zone VI are at par.
227
Leguminus trees are potential source of fuel, hard wood and other uses which
equals that fast growing non-leguminus trees (Brewbaker et. al., 1982). The nitrogen
fixing tree species are a particular interest due to their abilty to support by nitrogen
fixation to raise the fertility and nutrient pool of poor soil (Falker and Banduraski,
1979).
228
Table 4.68: Available nitrogen of soil (15-30cm) under plantation in different
Available nitrogen (kg/ha) of soil (15-30cm)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 276.67 295.00 261.67 277.78
Mean 256.67 291.11 258.00 268.59
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 2.501
229
Table 4.68 : Available nitrogen of soil (15-30cm) of the
plantation area
300.00
Available nitrogen (kg/ha) of soil
250.00
200.00
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.00
Agri climatic sub zone
4.12 Available phosphorus
The available phosphorus of soil at 0-15cm. depth of the plantation area of
tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia siamea and Eucalyptus hybrid in different
4.69 and Figure 4.69. Perusal of data has indicated that Acacia auriculiformis was
obtained maximum available phosphorus of soil (17.27 kg/ha) followed by
Eucalyptus hybrid (16.63 kg/ha) whereas the minimum in Cassia siamea (16.09
kg/ha). So there is an increase of 16.65% of available phosphorus in Acacia
auriculiformis plantation over control in sub zone V. Among the sub zones, the
maximum available phosphorus of soil was found in sub zone V (22.77kg/ha)
followed by sub zone IV (16.85 kg/ha) and least available phosphorus was obtained
230
in sub zone VI (10.38 kg/ha). Statistical analysis revealed that among species Acacia
auriculiformis has highly statistically significant than other two species whereas
Eucalyptus hybrid has significant than Cassia siamea. Among sub zones, zone V is
highly significant from other two zones.
Ponnabalam et al. (2001) studied the reclamation of limestone mine dump
through plantation of Acacia auriculiformis, A. holoseriecea, A. mellifera,
Azadirachta indica, Delonix regia and Eucalyptus tereticornis at Coimbatore. As per
their results A. auriculiformis and A. holoseriecea improved soil fertility appreciably
as compared to other species.
Table 4.69: Available phosphorus of soil (0-15cm) under plantation in different
Available phosphorus (kg/ha) of soil (0-15cm)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 15.60 22.37 10.30 16.09
Mean 16.85 22.77 10.38 16.66
S.Em (±) CD 5%
231
CV% 2.386
Fig. 4.69 : Available phosphorus of soil at 0-15 cm of the

plantation area
25.00
Available phosphorus (kg/ha) of soil
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
The available phosphorus of soil at 15-30 depth of the plantation area of tree
species Acacia auriculiformis,Cassia siamea and Eucalyptus hybrid in different
4.70 and Figure 4.70. Perusal of data has indicated that Acacia auriculiformis had
obtained maximum available phosphorus of soil (16.12 kg/ha) followed by
Eucalyptus hybrid (15.61 kg/ha) whereas the minimum available phosphorus of soil
obtained by Cassia siamea (15.30 kg/ha). Among the sub zones, the maximum
available phosphorus of soil was observed in sub zone V (21.78 kg/ha) followed by
sub zone IV (15.40 kg/ha) and least in sub zone VI (9.86 kg/ha). Statistical analysis
232
revealed that among species Acacia auriculiformis is highly statistically significant
than other two species whereas Eucalyptus hybrid is significant than Cassia siamea.
Among sub zones, zone V has highly significant from other two zones whereas sub
zone IV is significant than zone VI.
Imayavaramban et al. (2001) studied the fertility enrichment of soil under
Leucaena leucocephala plantation in Annamalai University Experimental Farm
during 1994-1999. The experimental soil was clayey with saline reaction (pH=8.38)
and EC (5.37 dsm-1) and low organic carbon content (0.38%). The available nutrient
status was 142.36, 9.42 and 115.16 N, P2O5 and K2O kg ha-1 respectively. The crop
was planted during January, 1994 at a spacing of 2 m x 2 m. The trees were grown
for a period of six years and biannual biometric observations were recorded. The soil
samples were collected at the start of the experiment and after five years of
plantation. The results of the experiments indicated that the plant height and girth of
the tree were significantly increased with the application of nitrogen. The pH and EC
were reduced by the Leucaena leucocephala planting to the level of 7.62 and 1.98
dsm-1, respectively. The fertility of the soil was significantly enhanced as reflected
by increased organic carbon content of 0.64% and available N, P2O5 and K2O status
of 187.31, 12.14 and 154.08 kg ha-1 respectively.
233
Table 4.70: Available phosphorus of soil (15-30cm) of the plantation area in
Available phosphorus (kg/ha) of soil (15-30cm)

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 14.63 21.57 9.70 15.30
Mean 15.40 21.78 9.86 15.68
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 1.766
Fig. 4.70: Available phosphorus of soil (15-30cm) of the

plantation area
25.00
Available phosphorus (kg/ha) of soil
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
234
4.14 Available potassium
The available potassium of soil at 0-15cm depth of the plantation area of tree
species Acacia auriculiformis,Cassia siamea and Eucalyptus hybrid in different agro
climatic sub zones IV, V and VI of zone VII of Jharkhand is presented in Table 4.71
and Figure 4.71. Perusal of data has indicated that Acacia auriculiformis was
obtained maximum available potassium of soil (162.97 kg/ha) followed by
Eucalyptus hybrid (156.83 kg/ha) whereas the minimum in Cassia siamea (153.81
kg/ha). Among the sub zones, the maximum available potassium of soil was
observed in sub zone V (169.13 kg/ha) followed by zone IV (155.73 kg/ha) and least
in sub zone VI (148.74 kg/ha). Statistical analysis revealed that among species
Acacia auriculiformis is highly statistically significant than other two species,
whereas Eucalyptus hybrid has significant than Cassia siamea. Among sub zones,
zone V is highly significant from other two zone whereas sub zone IV is significant
than zone VI.
235
Table 4.71: Available potassium of soil at 0-15cm depth of the plantation area in
Available potassium (kg/ha) of soil at 0-15cm

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 154.87 161.43 145.13 153.81
Mean 155.73 169.13 148.74 157.87
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 1.327
Fig. 4.71 : Available potassium of soil at 0-15 cm of the

plantation area
180.00
Available potassium (kg/ha) of soil
160.00
140.00
120.00
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
236
The available potassium of soil at 15-30cm depth of the plantation area of
tree species Acacia auriculiformis,Cassia siamea and Eucalyptus hybrid in different
agroclimatic sub zones IV, V and VI of zone VII of Jharkhand is presented in Table
4.72 and Figure 4.72. Perusal of data has indicated that Acacia auriculiformis had
obtained maximum available potassium of soil (161.69 kg/ha) followed by
Eucalyptus hybrid (155.12 kg/ha) whereas the minimum available potassium of soil
obtained by Cassia siamea (152.77 kg/ha). Among the sub zones, the maximum
available potassium of soil was observed sub zone V (167.83 kg/ha) followed by
zone IV (154.01 kg/ha) and least sub zone VI (147.74 kg/ha). Statistical analysis
revealed that among species Acacis auriculiformis is highly statistically significant
than other two species whereas Eucalyptus hybrid has significant than Cassia
siamea. Among sub zones, zone V is highly significant from other two zones
whereas sub zone IV has significant than zone VI and sub zone IV Aand VI are at
par.
This reflects similar trends in sub surface of soil statically. In ash, the ash
element composition of plants obtained under condition of physical modeling in
evolutionary pedogrnic process (Mukhomorov and Anikina, 2009). However, the
effect of crop rotations leads to an intermittant change in the dynamics of the ash
composition of plant tissues (Mukhomorov and Anikina, 2011).
237
Table 4.73: Available potassium of soil at 15-30cm depth of the plantation area in
Available potassium (kg/ha) of soil at 15-30cm

Mean
IV V VI
Cassia siamea 153.87 160.50 143.93 152.77
Mean 154.01 167.83 147.74 156.53
S.Em (±) CD 5%
CV% 2.321
238
Fig. 4.72: Available potassium of soil (15-30cm) of the
the plantation area
180.00
160.00
Available potassium (kg/ha) of soil
140.00
120.00
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
239
4.14 Economics of the energy plantation of sub zone IV
The economics of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia siamea and
Eucalyptus hybrid in agro climatic sub zone IV of zone VII of Jharkhand is presented
in Table 4.73 and Figure 4.73. Perusal of data has indicated that the cost of plantation
was maximum in Acacia auriculiformis (₹73122/-) but the maximum net profit was
gain in Eucalyptus hybrid (₹308000/-). However, maximum benefit cost ratio was
found in Eucalyptus hybrid (3.71) followed by Cassia siamea (3.02) whereas the
minimum was found in Acacia auriculiformis (2.85).
Table 4.73: Economics of the energy plantation of different tree species of sub
zone IV
Cost of Total Net
Benefit cost
Species plantation income profit
ratio
(in ₹) (in ₹) (in ₹)
Acacia auriculiformis 73122 281333 201211 2.85
Cassia siamea 70254 282667 212413 3.02
Eucalyptus hybrid 65324 308000 242676 3.71
Fig. 4.73 : Economics of the energy plantation of zone

IV
350000
300000
250000
Amount in Rs.
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
Cost of plantation (in Total income (in Rs.) Net profit (in Rs.)
Rs.)
Economics of plantation
240
4.15 Economics of the energy plantation of sub zone V
The economics of tree species Acacia auriculiformis,Cassia siamea and
Eucalyptus hybrid in agro climatic sub zone of zone VII of Jharkhand is presented
in Table 4.74 and Figure 4.74. Perusal of data has indicated that the cost of
plantation was maximum in Acacia auriculiformis (₹76358/-) but the maximum net
profit was gain in Eucalyptus hybrid (₹330667/-). So maximum benefit cost ratio
was found in Eucalyptus hybrid (4.15) followed by Acacia auriculiformis (3.16)
whereas the minimum benefit cost ratio was found in Cassia siamea (2.97).
zone V
Cost of Total Net

Benefit cost
ratio
(in ₹) (in ₹) (in ₹)
Cassia siamea 71954 285333 213379 2.97
Fig. 4.74 : Economics of the energy plantation of zone V
350000
300000
250000
Amount in Rs.
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
Cost of plantation (in Total income (in Rs.) Net profit (in Rs.)
Rs.)
Economics of plantation
241
4.16 Economics of the energy plantation of sub zone VI
The economics of tree species Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia siamea and
Eucalyptus hybrid in agro climatic sub zone VI of zone VII of Jharkhand is presented
in Table 4.75 and Figure 4.75. Perusal of data has indicated that the cost of plantation
was maximum in Acacia auriculiformis (₹81487/-) but the maximum net profit was
gain in Eucalyptus hybrid (₹249180/-). However, maximum benefit cost ratio was
found in Eucalyptus hybrid (3.48) followed by Cassia siamea (3.22) whereas the
minimum was found in Acacia auriculiformis (3.06).
Fraser et al. (1976) had established the minimum area for energy plantations
to be about 12,800 ha if the productivity is 20 ton per ha per annum, and 10,240 ha if
the productivity is 25 tons per ha per annum. A similar work-out for a tropical country
like ours would be smaller, though not less than 6,000 to 8,000 ha. It may however,
not be possible to mobilize such large areas in single units, nevertheless, in localities,
having substantial area available for plantations, it should be possible to have few
larger blocks close enough for convenient operation as a single production unit.
zone VI
Cost of Total Net

Benefit cost
ratio
(in ₹) (in ₹) (in ₹)
Cassia siamea 73647 310667 237020 3.22
242
Fig. 4.75: Economics of the energy plantation of
zone VI
350000
300000
250000
Amount in Rs.
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
Cost of plantation Total income (in Net profit (in Rs.)
(in Rs.) Rs.)
Ecomonics of plantation
243
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The present study was conducted on three tree species viz. Acacia
auriculiformis, Cassia siamea and Eucalyptus hybrid in three different sub zones IV,
V and VI of agro climatic zone VII of Jharkhand under the title “Growth and
Biomass Production of Energy Plantation Tree Species in Agro Climatic Zones of
Jharkhand”. The results obtained for each parameter have been summarised as given
below:
 Eucalyptus hybrid has maximum survival, growth (height and diameter)
(79.89%) followed by Acacia auriculiformis (75.78%) and the less survival
in growth were found in Cassia siamea (72.11%). Among the sub zone the
maximum height was found in sub zone V (7.72m) followed by sub zone VI
(7.64 m) and the least height found in sub zone IV (6.63 m). Eucalyptus
hybrid was obtained maximum volume (7.60 cu.m) followed by Acacia
auriculiformis (0.98 cu.m.) whereas the minimum volume obtained by
Cassia siamea (0.59 cu.m.)
 The maximum fresh biomass of bole obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid (251.79
kg/tree) followed by Acacia auriculiformis (167.32 kg/tree) whereas the
minimum fresh biomass of bole, obtained by Cassia siamea (154.19 kg/tree).
Among the sub zones, the maximum fresh biomass of bole was found in sub
zone V (194.83 kg/tree) followed by sub zone IV (191.93 kg/tree) and the
least fresh biomass of bole found in sub zone VI (186.54 kg/tree).
244
 The maximum above ground fresh biomass and dry biomass obtained by
Eucalyptus hybrid (294.23 kg/tree) followed by Acacia auriculiformis
(232.57 kg/tree) whereas the minimum above ground fresh biomass, obtained
by Cassia siamea (216.37 kg/tree). Among the sub zones, the maximum
above ground fresh biomass was found in sub zone V (255.55 kg/tree)
followed by sub zone IV (247.59 kg/tree) and the least above ground fresh
biomass found in sub zone VI (240.04 kg/tree).
 The maximum dry biomass of root obtained by Acacia auriculiformis (5.70
kg/tree) followed by Cassia siamea (4.67 kg/tree) whereas the minimum dry
biomass of root, obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid (2.70 kg/tree). Among the
sub zones, the maximum dry biomass of root was found in sub zone V (4.60
kg/tree) followed by sub zone IV (4.33 kg/tree) and the least dry biomass of
root found in sub zone VI (4.15 kg/tree).
 The maximum carbon sequestration of bole obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid
(31.56 kgC/tree/year) followed by Acacia auriculiformis (16.76
kgC/tree/year) whereas the minimum carbon sequestration of bole, obtained
by Cassia siamea (14.72 kgC/tree/year). Among the sub zones, the maximum
carbon sequestration of bole was found in sub zone V (22.07 kgC/tree/year)
followed by sub zone IV (20.75 kgC/tree/year) and the least carbon
sequestration of bole has found in sub zone VI (20.22 kgC/tree/year).
 The maximum carbon sequestration of root obtained by Acacia
auriculiformis (2.62 kgC/tree/year) followed by Cassia siamea (2.14
kgC/tree/year) whereas the minimum carbon sequestration of root, obtained
by Eucalyptus hybrid (1.24 kgC/tree/year). Among the sub zones, the
245
maximum carbon sequestration of root was found in sub zone V (2.11
kgC/tree/year) followed by sub zone IV (1.99 kgC/tree/year) and the least
carbon sequestration of root has found in sub zone VI (1.90 kgC/tree/year).
 The maximum total carbon sequestration obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid
(40.20 kgC/tree/year) followed by Acacia auriculiformis
(30.04kgC/tree/year) whereas the minimum total carbon sequestration,
obtained by Cassia siamea (26.05 kgC/tree/year). Among the sub zones, the
maximum total carbon sequestration was found in sub zone V (33.93
kgC/tree/year) followed by sub zone IV (31.67 kgC/tree/year) and the least
total carbon sequestration has found in sub zone VI (30.69 kgC/tree/year).
 The maximum nitrogen contents in bole obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid (1.95
minimum nitrogen contents in bole, obtained by Cassia siamea (1.61
kg/tree). Among the sub zones, the maximum nitrogen contents in bole was
found in sub zone V (1.84 kg/tree) followed by sub zone IV (1.81 kg/tree)
and the least nitrogen contents in bole found in sub zone VI (1.68 kg/tree).
 The maximum total nitrogen contents obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid (5.89
minimum total nitrogen contents, obtained by Cassia siamea (4.40 kg/tree).
Among the sub zones, the maximum total nitrogen contents was found in sub
zone V (5.33 kg/tree) followed by sub zone IV (5.20 kg/tree) and the least
total nitrogen contents found in sub zone VI (4.86 kg/tree).
246
 The maximum ash contents of bole obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid (1.54%)
followed by Acacia auriculiformis (1.24%) whereas the minimum ash
contents of bole, obtained by Cassia siamea (1.14%). Among the sub zones,
the maximum ash contents of bole was found in sub zone IV (1.32%)
followed by sub zone V (1.31%) and the least ash contents of bole has found
in sub zone VI (1.29%).
 The maximum above ground ash contents obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid
above ground ash contents, obtained by Cassia siamea (0.97%). Among the
sub zones, sub zone V has maximum ash contents (1.12%) whereas sub zone
IV and sub zone VI has same percentage of ash contents i.e. 1.11%.
 The maximum crude fibre contents in bole obtained by Eucalyptus hybrid
crude fibre contents in bole, obtained by Cassia siamea (20.07%). Among
sub zones, maximum crude fibre contents in bole was obtained in sub zone V
(23.28%) followed by sub zone VI (22.31%) whereas the minimum crude
fibre contents in bole was found in sub zone IV (22.29%).
 The maximum calorific value of bole obtained by Acacia auriculiformis
(4804.00 kcal/kg) followed by Eucalyptus hybrid (3865.65 kcal/kg) whereas
the minimum calorific value of bole, obtained by Cassia siamea (3370.10
kcal/kg). Among the sub zones, the maximum calorific value of bole was
found in sub zone V (4062.16 kcal/kg) followed by sub zone IV (4016.87
kcal/kg) and the least calorific value of bole has found in sub zone VI
(3960.71 kcal/kg).
247
 The maximum calorific value of root obtained by Acacia auriculiformis
the minimum calorific value of root obtained by Cassia siamea (3104.26
kcal/kg). Among the sub zones, the maximum calorific value of root was
found in sub zone V (3908.84 kcal/kg) followed by sub zone IV (3811.62
kcal/kg) and the least calorific value of root has found in sub zone VI
(3621.74 kcal/kg).
 The maximum total calorific value obtained by Acacia auriculiformis
the minimum total calorific value obtained by Cassia siamea (3096.47
kcal/kg). Among the sub zones, the maximum total calorific value was found
in sub zone V (3872.67 kcal/kg) followed by sub zone IV (3795.05 kcal/kg)
and the least total calorific value has found in sub zone VI (3650.23 kcal/kg).
 Organic carbon contents (%) of soil found maximum in the field of Cassia
siamea (0.48%) followed by Acacia auriculiformis and Eucalyptus hybrid.
Among the sub zones, the maximum organic carbon content of soil was
found in sub zone V (0.53%) followed by sub zone VI (0.51%) and least
organic content was obtained in sub zone IV (0.48%). Simillarly, in the case
of nitrogen available nitrogen (kg ha-1) of soil under plantation area Cassia
siamea was obtained maximum available nitrogen of soil (277.78kg ha-1)
followed by Acacia auriculiformis.
 The cost of plantation in sub zone IV was maximum in Acacia auriculiformis
(₹73122/-) but the maximum net profit was gain in Eucalyptus hybrid
(₹308000/-). So maximum benefit cost ratio was found in Eucalyptus hybrid
248
(3.71) followed by Cassia siamea (3.02) in sub zone IV whereas the minimum
benefit cost ratio was found in Acacia auriculiformis (2.85) Whereas in sub
zone V was maximum in Acacia auriculiformis (₹76358/-) but the maximum
net profit was gain in Eucalyptus hybrid (₹330667/-). So maximum benefit
cost ratio was found in case of Eucalyptus hybrid (4.15) followed by Acacia
auriculiformis (3.16) whereas the minimum benefit cost ratio was found in
Cassia siamea (2.97). In sub zone VI was maximum in Acacia auriculiformis
(₹81487/-) but the maximum net profit was gain in Eucalyptus hybrid
(₹249180/-). So maximum benefit cost ratio was found in case of Eucalyptus
hybrid (3.48) followed by Cassia siamea (3.22) whereas the minimum benefit
cost ratio was found in Acacia auriculiformis (3.06).
On the basis of the results and discussions, the following conclusions can be
obtained:
1. The growth performance of Eucalyptus hybrid is better than Acacia
auriculiformis and Cassia siamea in the different zone of Jharkhand State
2. Among the agro climatic zone of Jharkhand, the growth of energy tree
species is best in zone V.
3. The biomass and carbon sequestration ability of Eucalyptus hybrid is more as
compare to Acacia auriculiformis and Cassia siamea in different zone of
Jharkhand.
4. The Acacia auriculiformis has maximum total calorific value than Eucalyptus
hybrid and in Cassia siamea minimum total calorific value has found.
249
5. The physico chemical characteristics of soil changes due to present of plants
and the nutrient contents of the soil has been increased.
6. Soil pH value and organic carbon content percent of the plantation area of
three species found maximum in Eucalyptus hybrid as compare to Acacia
auriculiformis and Cassia siamea in all three different zones.
7. The available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (kg/ha) of the plantation
area of three tree species obtained maximum in Eucalyptus hybrid as
compare to other two species in all three different zones.
8. The cost benefit ratio of Eucalyptus hybrid has more than Cassia siamea and
Acacia auriculiformis has minimum.
Implication of the study
Availability of fuelwood is always been one of among the priority areas of
the rural society in India. Due to the gradual reduction in forest cover, increase in
population and industrialization, there is paucity of availability of fuelwood. The
findings of the present study related to energy plantation of site specific suitable fast
growing multipurpose tree species viz. Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia siamea and
Eucalyptus hybrid having maximum biomass, low moisture content and higher
calorific value, will meet the demand of the fuelwood of the rural poor in near future
specially in Jharkhand state of India.
250
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GROWTH AND BIOMASS PRODUCTION OF ENERGY

PLANTATION TREE SPECIES IN AGRO CLIMATIC

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of

BASANT CHANDRA ORAON

School of Forestry and Environment,

Production of Energy Plantation Tree Species in Agro Climatic Zones of

Jharkhand”, is therefore, forwarded for the acceptance in partial fulfillment of

requirements for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Forestry,

School of Forestry & Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Sam Higginbottom

Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences (Deemed-to-be-University),

Allahabad (U.P), India.

Dr. Arvind Bijalwan

This thesis entitled, “Growth and Biomass Production of Energy

Dr. Arvind Bijalwan Satisfactory/

Dr. M.S. Malik Satisfactory/

Dr. B. Mehera Satisfactory/

Dr. Shalini B. Masih Satisfactory/

Dr. Munish Gangwar Prof. (Dr.) Thomas Abraham

Dr. Munish Gangwar Dr. Arvind Bijalwan

Prof. (Dr.) Thomas Abraham

“Growth and Biomass Production of Energy Plantation Tree Species in Agro

submitted to the School of Forestry & Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Sam

Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad (U.P.),

submitted to any other Institutions/University for award of any degree or diploma.

(Basant Chandra Oraon)

First of all with limitless humanity, I would like to thank the

CHAPTERS PARTICULARS PAGES

II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 8-42

III MATERIALS AND METHODS 43-62

IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 63-207

Growth and biomass production of Energy plantation tree

The present study titled “Growth and Biomass Production of Energy

of global renewable energy supply (Carlos and Khang, 2008).

Fuelwood is by far the most important source of biomass energy as it is the

world (Dovie et al., 2004).

of which is used as fuelwood (Palmer and Macgregor, 2009) and fuelwood

household energy consumption (Sharma and Banskota, 2005). In Asia approximately

also consume substantial amounts of fuelwood (FAO, 1997).

forestry, agroforestry practices and afforestation in waste lands.

the endogenous production on sustained basis is about 20% of the demand

increasing at faster rate due to its lower investment cost.

In India, forests occupy about 19.4% current requirement of total (11.7%

of energy is biomass - the vegetative material produced by plants. Thus, production

as for some income-generating activities.

The agro-climatic conditions are an important factor influencing the use of

biofuels in rural areas and availability of bioresources. Regions with similar

auriculiformis, Cassia siamea, Leucena leucocephalla, Melia azedarach and

Australian origin widely planted as an exotic species in India and considered to be

Raising of fuelwood plantations to supplement existing resources is,

produce more fuelwood.

Therefore, perennials plants should be grown to meet the demand of energy.

high yield of biomass, and (viii) disease/pest resistant.

use, so as to satisfy local energy needs in a decentralised manner. The energy

plantations provide almost inexhaustible renewable sources (with total time

help in rural employment generation - it is estimated that an hectare of energy

plantation is estimated to provide employment for at least seven persons regularly.

Selection of multipurpose species provides a number of by-products like oils,

being characterized as atmospheric carbon drainages. Since the industrial revolution,

photosynthesis, the forest plantings are alternative to the “carbon sequestration”.