I.

MEDIA AND INFORMATION  Newspapers

LITERACY o First newspaper: printed in the 1590s
Literacy in Western Europe
 Ability to acquire, apply, communicate, o First newspaper advertisement
connect, interpret, and create by using appeared in 1704
words, visuals, and graphics o Production of magazines followed in
Media 1741
 Any channel of communication  Image recording and photography
 Mass communication through physical o Louis Daguerre: photography
(tangible) and vital (intangible) objects o George Eastman: Kodak Camera,
Media Literacy 1888
 Ability to read, analyze, evaluate, and  Samuel Eastman: invented telegraph in
provide in a variety of media forms 1884
Information  Alexander Grahambell: invented
 Processed data, knowledge derived from telephone in 1876
study, experience, instruction, signals,  Emile Berliner: created gramophone in
symbols 1887
Information Literacy
 Thomas Edison: invented incandescent
 Ability to recognize when information is light bulb
needed, and to locate, evaluate, and
 Guglielmo Marconi: recognized variety
effectively communicate information in its
of the radio system in 1894
various formula
Technology/Digital Literacy
C. Electronic Age (1930s to 1980s)
 Ability of an individual to responsibly,
 Long distance communication
appropriately, and effectively use
 Faster transmittal of media content
technological tools
 Satellite technologies, cellphones,
Media and Information Technology
Walkman, VHS, computers, television
 Essential skills and competencies that allow
sets
individuals to engage with media effectively
 “Information Society”
II. EVOLUTION OF MEDIA
D. New Digital Age (1980s to present)
A. Prehistoric Age (until 1700s)
 Advancement in use of microelectronics
 Fire, paper, weapons (stone, bronze,
in invention of personal computers,
copper, iron)
mobile devices, wearable technology
 Communication: writing symbols,
 Voice, image, sound, and data are
drawing crude, pictures, oral traditions,
digitalized
clay and stone tablets, wood block
printing (200 CE; Chinese and Korean  Internet and social media
craftspeople “wrote” letters on textiles or
paper) III. COMPONENTS OF INFORMATION
LITERACY
 Johann Gutenberg – improved movable
A. Identification of Information
printing press in 1040
 Identify the nature and the extent of the
B. Industrial Age (1700s to 1930s) needed information
 Used power of steam, developed
B. Finding Information
machine tools, established iron
production, manufactured products  Find needed information effectively and
efficiently
  Generally financed by advertising,
C. Evaluation of Information published on a regular schedule,
 Evaluate information and source contains a variety of content
critically  Advertisements: messages to create
 Currency: When was the information and sell goods or services
published or last updated? o Hard-sell Ad
 Relevance: Does the information help  Commercial in nature
answer your research question?  Utilizes explicit messages to
 Accuracy: Are the statements based on get the consumers to
facts, and are there citations included? purchase a product or
 Authority: Who is the author and what patronize a service
are his credentials or affiliations? o Soft-sell Ad
 Purpose: Is the purpose of the source  Associative in nature
to sell, persuade, entertain, or inform?  Products invoke a
motivational tagline
D. Application of Information
 Apply information effectively to achieve B. Broadcast Media
a specific purpose 1. Radio
 Radio Waves: electromagnetic
E. Acknowledgment of the Information waves propagated by antenna; have
Source different frequencies
 Acknowledge sources of information and  Federal Communications
the ethical, legal, and socio-economic Commission (FCC): decides who can
issues surrounding information use which frequencies for which
purposes
IV. TYPES OF MEDIA  FM Radio (Frequency Modulated)
A. Print Media o Megahertz: millions of cycles per
1. Newspapers second
 Publication of news: current events o 88 to 108 megahertz
about politics, war, economy  AM Radio (Amplitude Modulated)
Tabloid Broadsheet o Kilohertz: thousands of cycles per
Informal Formal second
Interest stories Politics and o 535 to 1,700 kilohertz
and celebrity international news
gossip
2. Television
 National Dailies: circulates
 Movie and Television Review and
throughout the whole country
Classification Board (MTRCB)
 Local Dailies: serves a region
o Movie Classification Ratings
Hard News Soft News
 G  R-13  R-18
Up-to-date news Human approach
 PG  R-16
Factual Entertains/advises
o Television Classification Ratings
approach the reader
 G  PG  SPG
Seriousness Arts, entertainment,
and Timeliness and lifestyle  TV Ratings
o Survey
2. Magazines  Face to Face Surveys or
Phone
 Nielson
  Kantar 3. School Library
 Typically found on elementary
and high schools

C. New Media 4. Special Library

 Communication using digital  Specialized information on a
technologies and internet particular subject
 Domain Names and Equivalents
.edu Educational institution B. Indigenous Media
.com Mostly commercialized entities,  Forms: records, oral communication,
some are profit-oriented folk or traditional media
.org Non-profit organizations
.gov Government organizations C. Internet
.net Internet service providers  Global computer network providing a
variety of information and
 Sources communication facilities, consisting of
1. Popular Publications interconnected networks using
 Journalistic articles, feature standardized communication protocols
articles, manuals, flyers, netizen
blogs VI. MEDIA AND INFORMATION
 Both informs and entertains the LANGUAGES
general public  In film and broadcast communication,
2. Scholarly Publications the use of the camera, the tools and
 Well-researched articles found techniques of editing, and the power of
mostly in academic journals and words are used to construct reality
published for the specialists of a
specific field Codes (Symbolisms)
 Research-based information on a  Systems of signs that when put together
particular area of knowledge create meaning
3. Trade Publications A. Symbolic Codes
 Highly specialized materials  Meaning created beyond what you
meant for the players and see
specialists of a specific field  Facial expressions
 Information on the current news,  Costume
products, and trends within the  Props
specific industry  Make-up
 Setting
V. MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOURCE
A. Library
B. Written Codes
 A place where materials are kept for
 Use of language style and textual
use but not for sale
layout
1. Academic Library
 Headlines
 Associated with a college or
 Captions
university
 Speech bubbles
2. Public Library
 Language style
 Mandate: serve the general
information needs
C. Technical Codes
 How equipment and technology are 13. Insert Shot – a detail shot which
used to construct meaning quickly gives visual information
 Editing – pace, style necessary to understand a scene
 Sound – genre 14. Reverse-Angle Shot – shot from
 Lighting the opposite perspective
 Title 15. Aerial Shot – long or extreme
 Camera – different angles, shots long shot of the ground from the
o The Grammar of the Camera air
16. High Angle Shot – shows people
1. Rule of Thirds – the frame is
or objects from above, higher
divided into nine imaginary
than eye level
sections that create reference
17. Low-Angle Shot – shows people
points which act as guides for
or objects from below, lower than
framing the image
eye level
2. Extreme Long Shot – shot of a
large crowd scene or a view of
o Camera Movement
scenery as far as the horizon
3. Long Shot – a view of a situation 1. Panning Shot – camera moves
or setting from a distance horizontally from left to right or
4. Medium Long Shot – shows a vice versa
group of people in interaction with 2. Tilt Shot – camera moves
each other, a fight scene, with a upwards or downwards around a
part of their surroundings in the vertical line
picture 3. Tracking Shot – camera follows
5. Full Shot – a view of a figure’s along next to or behind a moving
entire body in order to show object or person
action 4. Zoom – stationary camera
6. Medium Shot – shows a subject approaches a subject by
down to his or her chest or waist “zooming in” or moves farther
7. Close-up – a full-screen shot of a away by “zooming out”
subject’s face showing the
expression Conventions (Meaning)
8. Extreme Close-up Shot – a shot o Generally established and accepted
of a hand, eye, mouth, or object ways of doing something
in detail
9. Establishing Shot – often used VII. LEGAL, ETHICAL, AND SOCIETAL
at the beginning of a scene to ISSUES IN MEDIA AND
indicate the location or setting; INFORMATION
usually a long shot taken from a Media Ethics
neutral position  Deals with the ethical principles and
10. Point-of-View Shot – shows a standards of media, including broadcast
scene from the perspective of a media, film, theatre, the arts, print media,
character or one person and the internet
11. Over-the-Shoulder Shot – often
used in dialogue scenes Copyright
12. Reaction Shot – short shot of a  A legal device that gives the creator of any
character’s response to an action work the sole right to publish and sell that
work
 Copyright owners have the right to control 2. The Photocopy
the reproduction of their work, including the  The writer copies significant portions
right to receive payment for that of text straight from a single source,
reproduction without alteration
3. The Potluck Paper
 Infringement  The writer copies from several
o Violation of a copyright different sources, tweaking the
sentence to make them fit together
 Copyright Law while retaining most of the original
o Intellectual Property Code of the phrasing
Philippines or R.A. No. 8293 4. The Poor Disguise
 Protection of Literary and Artistic  The writer has altered the paper’s
Works appearance slightly by changing key
 The governing law on copyright and words and phrases
intellectual property rights in the 5. The Labor of Laziness
Philippines  The writer takes the time to
o Doctrine of Fair Use (section 185 of the paraphrase most of the paper from
Intellectual Property Code) other sources and make it all fit
 Copyrighted materials can be used together
without permission from the holders 6. The Self-Stealer
in instances where the work is used  The writer borrows generously from
for non-profit purposes his or her previous work

 Duration of Copyright Protection B. Where sources were cited
o Lasts for the life of the author plus 50 1. The Forgotten Footnote
years after the author’s death  The writer mentions an author’s
o Joint ownership: life of the last surviving name for a source, but neglects to
author plus 50 years after such author’s include specific information on the
death location of the material referenced
Applied Art 25 years 2. The Misinformer
Audio-Visual Works 50 years  The writer provides inaccurate
Sound Recordings 50 years information regarding the sources,
(Performers, making it impossible to find them
Producers) 3. The Too-Perfect Paraphrase
Broadcasts 20 years  The writer properly cites a source,
but neglects to put in quotation
Plagiarism marks on text that has been copied
 Claiming attribution for a work you did not word-for-word, or close to it
author, or using someone else’s work 4. The Resourceful Citer
without proper attribution  The writer properly cites all sources,
 The practice of taking someone else’s work paraphrasing and using quotation
or ideas and passing them off as one’s own marks properly, but the paper
 Types of Plagiarism contains almost no original work
A. Where sources were not cited 5. The Perfect Crime
1. The Ghost Writer  The writer quotes and cotes sources
 The writer turns in another’s work, in some places, but goes to
word-for-word, as his or her own
 paraphrase other arguments from  Cyberethics
those sources without citation o Ethics pertaining to media
o Practice of ethical behavior in online
Copyright Infringement behavior and the use of digital media
 Using someone else’s work without
obtaining their permission  Actions that Violate Computer Ethics
1. Defamation
Fair Use  “Character assassination”
 Fair use of copyrighted work for criticism,  Involves destroying the reputation of
comment, news, reporting, teaching, other people on purpose by making
including multiple copies for classroom use, false statements
scholarship, research, and similar purposes  Slander: spoken or oral statement
are not infringement  Libel: written down or published
statement
Copyright Infringement in the Philippines 2. Online Scam
 Occurs when there is a violation of any of  Any fraudulent business or scheme
the economic or moral rights of the owner that takes money or other goods
 Penalties from an unsuspecting person
a. First Offense – imprisonment between 3. Cyberstalking
1 to 3 years plus a fine of between Php  Technologically based attack for
50,00 to 150, 000 reason of anger, revenge, or control
b. Second Offense – imprisonment 4. Bashing
between 3 years and 1 day to 6 years
 Derogatory, insulting or rude remarks
plus a fine between Php 150,000 to
on the internet
500,000
5. Voyeurism
c. Third Offense – imprisonment between
 Act of taking photo or video coverage
6 years and 1 day to 9 years plus a fine
of a person or group of persons
between Php 500,00 to 1,500,000
performing sexual act or any similar
activity or of capturing the private
Issues in the Digital Age
area of a person or persons
A. Cyberbullying – bullying that takes
place online or using electronic
VIII. OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES,
technology over communication tools
AND POWER OF MEDIA AND
including social media sites, text
INFORMATION
messages, chat, and websites
A. Opportunities and Challenges in Media
B. Computer Addiction – excessive use
and Information
of computers to the extent that it
1. Economic
interferes with daily life
 Ratings = Revenues
C. Digital Divide – economic inequality
o Media earns profit through
between groups in terms of access to,
use of, or knowledge of ICT advertisements
o Advertisers pay for airtime or ad space
Computer Ethics in media platforms to reach or promote
 Ethics their goods or services
o Sets of moral principles which determine  Advertisers
the rightness or wrongness of human o People who pay for advertisements
action, behavior, and conduct
 o More likely to invest if there is a high o Freedom of Information Bill: mandates
volume of consumers patronizing the the release of public documents to those
media programs who require it
 Ratings  Challenges
o Colloquial term for audience o Governments provide little support to
measurement that influences timing, efforts that will help strengthen the
placements, and markets for media media industry
content and advertising o Shortage of government funding
o Determines the number of people who o Weak enforcement of certain laws
watches, listens, or reads a particular protecting the media
content
 Revenues B. Issues in Media and Information
o Income generated from sales  Cybercrime
o Context of media: amount of money o Any criminal activity that involves a
brought by advertisers to the media computer, networked device, or a
industry network
 Opportunities o Carried out against computers or
o Philippine media is a great asset in the devices directly to damage or disable
country’s economy them, while others use computers or
 Challenges networks to spread malicious content
o Media remains vulnerable to economic
threats; most notorious: piracy o R.A. 10175 or Cybercrime Prevention
Act of 2012
2. Education  Protects an individual from various
 Opportunities unwanted online and cyber acts that
o Distance Learning: learning without may harm or evade one’s privacy
having to be physically present through and integrity
the internet  Violations:
 Challenges  Illegal Access
o Laziness and constant upgrades  Illegal Interception
o Overwhelming amount of content  Data Interference
o Credibility and authenticity issues  Computer-Related Forgery
 Cybersex
3. Social  Child Pornography
 Opportunities  Others
o Development Communication uses
communication to aid in the
development of the society
 Challenges
o Society will be too vulnerable because
of their obliviousness

4. Politics
 Opportunities