EVERYMAN’S

SCIENCE
Vol. LVI No. 1 & 2 (April-July 2021)

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD EDITORIAL BOARD

Dr. Dipak Ranjan Biswas (New Delhi) Editor-in-Chief

Dr. Ashok Kumar Saxena
Prof. Kamal Jaiswal (Lucknow)
Area Editors
Prof. Manoj Kumar Singh (Delhi)
Dr. (Mrs.) Vijay Laxmi Saxena
Prof. Ranjana Aggarwal (New Delhi) (Biological Sciences)

Prof. Atul Kumar Varma (Dhanbad) Prof. Pramod Kumar Verma

(Earth Sciences)
Prof. B.Santhaveerana Goud (Bangalore)
Dr. Manoj Kumar Chakrabarti
Prof (Dr.) Amar Prakash Garg (Meerut) (Medical Sciences including Physiology)
Dr. Paras Nath Singh (Bangalore) Prof. R.N. Yadava
(Physical Sciences)
Prof. Guduru Prasad (Hyderabad)
Dr. R. L. Bharadwaj
Prof Shishir Gupta (Dhanbad)
(Social Sciences)
Prof. (Dr.) Goutam Paul (Kalyani)
General Secretary (Membership Affairs)
Dr. R. Kavyashree (Bengaluru) Dr. S. Ramakrishna

Prof. (Dr.) Suresh Chandra (Noida) General Secretary (Scientific Activities)

Dr. Anoop Kumar Jain
Prof. Sunil Kumar Chaturvedi (Lumani)
Printed and published by Dr. Ashok Kumar
COVER PHOTOGRAPHS Saxena on behalf of Indian Science Congress
Association and printed at East India Photo
General Presidents of ISCA Composing Centre, 69, Sisir Bhaduri Sarani,
1. Prof. K. S. Rangappa (2020) Kolkata, 700006 and published at Indian
2. Dr. (Mrs.) Vijay Laxmi Saxena (2021) Science Congress Association, 14, Dr. Biresh
3. Prof. Dr. Arvind Kumar Saxena (2022) Guha Street, Kolkata-700017, with Dr. Ashok
Kumar Saxena as Editor.

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 Everyman’s Science Vol. LVI No. 1 & 2 April-July 2021

CONTENTS
EDITORIAL :
ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES AND HEALTH ISSUES IN PRESENT SCENARIO
Prof. R. N. Yadava 3-4

ARTICLES :

SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY IN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE

Dr. Thakur Sudesh Kumar Raunija 5-11

RESISTANT STARCH-A TYPE OF CARBOHYDRATE IS NOT BAD FOR

DIABETICS AND OBESE
Sweety Bardhan, Sayantika Saha, Surjani Chatterjee, Ayan Chatterjee,
Neepa Banerjee and Shankarashis Mukherjee 12-19

MYCOTOXINS: THE HIDDEN DANGER IN FOOD

Mehzabeen Parveen, Anusha S Pawar and Shilpa B M 20-24

CONTRIBUTION OF INDIAN SCIENTISTS TO MODERN SCIENCE AND

THEIR FIGHT DURING INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE
Uthra Dorairajan and Renganayaki Veerarahavan 25-29

DRONES-NEW FRIEND OF FARMERS

L. Priyadarsini, K. Rama Krishna and A. Ramesh Kumar 30-34

SAGA OF SCRAMJET ENGINE FOR HYPERSONIC VEHICLE

Debi Prasad Mishra and Imran Rasheed 35-40

ALGAE BY-PRODUCTS: THE FUTURE SAVIOR

Mitali Baberwal, Kashish Nanda and Ajay Kumar Kataria 41-45

KNOW THY INTITUTIONS 48-52

CONFERENCES 53-54

S & T ACROSS THE WORLD 55-62

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 Everyman’s Science Vol. LVI No. 1 & 2 April-July 2021

ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES AND HEALTH ISSUES IN

PRESENT SCENARIO

Environmental pollution has several harmful it emits hazardous toxins in the air and difficulty
effects on human health. Environmental in breathing.
protection is a need of protecting the natural People living on the planet releases carbon
environment for individual and collective both. dioxide and other gasses into the air. The growing
The major current environmental issues are population comes with the cost of greenhouse
climate changes, pollution, environmental gasses and climate change. Until people have to
degradation and resource depletion etc. Many realize that they have a direct adverse impact on
conservation movements were started for these pressing environmental issues. We should
protection of endangered species and protection think that resources are not always sustainably
of ecologically valuable natural areas, genetically sourced. Fortunately, renewable energy sources
modified foods and for protection of global are a great way to combat carbon emissions. By
warming. raising the quantity of sustainable energy such as
We are facing many issues related to public wind power and solar power, the resources needed
health such as pollution, water scarcity and over can be sustainably obtain.
population. All these create clear threat to public In modern time biodiversity in the world is
health. About one out of every four deaths each declining rapidly. The levels of biodiversity have
year is directly caused by unhealthy environments, significantly lowered to a dangerous scale.
as reported by WHO. Even in developed Biodiversity is running in critical condition due
countries, the growing anti-vaccination movement to various threats including urban sprawl,
threatens public health, causing resurgence in deforestation and climate change. The lack of
diseases like measles that were almost completely biodiversity puts the food chain, water sources
obliterated. The health and wellness of human and other resources at high risk. Without enough
beings is very important issue today. We eat, drink biodiversity, ecosystems deteriorate. The world
and breathe all these play a significant role in cannot afford the cost of biodiversity loss. Water
our wellness. can become contaminated with things such as
It is very easy to dispose of waste material in airborne diseases, toxins and hazardous
a trash can. It is in practice that we never bothered chemicals. Million people have no access to clean
about landfills unless complaining about the bad water till today. This is a not a problem in
smell and other problems. Waste disposal poses undeveloped countries but also in developed
a threat to not only the earth and its environment countries.
but humans and animals also. When waste is Pollution comes in various forms such as Air,
disposed off via burning it for examples Parali, Soil and Water. Pollution emerges current and
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 Everyman’s Science Vol. LVI No. 1 & 2 April-July 2021

future threat to people and the environment. major disposal of the cases pertaining to
Polluted air weakens the ozone layer and causes environmental issues.
health problems. Contaminated soil destroys Our environment is degrading day by day due
habitats and irrigation. The greenhouse gas to over population, poverty, illiteracy, lack of
emissions do not come from cars or factories, awareness and poor surroundings. Now it is a
they come from mainly deforestation. It is proper time to control these major issues for the
estimated that in the forthcoming year, we may protection of environment because it creates many
have only 15 percent of the rainforests left. The healthy problems and putting our life in fatal
rest have been cut down for wood products or situation by creating many harmful diseases like
for agricultural purposes. Approximately 75% of Cancer, Heart attack, Diabetes, Blood Pressure,
the planet’s plant and animal species live in Skin disease and so on.
forests. Ecosystems are going to die and our
It is a need of today that we should sincerely
climate change continues. There are few trees
effort to control these major problems by:-
left to produce oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide.
(i) Bringing the awareness in society for
It is all due to deforestation. We should think
cleaning the environment.
about it.
(ii) Proper disposal of waste.
As you know that Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is
nationwide successful campaign in India started (iii) Education is the only key of the solution
by our Hon’ble Prime Minister Shri Narendra of all problems so we should focus on
Modi Ji. The aim of this mission is to clean up spreading the environmental education
the streets, roads, and infrastructure of India’s among all.
cities, towns, and rural areas. In order to spread (iv) Environmental Law should be
awareness among people about the importance implemented seriously and effective
of cleanliness, the government of India has manner to protect the environment.
launched the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. For Prof. R. N. Yadava
protection of environment, Govt. of India framed Vice-Chancellor,
National Green Tribunal (NGT) Act, 2010 is an Purnea University,
Act of the parliament of India which handle the Purnea-854301

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 Everyman’s Science Vol. LVI No. 1 & 2 April-July 2021

SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY IN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE

Dr. Thakur Sudesh Kumar Raunija

1. INTRODUCTION
In 1874, the invention of rectifier (AC-DC is estimated to grow from US $ 340 billion in
converter) and later in 1947, invention of point- 2015 to US $ 650 billion in 2025, with a
contact transistor by Bardeen and Brattain at BEL compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.7%.
lab revolutionised the electronics industry. Since Memories comprise largest segment of the market
then the industry has seen key developments like share followed by logic and micro-ICs.
computer using vacuum tube in 1946 and Initially, the rising demand of semiconductor
Shockley junction transistor in 1948 till the major devices was typically fuelled by a disruptive new
breakthrough in terms of invention of Metal technology. Between 1997 and 2007, rapid
Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor increases in the popularity of personal computers
(MOSFET) in 1959 by MM Attalla and Dawon (PCs) boosted demand for central processing units
Kahng happened. Since this breakthrough (CPUs) and memory chips, while the broad
invention, the industry has gone leaps and bound. penetration of the internet drove volume for
This article presents the overview of ethernet equipment, network processors and area
semiconductor industry in Indian perspective. specific integrated circuits (ASICs). The era of
the smartphone began with the introduction of
2. WORLD SEMICONDUCTOR MARKET
the iPhone in 2007, driving demand for mobile
The world GDP is around US $83 trillion processors, while the adoption of cloud computing
wherein electronics industry is more than US $2 has pushed growth for server CPUs and storage.
trillion, approximately 2.5 % of world GDP. The Now, artificial intelligence (AI) will likely be
electronics industry consists of various sectors. the catalyst that will drive another decade-long
However, the major driving force in electronics growth cycle for the semiconductor sector. We
industry is semiconductor industry. As per expect the market for AI-related semiconductors
Semiconductor Applications Forecaster from to grow from a current US $6 billion in revenues
International Data Corporation (IDC), the global to more than US $30 billion by 2022, a CAGR
market of semiconductor industry was US $464 of almost 50%. Although AI-driven use cases are
billion and is expected to reach a milestone of expected to find their way across every industry
US $522 billion with a year-over-year growth segment over time, their adoption will likely be
rate of 12.5%. Similar forecast is made by determined by the size of investment in the
Business-Standard. Further, the forecasting report technology, the pace of its development and the
from Statista shows the size of semiconductor speed at which its benefits are realized.
industry to reach a milestone of US $527 billion These new segments emerged in recent years
in 2021. Further, the global semiconductor market will further increase the market share of
Deputy Head, VFD Quality Control Division, Semi Conductor semiconductor industry over a period of time.
Laboratory, Department of Space/Government of India, SAS Therefore, semiconductor industry will not only
Nagar (Mohali), Punjab-160071, [email protected],
[email protected] increase in size but also will remain indispensable

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 Everyman’s Science Vol. LVI No. 1 & 2 April-July 2021

part of electronic industry. Various industries in India’s semiconductor demand is valued around
present era are heavily dependent on electronics US $24 billion and is expected to reach US $
industry and their growth cannot be imagined 100 billion by 2025. The country’s semiconductor
without electronics industry. One such industry demand currently is entirely met through imports.
is e-commerce which had touched a thumping With growing technology and the advent of IoT
mark of US $26.7 trillion in 2021. This particular and 5G technology in India, the demand for
industry will further go leaps and bound and semiconductor chips is on the rise. India is poised
semiconductor is indispensable part of this to witness a significant demand spike by 2025
industry. driven by electronic manufacturing, IoT products
and data centre facilities. Semiconductor
3. INDIAN SEMICONDUCTOR MARKET shortages in pandemic and new geopolitical
Domestic demand for electronic goods is realities of semiconductor supply chains further
growing at a rapid pace as a result the Indian exacerbate the need to develop trusted and reliable
semiconductor industry being the sub-industry of sources for semiconductors.
electronic industry offers high growth potential In this huge market, the contribution by India
areas. The end-use industries such as mobile is negligible. The significant growth and market
devices, telecommunication equipment, share by India in telecommunication,
information technology, office automation (IT & pharmaceutical, information technology, e-
OA), industrial machinery, automobiles and commerce, automobiles, etc., has been gained.
several other industries have applications for However, the electronics industry which is the
computing in some form or other and thereby growth factor of various industries likes e-
necessarily have growing demand for commerce, defense, telecommunication,
semiconductors. Now with the concept of internet automobiles, and pharmaceuticals has meagre
of things (IoT) picking up momentum, the next share. In electronics system design India has
generation of interconnected devices would significant share however, the chip manufacturing
further increase the demand for intelligent or semiconductor industry is the biggest weakness
computing, thereby creating sustainable demand or gray area. Except few R&D labs like Society
for semiconductors. for Integrated Circuit Technology and Applied
India’s share in global electronics market is Research (SITAR), Gallium Arsenide Enabling
very meagre. However, in last couple of years Technology Centre (GAETEC) and Semi-
marginal improvement in the global share by India Conductor Laboratory (SCL) no-other eco-system
in chip manufacturing available in India.
is recorded. The share has gone from 1.3 % in
2012 to 3.6% in 2019. This is very low as 4. NEED FOR MAKE IN INDIA
compared to other leading world economies in INITIATIVE
electronics sector. Consumer point of view the India has a very fast growing electronics
India has one of world’s largest electronics system design manufacturing (ESDM) industry.
industry markets which is expected to reach a India also has a strong design base with more
record milestone of US $400 billion. than 120 units. According to the Ministry of
Semiconductors are also at the heart of electronics Electronics and Information Technology
products and constitute a significant part of the (MEITY), nearly 2,000 chips are being designed
total value of the bill of material (BoM). Today, every year in India and more than 20,000
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 Everyman’s Science Vol. LVI No. 1 & 2 April-July 2021

engineers are working on various aspects of chip 2020, when overall consumer demand for cars
design and verification. Even though the country declined during the lockdown. This forced chip
is comfortably placed in the arena of electronic manufacturers to shift their focus to other areas,
design, fabrication capability lags far behind such as computer equipment and mobile devices,
needing considerable augmentation in terms of which spiked in demand with more people
infrastructure to stem the increasing dependence working remotely.
on imports. The U.S. leads the world in developing and
Further, India’s digital economy is expected selling semiconductors, accounting for 45% to
to reach a milestone of US $ 1 trillion by 2025 50% of global billings, manufacturing has shifted
wherein major share will be of electronics and to Asia. Taiwan and Korea account for 83% of
its dependent semiconductor industry. The global processor chip production and 70% of
complete import of these may exceed the memory chip output, and the region’s lead is
petroleum and gold import. In this scenario, India projected to continue to expand. This is the time
will be losing huge currency degradation. Further, for India to grab major chunk in chip
the opportunity of using its talented workforce to manufacturing sector by taking suitable initiatives
tap the potential of this particular industry and to establish number of foundries.
security of the nation will be lost by the India. 5. INDIAN EFFORTS TO DEVELOP
Foremost amongst these is the urgent need to SEMICONDUCTOR MANU-
develop ecosystem related to fabrication. FACTURING ECO-SYSTEM
4.1. Opportunities in Recent Chip Crisis 5.1. Through State Owned Research &
Development Laboratories
Since anything that needs to compute or
process information contains a chip, they are The idea of our own semiconductor
extremely important in our lives. And because manufacturing was conceived as early as in 1972.
demand for ICs is greater than the supply, there The committee was formed to submit a detailed
is a global shortage of them. Further due to covid- feasibility report which took almost 4 years and
19, everything moved online, and the demand finally detailed project cum feasibility report was
for computers surged, leading to a massive supply submitted to Electronics Commission in 1976.
chain crunch. As 5G and cloud-based services After this report, the process took another 4 years
to form and register a Semiconductor Complex
grew, more chips were needed for communication
Limited (SCL) in 1980 as Government of India
platforms like Zoom and video streaming
Enterprise under Ministry of Information
services. Also, China’s production slowdown post
Technology in Sahibzada Ajit Singh (SAS) Nagar
Covid-19 years compounded the crisis. Further,
(Mohali), Punjab. In the same year, Area Specific
climate conditions like severe winter storms in
Integrated Chips (ASIC) work was also started
USA and drought in Taiwan, and fire incidents
in Indian Telephone Industries (ITI) Limited for
resulted in shutdown of several foundries for long
defense and space applications with 0.8 micron
time apart from China-US trade war.
technology. Later in 1981, SCL signed a contract
The auto industry felt the heat of chip shortage with AMI (American Microsystems Inc) to
as most cars today use advanced semiconductors provide the technology, and factory was
to run complicated computer systems. The commissioned in 1983 at a cost of US $70
shortage can be traced back to the first half of million.
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 Everyman’s Science Vol. LVI No. 1 & 2 April-July 2021

In 1985, the production of 5 micron CMOS 0.8 micron technology node was commissioned
technology with a technology gap of 15 years in 1996 and production was started. Further, in
was started at Semiconductor Complex Limited, same year 1996, Gallium Arsenide Enabling
Mohali. The target of achieving 1.25 micron Technology Centre (GAETEC) was also started
technology was set by SCL to make SCL stand with 0.7 & 0.5 micron Metal Semiconductor Field
at par with world leaders with utmost a Effect Transistor (MESFET) capabilities. Further,
technology gap of 2 to 5 years. Accordingly, the in 2003, the ASIC works department from ITI
production of Large Scale Integration (LSI) Ltd was taken and made SITAR (Society for
including 8 bit microprocessors used in Integrated Circuit Technology and Applied
calculators and mini computers was started first Research) under Defense Research and
time in the country. Later, the production of 16 Development Organisation (DRDO). Later, in
bit microprocessors and 16K Random Access 2004, GAETEC was merged with SITAR. The
Memory (RAM) were started. merged SITAR entity manufactures VLSI and
After few years, SCL developed 3, 2 and 1.2 VLSI based systems & subsystems. SITAR has 2
micron technology, Electrically Erasable separate fabrication facilities i.e. 6" wafer fab
Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM) for Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
and Charged Coupled Device (CCD). The entity (CMOS) and 6" wafer for Micro Electro-
further manufactured Very Large Scale Integration Mechanical Systems (MEMS).
(VLSI) and VLSI based systems & subsystems The semiconductor activities in one of the
for low cost digital watches, electronic clocks, India’s oldest laboratories Solid State Physics
calculators, pen watches, home computers, etc. Laboratory (SSPL) established in 1962 under
The capacity of SCL was 9 million chips against Defense Research and Development Organisation
a domestic requirement of 1 million chips were started on research and development level
annually at that time. mainly in the areas of RF devices, optoelectronic
In 1989, one fine morning the leading devices, etc.,
semiconductor manufacturing unit of India caught Further, in 2011, SCL got commissioned a new
fire and the entire production line i.e. 4" Fab was 8" fab with technology node of 180 nm by TSL,
spoiled completely in couple of hours. The targets Israel through an investment of ¹1000 Cr. This is
set by SCL in 1983 to achieve 1.25 micron the second fab situated at SCL in addition to
technology was about to reach by which Indian earlier installed 6" fab. This fab was aimed to
Semiconductor Manufacturing was supposed to cater the need of ASICs, etc., needed in strategic
be at par with World Semiconductor applications. Further, in order to cater the need
Manufacturing were destroyed once for all. The of semiconductor industry, indigenization of raw
country who was supposed to be the market leader materials, equipments, parts of equipments, etc.,
in semiconductor manufacturing reached at a was started at Semi-Conductor Laboratory,
starting point. The Enquiry Commission was Mohali with the objective of progressively
formed which had multiple sittings and finally reducing dependence on foreign sources for raw
made a report wherein none was made accused. materials, spares, subsystems & equipments used
The case was closed. in semiconductor industry. Since start of this
The Indian quest to bounce back was started programme, indigenization activities have gained
once again and new Fab with 6" Wafer size and good momentum and efforts towards indigenous

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development of a large number of inputs ranging association with Tower Semiconductor Limited
from chemicals, gases, spares & subsystems used (TSL) and International Business Machines (IBM)
in the process & metrology equipment have been to start chip manufacturing in Noida with an
developed. investment of ¹34000 Crore were issued Letters
5.2. Through Educational Institutions of Intent (LoI). HSMC was backed by Advanced
In 2019, IISc Bengaluru submitted a proposal Micro Devices (AMD) & received ¹700 Crore
of ¹2500 Crore for establishing a Gallium Nitride from Mumbai based company. In March 2016,
(GaN) fab for catering the emerging need of solar due to failure of Jaiprakash Associates, the
industry in India. Further, several Indian Institutes consortium led by it withdrew itself from the
of Technology (IITs) have completed academic race of setting up chip manufacturing fab. The
projects on semiconductor and various projects only left HSMC consortium was given extra time
for the development of indigenous processor are to submit all the documents required to
ongoing. 2 commercial processors i.e. Shakti and demonstration of commitment as per the LoI.
Kalpna and one strategic processor i.e. Vikram Since the HSMC Technologies India Pvt Ltd
have been successfully developed by IITs and inspite of repeated extension of time, the
SCL in collaboration, respectively. Empowered Committee constituted for the
5.3. Through PPP Models purpose of setting up of semiconductor wafer
fabrication manufacturing facilities in the country
In early 2011, an empowered committee
cancelled the LoI issued to the consortium led by
chaired by then Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan
HSMC in April 2018.
Singh was formed for identifying technology and
investors interested in setting up semiconductor In December, 2020, once again Ministry of
fabs in the country. Accordingly, based upon the Electronics and Information Technology (MEITY)
recommendations of empowered committee the invited EoI for setting up/expansion of existing
Department of Information and Technology semiconductor wafer/device fabrication facilities
invited Expression of Interest (EoI) from potential in India or acquisition of semiconductor fabs
technology providers and investors for the setting outside India. Proposals invited under EoI are
up of semiconductor fab plant in India. The 100% broadly classified into 2 categories i.e. Silicon
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) through CMOS and emerging compound semiconductor
automatic approval route was also allowed for like Gallium Arsenide, Silicon Carbide, etc. The
setting up fabs in India. After exhaustive efforts submission date of EoI has been revised couple
by Government of India (GoI) to get EoI, total of times. Few proposals are received and are
30 applications were received in 2013. In under evaluation to understand policy support
September 2013, 2 fab projects were short listed required to establish a fab. In addition, GoI has
by the committee comprising Sam Pitroda then launched Production Linked Incentives (PLI)
adviser to Prime Minister of India. In March 2014, Schemes in 2 rounds to attract electronic
these two projects include Hindustan manufacturers in the area of mobiles, computers,
Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation etc. Recently, Mumbai based reliance Industries’
(HSMC) consortium of ST Microelectronics and subsidiary Reliance New Energy Solar (RNESL)
Silterra with an investment of ¹30000 Crore to acquired Norway based REC Solar Holdings. Tata
start chip manufacturing in Gujarat and Another Group which has already forayed into
consortium led by Jaiprakash Associates in manufacturing of hi-tech electronics is planning
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to get into semiconductor assembly and test unit. 7. CONCLUSIONS

Tata Group is in advance stage to set-up Comparatively the process of chip
outsourced semiconductor assembly and test manufacturing was started late in India. Further
(OSAT) in southern states of Tamil Nadu, with great efforts India reached a surplus chip
Karnataka and Telangana. manufacturing during 80s, the entire
6. NEED TO RE-THINK semiconductor project faced slow start. The
The major challenge in the growth of reason behind are the project was in the hands of
fabrication capabilities apart from technology and someone who knows semiconductor but no
investment are the inputs like raw materials used knowledge of industry and then of someone else
in fabrication. These include ultrapure chemicals, who had worked in industry but never with
specialty gases, physical vapour deposition (PVD) semiconductor. Further, the search for a suitable
targets, wafers, etc. The availability of these foreign collaboration was equally confused.
speciality raw materials in local market is not Initially, Intel, Motorola, Texas Instruments,
available due to several reasons. Reliable National Semiconductors, Fairchild were
analytical laboratories equipped with precision approached. However, all the foreign companies
equipment & suitable methods capable of gave up in exasperation citing one or the other
analyzing the quality of inputs used in fabrication reason. With lot of difficulties, SCL finally settled
are also required mainly owing to the fact that with Hitachi, Japan but later Hitachi was gone
levels permissible for trace ionic impurities levels out and it was not ready for chip design. The
is much below parts per billion and submicron project was started with 1K memory but due to
particles negligible. Likewise spares and enormous delay, the contract was signed for 16K
expertise required to maintain the process & memory chips with a provision for 64K chips.
metrology equipment in good health should also The beginning faced unconscionable delays and
be available locally. Therefore, the subsidies in inexcusable bungling.
analytical analysis, raw material manufacturing, Further, the fire took place in the flourishing
tool manufacturing, etc., apart from wafer fab chip manufacturing sector of the country. The
manufacturing must be provided by the GoI to single accident pushed India a long back in the
establish a sustainable and fast eco-system. quest of chip manufacturing due to lethal system.
National policy on electronics 2019 (NPE) and The quest for reviving was never given the due
the PLI schemes are not enough to build attention. As a result of it, the programme went
semiconductor manufacturing eco-system in the decades back to the world scenario. In early 90s
country, the government shall provide more than and 2000s GoI tried to revive the sector through
50% investment in this cost intensive but more the installation of 6" and 8" fabs in SCL. But the
revenue generating sector and also ensure the efforts were so unattended and unsystematic that
purchase guarantee of the products coming out the entire programme went back in the past.
from these established fabs for at least 10 years. Thereafter, the efforts to revive it were put in
Further the supply of pure water and early 2010s and 2020s. However, the world
uninterrupted power supply are basic necessity market has gone beyond reach. Indian
for these industries and the availability of these semiconductor market needs to give exhaustive
must be ensured by the GoI. push through policies and incentives to revive it

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and make it capable to lead in the world market. increased subsidies to establish semiconductor
The GoI shall not only provide incentives to the manufacturing facilities in India.
wafer fabrication and packaging but also to the 8. REFERENCES
allied industries like raw material manufacturers,
1. S. Malik and T.S.K. Raunija, Tech. Rep.,
analytical laboratories, tool manufacturers and
SCL-VFDQC-TR-04-20, 2020.
maintenance providers.
2. M.J. Kumar, IETE Tech. Rev., 38 (3), 279,
The expertise developed in terms of electronic
2021.
system design manufacturing, process
development, fabrication, testing, packaging and 3. https://www.meity.gov.in
quality apart from development of several 4. https://www.visualcapitalist.com
indigenous raw materials, equipments and spares 5. https://www.investindia.gov.in
at the state funded laboratories like SCL, SITAR, 6. https://www.thehindubusinessline.com
etc., shall be utilised properly to develop the
7. https://www.economictimes.com
semiconductor manufacturing eco-system in the
country. In addition, the more focus on the 8. https://www.india-briefing.com
development of these expertises shall be given 9. https://www.livemint.com
apart from looking for private players with 10. https://www.analyticsindiamag.com

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RESISTANT STARCH-A TYPE OF CARBOHYDRATE IS NOT BAD

FOR DIABETICS AND OBESE
Sweety Bardhan1, Sayantika Saha1, Surjani Chatterjee1,2, Ayan Chatterjee1,
Neepa Banerjee1,3 and Shankarashis Mukherjee1*

Resistant starch (RS), a type of carbohydrate, refersthe part of starch that escapes digestion in
the upper intestine and reaches lower intestine in almost intactform where it gets fermented by
gut micro-flora to produce short chain fatty acids (SCFA). RS can be classified as five types (RS1-
RS5) and abundantly obtained from raw potato, unripe banana, legumes, pasta and likesources
although availability varies within and across the foods depending on some extrinsic and intrinsic
factors. Recently RS has gained much attention due to its potential health benefits and functional
property. It can be widely use in the treatment and management of diabetes, bowel health and
other metabolic disorders although the extent of effect greatly depends on duration and dose of
RS consumption.

INTRODUCTION
With wide range of life-style changes, the benefits and functional properties to prevent and
prevalence ofobesity and type2 diabetes mellitus reduce diabetes and associated disorders. In this
(T2DM)isrising alarmingly across the globe and backdrop, the study aimed to put together the
India is not an exception. In India, more than available information to describe the beneficial
135million people have reported to be obese or effects of carbohydrate in the management of
overweight among whom 24% is female and 23% obesity and T2DM.Information has been collected
is male.It has also been estimated that more than from existing scientific literatures as available in
77million individual in India is living with T2DM PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate using the
that is projected to reach to 101million by 20301. relevant keywords.
Several types of approaches such as dietary FINDINGS
modification, traditional exercise, outdoor
Starch and Resistance starch: Carbohydrates,
games2can be adopted to address these issues but
a polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone, is of prime
some time it is easier said than managed and
importance in diet for its potential physiological
always goals cannot be achieved satisfactorily.
as well as nutritional aspects. Starch, a complex
There are some fallacies regarding the effect of
carbohydrate, is the key energy source of all living
carbohydrates and fats in the progression of cells, abundantly found, just after
obesity and diabetes that is always not entirely cellulose.Chemically starch is a homo
true. Resistant starch (RS), a type of carbohydrate polysaccharide of á-glucopyranose made up of a
has long been recognised for its potential health number of monosaccharides or glucose units
1
Public Health Analytics Unit (PHAU), Department of Food linked together by á-D-(1-4) and/or á-D-(1-6)
and Nutrition, West Bengal State University, Kolkata 700126
2
glycosidic linkages3.Starch is composed of two
Basirhat College, affiliated to West Bengal State University
3
Bhairab Ganguly College, affiliated to West Bengal State
glucans; amylose and amylopectin. Amylose is a
University, *[email protected] linear polymer in which sugar molecules are
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linked together by á-D (1-4) linkages and RS content in raw food ingredients relevant to
represents 15%-20% of total starch, whereas Indian diet has presented in table 1.
amylopectin is a large branched molecule Table 1: RS content in raw food ingredients
containing both á-D (1-4) and á-D (1-6) linkages especially relevant to Indian diet
and itis the major structural component of starch Food ingredients Resistant starch
constituting 70%-80% of total starch.RS is the (g per 100g)
part of starch that escapes the enzymatic
Basmati rice 20.22
hydrolysis in the small intestine and reaches to
the large intestine.It refers to the difference Kolam rice 27.67
between starch being subjected to amylolytic Potato raw 10.0
activity and the amount of glucose produced as Banana (green) 8.50
a result. Originally RS is the sum of starch and Whole moong 4.52
its products of degradation, which are resisted Kidney beans 2.0
from the absorption in the small intestine.
Banana (ripe) 1.23
Sources:RS can be obtained from raw as well
Channa flour 1.98
as cooked cereals, legumes, tubers, and fruits.
However, some intrinsic and extrinsic factors Chickpeas 1.93
confer its accessibility to enzymes. Unripe banana Refined wheat flour 0.65
is the richest source of RS constituting 47-57% Whole wheat flour 0.50
of RS II, but if consume cooked may be subjected
RS content of raw potato ranges up to 75% of
to digestion, and lose its resistance property.
total starchbut cooking dissociates the native
Whole grains are another rich source of RS starch structure which allows adequate water to
however the proportion of RS to total starch tends disperse into the granule and improves starch
to change according tocomposition of structural digestibility. RS present in potato is basically
constituents and the effect of processing. This is represent RS III, aretrograded starch. Upon
the reason why cereal flour possesses lower RS heating at about 500C in presence of water,
than whole cereal. Spaghetti that packs more amylose takes up water and amylopectin start to
densely resists easy breakdown by amylase and disintegrate and results in gelatinization that
digests more slowly.In general, rice is not a good renders easy digestion of starch granules. If
source of RS, as it is composed of more short- cooked potato starch allows cooling,
chain amylopectin and fewer amylose. Cooking retrogradation takes place and reduces
may reduce the digestibility of rice starch to some digestibility. Reheating and cooling further
extent because of the formation of an amylose- improve RS quality.Longer cooking in low
lipid complex that reduce enzymatic temperature also allows formation of RS.
hydrolysis.Again, cooling of rice at 100C for Frying,further improves the RS content in
12hours reduces its digestibility by 59%.Legumes potatoes because of the formation of lipid-
are an abundant source of RS that constitutes amylose complex.However, boiled and cooled
about 24.7% of total starch. It is composed of potatoes render more RS content than boiled,
higher amount of amylose and show C-type fried, and cooled potatoes because RS V present
crystallinity. On cooling, cooked legume starch in fried potatoes inhibit the formation of RS III
retrogradesrapidly and reduces its digestibility. hence reduce the total RS content in cooked
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potatoes. RS content in different forms of potatoes with amylose.On the basis of x-ray diffraction,
has been presented in table 2. starch crystals can be of three types depending
Table 2: Amount of resistant starch present in on varying proportions of amylopectin 5.The
raw and different form of potatoes structures of all the crystal are very similar that
Resistant starch only differ in terms of crystal packing and water
(g per 100g) content. B-type crystal is arranged in an anti-
Raw potatoes 10 parallel hexagonal manner and contains 36
Potato crisps 2.9-4.9 molecules of water per 12 glucose residues. A-
Hot potatoes (boiled, baked, type crystal contains one extra double helix that
mashed) 0.59 makes the starch granules more-dense with only
4 water particles per 12 glucose residues. A third
Cooked and Cool potatoes 0.63
type of crystal (type C) has also been identified
Type of RS: The different types of RS have
which is a combination of type A and type B
been presented in table 3.
starch crystal.
Table 3: Type and sources of RS
Type Physical property Food sources
RS I Inaccessible to digestive enzymes as are Coarsely grounded or whole grains,
surrounded by a protective layer. legumes and seeds.
RS II Contains dense ungelatinized starch granules Raw potato, green banana, high amylose
with B type crystallinity. corn starch.
RS III Retrograded starch. Cooked and cooled starchy foods such
as potatoes, rice, pasta, cornflakes.
RS IV Chemically modified starch formed by Commercially produced breads and
crosslinking, etherisation or esterification. cakes with modified starches.
RS V Conjugated amylose-lipid complex formed Stearic acid complexed high amylose
when amylose and amylopectin molecule form starch, and starchy foods containing fat
a complex with fatty acids or fatty alcohol. like bread.

Structureof Resistant Starch: Starch Calorific value and RDA of RS: The
molecules possess a semi-crystalline character, metabolic rate of ingested RS can be varied from
contains both crystalline and amorphous regions. 30- 70% depending on the absorption rate of the
Starch chain occurs as helices composed of six starch. Replacement of readily digestible
glucose molecules and forms double helices with carbohydrates with 27g of RS can lower the diet-
another starch chain by hydrogen bond and is induced thermogenesis by 90 kJ in 5 h. The
responsible for crystal formation4.Structure of energy value of high amylose corn starch is 11.7
starch interms of Crystallinity, size and chemical kJ g -1, which is estimated to be 67.5% of
property depend on the ratio of amylose and conventional cornstarch.Hyperinsulinemic
amylopectin molecule. Crystallinity of starch individuals have been found to metabolize RS to
granules increases with increase in the proportion produce 2.2 kcal g-1, whereas healthy individuals
of amylopectin and it is associated negatively produce around 2.8 kcal g-1.
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Approximately 20g of RS every day is role in the liberation of oligosaccharides and

required to obtain the optimum health effects of acetate. B adolescentis, a gram-positive bacteria,
RS and healthy individuals can tolerate as much also takes part in the degradation in similar way
as 45g of RS daily without any digestive but produces lactate instead of acetate. In
complications. However, daily 30g to 40g of RS addition, there is some other starch utilizing
is needed for its effect on glycemic control5.In bacteria also that cannot degrade intact starch
India the average estimated intake of RS is 10g instead can metabolize simpler starch. There are
day-1 which is almost half than that required. some non-RS degrading bacteria also that utilize
However, Indian diet contains a variety of starchy the bi-products generated from other degraders
foods in different forms hence, the exact amount to produce butyrate7. Synthesis of SCFA change
of RS intake could not be proposed. the gut environment by decreasing pH of colon,
Mechanism of action of RS on glucose which subsequentlyprevent the growth of
homeostasis: Insulin lowers the blood glucose detrimental bacteria such as Enterobacteriaceae
level by enabling glucose uptake by muscle and and Clostridi. SCFA trigger the production of
adipose tissue cells. RS rich foods raise anti-obesity and/or anti diabetes gut hormones,
postprandial blood glucose slowly hence may peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon like peptide 1
have a potential influence on insulin response (GLP-1), involved in weight management, hunger
and hunger signals. The physiological benefits of regulation and glucose homeostasis.
RS aremainly mediated by short chain fatty acids Propionate activates G-protein coupled
(SCFA), produced as a result of microbial receptor41 (GPR41) also known as free fatty acid
fermentation of RS in the large intestine6. A receptor3 (FFAR3) which is involved in blood
variety of mechanisms have been involved in the glucose regulation by stimulating glucose uptake
glucose regulatory activity of RS that include both into the target cells including adipocytes and
dependent and independent of the bi-products of skeletal muscle.GPR41 decreases the production
bacterial fermentation. Due to the complex of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), an
structure of RS it remains intact in the small intracellular second messenger that regulates
intestine and reaches small intestine where it gets glucose homeostasis, and activation of the
fermented by certain gut microbiota. The entire extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)
degradation of RS in lower intestine is carried
cascade. ERK reduces insulin sensitivity and
out by three following steps-
glucose uptake in target cells by inhibiting insulin-
• Degradation of the semi crystalline material induced insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1)
of into oligosaccharides. tyrosine phosphorylation. Another GPR, GPR43
• Utilization of soluble oligosaccharides and also known as FFAR2 is associated with
• Production of methane. metabolic disease and are found to be the target
Colon bacteria Ruminococcusbromii and for the treatment and prevention of T2DM.
Bifidobacteriumadolescentis are the two key Activated FFAR3 stimulate the secretion of PYY
species that have the ability to initiate the which in turn improve glucose uptake by target
degradation of RS. Bacterial starch fermentation cells and ameliorate the sense of hunger and food
requires binding of the bacterial cell to the outer intake8. FFAR3 stimulates the secretion of GLP-
surface of RS granules. As R bromii has a unique 1 and leptin both of which potentially regulate
structure of amylosome, it can play a beneficial blood glucose levels. GLP-1 through GLP-1
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receptor (GLP-1R) stimulate pancreatic â cell Physiological effects of Resistant Starch:

mediated insulin secretion and suppresses Effect on glycaemic response:The risk factors
pancreatic á cell mediated glucagon secretion.
associated with T2DM like hyperinsulinemia,
Other than hormonal regulation, SCFAs also
hyperglycaemia, obesity, decreased insulin
enhance glucose transporter type4 (GLUT4), a
sensitivity is reversible through life-style
rate limiting protein that enable glucose uptake
by cell expression in the skeletal muscle.Other modifications and is found to be more promising
than SCFAs the most likely mechanism of glucose than pharmacological interventionsto manage
induced GLP-1 secretion is influenced by the T2DM. Optimising the RDS with RS is one such
activation of proximal GLP-1 expressing cell. life-style modifications that improve diabetes
Glucose stimulated secretion of incretins from complications owing to its digestion resistance
EECs requires absorption of carbohydrate. property. The slow digestion lowers the
Glucose is transported into the cell by sodium postprandial glucose concentration and also aids
coupled active transporters against its in improving satiety.Bread prepared from dent,
concentration gradient along with sodium ions. containing 25% amylose increases glycaemic
The movement of 2 Na+ ions per glucose response by 30% than those prepared from high
molecule by sodium-glucose linked transporter 1
amylose maize starch containing70% amylose.
produces a small electrogenic current which
Consuming less digestible starches may reduce
trigger the action of GLUTag cells which in turn
the glycaemic response in subsequent meal, “the
influence the release of GLP-1.
second meal effect”. Low digestible amylose
Leptinalso regulates food intake through
consumed at breakfast reduces the glycaemic
central nervous system and promote glucose
uptake and glycogen synthesis.Effect of RS on response of readily digestible starch consumed at
glucose homeostasis has been presented in lunch.However, to obtain the optimum
Figure 1. hypoglycaemic effect of high amylose starch, 50%
of total starch has to contain amylose as foods
prepared from wheat containing 38% amylose
did not have any change in glycaemic response.A
threshold of 14% replacement of total starch with
HAM-RS2 is recommended to claim as RS that
is associated with the promotion of healthy blood
glucose levels.Supplementation with RS can
improve the glycaemic response in both diabetic
or non-diabetic individual, though the result may
be inconsistent. It has been indicated that RS
have an effect on reducing fasting and
postprandial blood glucose concentration as well
as enhancing muscle glucose uptakealthough not
Figure 1: Effect of Resistant starch on glucose always same results have been observed.
homeostasis Somenaturally occurring RS in rye, wheat or

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barley when incorporated in bread or porridges in diabetics and individual with insulin resistance.
influenced the glycaemic markers in a positive A number of animal studies elucidate high
way although the effect exists only to the amylose corn starch and raw potato starch has
subsequent meal and not a whole day and the the potential to alleviate cholesterol and
differences of the glycemic response of RS to triacylglycerol level possibly by pool of
that of placebo were not statistically enterohepatic bile acid. On the other hand,
significant.The doses used in the studies were administration of 50g of raw potato or high
much lower than that of HAM-RS2. Although amylose corn starch per day has shown a very
the effect of RS on glucose and insulin little effect on cholesterol level whereas 30g of
homeostasis is not consistent, no adverse effect the same starch did not show any effect on lipid
of RS on glycaemic control has been observed. profile of human.Consumption of RS in
HAM-RS2 influences the secretion of a gut substitution with RDS have the potential to reduce
hormone, GLP1 that has an anti-diabetic and anti- body weight, waist circumference (WC) and size
obesity effect. Studies indicate GLP1 is not of adipocytes. Consumption of diet containing
associated with postprandial hypoglycaemic RS more than8% can reduce the degree of
effect. Therefore, the possible mechanism may adiposity compared with control diet. In every
rely on insulin-independent actionwhere GLP1 4% inclusion of RS in diet reduces energy intake
directly facilitates muscle glucose utilisation. by 9.8 Kilojoule.Diet containing more than 25g
Consumption of food containing higher amount of RS3 every day potentially reduces body fat
of RS for longer time may help to achieve insulin accumulation, BMI and WC in over-weight and
sensitivity by reducing the requirement of insulin obese adults by 4.62%, 4.2% and 3.51%
for glucose homeostasis9. respectively on the other hand 30g or more of
RS2 every-day did not change body compositions
Effect on lipid metabolism and body
of overweight and obese adult significantly10.
composition:Resistant starch has many attributes,
which could promote weight loss, increased fat The weight control and obesity prevention
oxidation, lower fat storage in adipocytes, and properties of RS may be drawn by several
preservation of lean body mass. Consumption of mechanisms. As RS remain undigested and
RS rich diet over a long period of time reduces unabsorbed in the small intestine it produces few
total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol and LDL energies compared with digestible starch hence
cholesterol by 12.3%, 14.3% and 13.06% partial substitution of meal with RS can reduce
respectively compared with control group. RS the total calorific density of food. SCFAs may
rich diet can also reduce triacylglycerol plays a role in weight management by increasing
concentration by 15% in diabetics although in total energy expenditure and fat oxidation. GLP-
healthy adults, most of the time RS did not 1, PYY, slow down gastric emptying, enhance
influence circulating triglyceride concentrations10. satiety and reduce calorific intake3.
Consumption of RS2 is associated with reduced Impact on colon health: Rs is reported to
plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations possess beneficial effect on colon cancer by
both in fasting and post prandial state especially stimulating the production of SCFAs particularly
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butyrate as a result of microbial fermentation in pathological conditions greatly relies on

the lower intestine that serves colonocytes as a production of SCFAswhich serves as major fuel
key fuel and prevents abnormal colonic cell to colonocytes. It is important to mention
development. Administration of RS along with thatimprovement of insulin secretion and/or
psylliumprevents the occurrence of colon cancer4. insulin sensitivity property of RS is contradictory
RS has the potential to protect human colon and it may vary depending on difference in doses
against the damaging effects of high animal of RS used, study design, study population and
protein diet. Inclusion of RS in high protein diet the duration of study. Moreover, the impact of
(25% of casein or red meat) lowered the risk of RS types other than HAM-RS2 on glycaemic
colonic DNA damage and thickening of mucosal markers is less clear as majority of study have
layer.A study on animal model reported that used HAM-RS2 in the studies.High doses of RS
animals fed high protein diet along with resistant (100g d-1) can cause gastrointestinal disturbances
whereas starch containing less than 50% RS did
starch reduced protein fermentation products that
not show any effect on blood glucose. Even if
in turn reduced the development of colorectal
RS is used massively in treatment of metabolic
carcinoma. On the other hand, a human study
diseases to minimize energy intake it should kept
reported, supplementation of 30g of RS every
in mind that 1 g of RS on digestion provides
day along with other dietary fibre could not
approximately 2kcal of energy.
minimize the development of hereditary colon
cancer. CONCLUSION
Effect on kidney disease: Consumption of Dietary carbohydrates are not always
HAM-RS2 can potentially reduce the incidence detrimental for people with T2DM, in fact
of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in rats possibly nonglycemic carbohydrate, especially RS lowers
by reducing the production of uric acid and the risk of T2DM in patientswith obesity,although
the extent of the effect of RS greatly depends on
ammonia thereby mitigating inflammation and
duration and the quantity of it.
CKD.
REFERENCE
DISCUSSION
1. International Diabetes Federation. IDF
The physiological effects of RS on human
Diabetes Atlas, 9, 2019.
health are well established.The less bio-
availability of a starch, the greater resistant 2. Banerjee.N, Chatterjee. S, Bhattacharjee. S,
Bhattacharya. B, De. S, Mukherjee. S, Journal
property it acquires. Reduced bio-availability of
of Pharmacy Research (ISSN 0974-6943), 12
a starch granule may be due to the presence of
(3), 402-407, 2018.
closely packed cell structure, B type crystallinity,
higher proportion of amylose content and strong 3. X. Yang, K. O. Darkoa, Y. Huanga, C. Hea,
association of amylose and other food H. Yang, Cell PhysiolBiochem, 42, 306-318,
2017.
components.Food processing and cooking may
alter the concentration of RS in food. The 4. J. Nissar, T. Ahad, H. R. Naik, S. Z. Hussain,
mechanism of action of RS on various Int J Food SciNutr., 2 (6), 95-108, 2017.

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5. C. Gao, M. Rao, W. Huang, Q. Wan, P. Yan, 8. F.A. Ribola, F. B. Cançado, J. H. M.

Y. Long, M. Guo, Y. Xu, Lipids Health Dis., Schoueri, V. F. Toni, V. H. Medeiros, D.
18 (1), 205, 2019. doi: 10.1186/s12944-019- Feder, Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci., 21,
199–211, 2017.
1127-z.
9. S. A. Dainty, S. L. Klingel, S. E. Pilkey, E.
6. M. Snelson, N.J. Kellow, M.T. Coughlan, Adv.
McDonald, B. McKeown, M. J. Emes, A. M.
Nutr., 10, 303–320, 2019. Duncan, J Nutr.,146, 2252-2259, 2016.
7. P. A. Dobranowski, A. Stintzi, Gut Microbes, 10. Dodevska. M. S, Sobajic. S. S, Djordjevic. P.
13(1), e1926842, 2021. doi.org/10.1080/ B, Dimitrijevic Sreckovic. V. S, Djordjevic.
19490976.2021.1926842 B. I, Eur J Nutr., 55, 127-137, 2016.

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MYCOTOXINS: THE HIDDEN DANGER IN FOOD

Mehzabeen Parveen, Anusha S Pawar and Shilpa B M*

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi and are capable of causing various
diseases in humans and animals. They are naturally occurring chemical substances and are
chemically stable which is why they pose a great threat to public health. Accumulation of mycotoxins
in the food chain can cause hazardous effects in human. The gut microbiota has a bidirectional
relationship with mycotoxin, being the leading cause of the development of mycotoxicosis. Preventive
measure for controlling contamination should be adopted both before and after harvest.

INTRODUCTION
Mycotoxins are naturally occurring, low pepper, and coriander. They are genotoxic and
molecular weight,chemically stable secondary large doses can damage liver and
metabolites produced by fungi like Aspergillus, causeaflatoxicosis (1). Aspergillus and
Fusarium, Penicillium species and are the cause Penicilliumsps produces Ochtratosin A in cereals,
of adverse health effects in humans and animals, coffee beans, grape juice. One of the most notable
leading to mycotoxicosis. They grow on various effect is kidney damage and also has an effect of
crops including cereals, nuts, spices and coffee fetal immune system. Patulin are commonly found
beans, apples under warm and humid conditions. in rotting apples and apple products. In humans
Mycotoxins are exotoxins that are produced when it causes vomiting, gastrointestinal diseases,
fungal growth ceases due to nutrient limitations nausea and it also has high potential of being
and the presence of excess carbon source. carcinogenic.
Occurrence of mycotoxins in food poses great IMPACT OF MYCOTOXIN ON HUMAN
threat to the consumers and is considered to be HEALTH
one of the major global health issue.
Mycotoxin has been associated with a variety
COMMON TYPES OF MYCOTOXINS of acute and chronic human diseases. Mycotoxin
There are a number of mycotoxins identified can occur in food and agricultural products
so far, some of them have gained attention due viacontamination at any stage of processing,
to their severe health effects and occurrence in packaging, transport, production and storage.(2)
food. These includes Aflatoxins, Ochtratoxin A Intake of low levels of mycotoxin over a long
and Patulin. Aflatoxins are one of the most deadly period of time causes kidney and liver
mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus and impairment, whereas exposure to high dose
Aspergillus parasiticus.They affect cereals like mycotoxin leads to abdominal pain, diarrhea and
sorghum, wheat, rice nuts like almond, pistachio, chronic intoxication.
coconut and spices including turmeric, ginger, Aflatoxins is amongst one of the potent
mycotoxins. It is associated with human diseases
School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar
including liver cancer, Reye’s syndrome,chronic
University, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru-560111,
Karnataka, India. *Corresponding author: Dr. Shilpa BM – gastritis, Kwashiorkor and respiratory diseases
[email protected]: [email protected] in various parts of the world. Fusarium toxins
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Mycotoxins Fungi Food contaminated Disease caused

Aflatoxin Aspergillus flavus Cereals, Coconut, Oilseed Carcinogenic DNA impairment
Aspergillus parasiticus Hepatitis Kidney lesions
Zearalenone Fusarium oxysporum Cereals, Corn, Fodder, Hormonal imbalance
Trichoderma Timothy grass Teratogenic Reproductive
Cephalosporium problem
Patulin Aspergillus clavatus Wheat, Apple, Grapes, Brain hemorrhage
Penicllum carneum Apricot, Olives, Pears Skin cancer
Penicillium griseofulvum Mutagenicity
Neural syndrome
Ochratoxin A Aspergillus ochraceus Figs, Herbs, Fruits, Kidney and Liver damage
Penicillium nordicum Wine, Beef Loss of appetite Nausea
Immune system suppression
Table 1 : Toxic effects of various mycotoxins on human

Immunotoxic

Nephrotoxic Carcinogenic

Neurotoxic MYCOTOXINS Hepatotoxic

Figure 1 : Various detrimental health effects of mycotoxin

plays a major role in the onset of diseases such related disease in humans caused by consuming
as Kashin Beck syndrome, Mseleni joint disease ergot body in rye infected by the fungus Claviceps
and oesophagealtumours. sp.(3). The first outbreak of mycotoxin occurred
SIGNIFICANCE OF MYCOTOXIN IN in England where almost 100,000 turkeys died
FOOD INDUSTRY due to the consumption of peanut meal imported
In addition to risking public health, mycotoxins from Brazil contaminated with aflatoxins (4).
also generates huge economic loss in food Mycotoxins first affected humans in 1960, and
industry. Ergotism is one of the oldest mycotoxin still persists worldwide. It appears in almost all
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animal feed like wheat bran, maize grain, milk, harvest. Manifestation of mycotoxins can occur
meat and human food like cereals, nuts and directly due to consumption of infected food or
spices. indirectly by animals that are fed contaminated
Mycotoxin contamination in food and fodder feed. Consumption of food products contaminated
is becoming a global concern each day. According with mycotoxins can lead to acute illness or can
to reports by Food And Agricultural Organisation cause cancer and immune deficiency. They have
(FAO), nearly 25% of world’s crops are being a significant impact on human health as well as
affected by mycotoxin leading to huge economic cost of food production. Extensive mycotoxin
loss, low product yield, decrease in commercial contamination is an area of great concern as it
value of food and loss of human and animal represents hazard for food safety. Globally, 30 to
health. Many mycotoxins are known to survive 90% of food and feed samples are contaminated
processing into flour and meals and are not easily leading to detrimental health effects. High levels
detectable. Such “hidden” mycotoxin can pose a of aflatoxin on the food chain has been associated
significant hazard to human health. with liver cancer in humans. The concentration
MYCOTOXIN AND GUT HEALTH of mycotoxins varies with food processing. For
The role of mycotoxin towards gut health and example, processed cereals and grains have been
microbiota has been comprehensively discussed. reported to possessgreat amount of mycotoxin in
Existence of a bi directional relationship is noted them. According to a survey, the highest
between mycotoxins and gut microbes, whereby concentration of zearalenone contamination
they are involved in the development of occurred in North and South America, Central
mycotoxicosis. It is well established that healthy Europe, Africa and Southeast Asia. This confirms
gut microbiota plays a significant role in the the contamination is strongly dependent upon
overall health of an individual. A person with regional climatic conditions such as
healthy and balanced gut microbiota has the excessivemoisture,temperature,humidity,
capability to eliminate mycotoxicosis naturally drought,insect damage and agricultural practises
from the host. Till date there are various (6).
approaches to maintain a healthy gut microbiota,
Mycotoxins enters food supply via direct
apart from several other benefits it also protects
contamination from mold growth on the food
the host from the toxicity of mycotoxins (5). The
consumed. It can also affect indirectly by the use
gastrointestinal tract is responsible for food
of contaminated ingredients in processed food
ingestion, digestion, elimination of waste products
and nutrient absorption. The GI tract acts as a (Figure 2). It can also occur due to consumption
filter against harmful mycotoxins. When a person of animal products, such as milk which might
intakes contaminated food, mycotoxins can alter contain mycotoxin residue caused by using moldy
normal intestinal morphology and functions, thus, feed to the milk producing animal.
leading to change in the diversity of gut ROLE IN BIOTERRORISM
microbiota.
The abuse of mycotoxins as a biological
CONCERNS OF MYCOTOXINS IN weapon is not only theory based as there are
FOOD CHAIN evidence to prove the use of aflatoxins as a part
Mycotoxins becomes visible in the food chain of Iraqi biowarfare programme during the 1980’s.
due to mould infection in crops before or after It is preferred over other chemical warfare agents
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 Everyman’s Science Vol. LVI No. 1 & 2 April-July 2021

Figure 2 : Effect of mycotoxin on human health

as there are no real time detection or any alarming PREVENTION OF MYCOTOXIN

signs of fire, blast and they are highly stable CONTAMINATION
capable of causing potent acute toxicity. Some There has been several attempts to minimise
researchers say mycotoxins are impractical mycotoxin contamination, such as changes in
biological weapon, as large amount of pure plant breeding, detoxification and good
mycotoxin is required to be effective (7). On the agricultural practices. Varieties of rye, wheat and
contrary, fungal weapon do not require any millet are cultivated that are resistant to
elaborate facilities for its growth, purification of mycotoxins. Other approaches such as avoiding
toxins or any trained personnel. Poisoning of water stress, minimising insect infestation are see
crops in field via mycotoxins would be to be effective. Appropriate drying techniques,
ineffective, therefore it’s dispersion in a public maintaining proper storage and not exposing nuts
places might be a method of choice for and cereals to moisture can decrease
bioterrorism attacks, as the entire population contamination, especially in peanuts.(8) Many
would be exposed. countries have introduced legislation concerning

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 Everyman’s Science Vol. LVI No. 1 & 2 April-July 2021

mycotoxins like aflatoxin, ergot alkaloids, and Fungi: Risk and Management. A Challenge
ochratoxins.(9) Continuous surveillance and for Future Global Food Safety and Security.
monitoring of human population for diseases 2021.
related to mycotoxins have been carried in various 3. Ferrao J, Bell V, Chabite IT, Fernandes
parts of the world to ensure food free from TH. Mycotoxins, food and health mycotoxins,
naturally occurring contaminants. food and health. Journal of Nutritional Health
CONCLUSION & Food Science;5(7):1-10. DOI: 10.15226/
Mycotoxins are poisonous, naturally occurring jnhfs.2017.001118.2017.
chemical compounds produced by fungi under 4. Reddy, P., Hemsworth, J., Guthridge,
favourable conditions.Almost 25% of the world’s K.M.Ergot alkaloid mycotoxins: physiological
crops are contaminated by molds and fungal effects, metabolism and distribution of the
growth. Their toxicity not only leads to adverse residual toxin in mice.2020
animal and human health affects but also cause 5. Zain ME. Impact of mycotoxins on humans
major environmental changes. Although, the and animals. Journal of Saudi Chemical.
extent of its toxicity depends upon several factors 15:129-144. DOI: 10.1016/
like period of exposure, type of mycotoxin, j.jscs.2010.06.006.2011.
nutritional value, still it’s harmful effects cannot 6. Collins, S. M. A role for the gut microbiota in
be overlooked. Control of contamination by IBS. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 11,
mycotoxin should be one of the foremost 497–505. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2014.40.2014.
approaches in order to maintain public health
7. Dvorackova I.Aflatoxins and Human Health.
and improve economic condition of the countries.
CRC Press, Boca Raton 1990.
REFERENCES 8. Vora, V.G. A survey of toxin producing fungi
1. Hussein H.S., Brasel J.M. Toxicity, and mycotoxins associated with post harvest
metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on deterioration of field crops grown for human
human and animals. Toxicology.167:101–134. and animal consumption.1978.
doi: 10.1016/S0300-483X(01)00471-1.2001. 9. Mazumder, P. M., &Sasmal, D. Mycotoxins -
2. Claudio Altomare, Antonio F. Logrieco, limits and regulations. Ancient science of life.
Antonia Gallo. Mycotoxins and Mycotoxigenic 2020

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 Everyman’s Science Vol. LVI No. 1 & 2 April-July 2021

CONTRIBUTION OF INDIAN SCIENTISTS TO MODERN SCIENCE

AND THEIR FIGHT DURING INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE
Uthra Dorairajan and Renganayaki Veerarahavan

Our country’s struggle to gain independence from the British was multi-dimensional. It was not
just political and revolutionary, it was also a struggle to establish scientific and intellectual
movements to become self-reliant. Our country has been always bestowed with great visionaries,
nationalists who sowed the seed for generations to come. In this article, we will see the contribution
of a very few scientists who were pioneers in shaping our country’s S&T future, fighting the
colonial oppression and outlook.

INTRODUCTION
Our freedom struggle witnessed the ages.As a society, we have always had rich
acceleration of country’s scientific movement tradition, legacy, diversity and willingness to
and the rise of new scientific community by evolve. Our contribution in different millennium
the end of 19th century. It fought the towards pottery, arts and crafts, architecture,
discriminatory and oppressive attitude of the housing, textiles, irrigation system, farming
British and lead us to establish our own identity. techniques, animal husbandry, music, culinary,
Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Eshwar Chandra literature, education, mining and metallurgyare
Vidyasagar, Swami Vivekananda, Rabindranath
immense 1 . One example for our superior
Tagore, Dayananda Saraswati and many eminent
knowledge in technology and applications is the
personalities guided this intellectual renaissance
in our society. Many scientists took bold fact that our country is the birth place for the
initiatives like starting scientific societies, world famous alloy – wootz steel.
educational institutions, popular science Sea voyages, conquest, colonialism and
magazines in regional languages, scientific European industrialisation are very much inter-
journals, skill based training institutes, teaching- connected. The global expansion of western
learning materials to suit our country’s diverse Europe between the 1760s and the 1870s differed
needs empoweredyoung India to think in a in several important ways from the expansionism
different perspective, acquire world view, aspire and colonialism of previous centuries.The urgency
for discoveries and inventions on par with the to create markets and the incessant pressure for
West and importantly to counter the British
new materials and food were eventually reflected
subjugation and discrimination. in colonial practices, which sought to adapt the
OUR RESOURCES AND BRITISH colonial areas to the new priorities of the
EXPLOITATION industrializing nations2. For centuries India had
Contribution of our country in the field of been an exporter of cotton goods, to such an
Science and Mathematics has been incredible for extent that Great Britain for a long period
imposedstiff tariff duties to protect its domestic
Department of Physics, Dwaraka Doss Goverdhan Doss
Vaishnav College, Chennai-600 106, India manufacturers from Indian competition. Yet, by

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 Everyman’s Science Vol. LVI No. 1 & 2 April-July 2021

the middle of the 19th century, India was promote amore liberal and enlightened system of
receiving one-fourth of all British exports of instruction, embracing Mathematics, Natural
cotton piece goods and had lost its own export Philosophy, Chemistry, Astronomy, with other use
markets.The British colonial power extensively fulsciences”. But his memorandum was ridiculed
used science and scientific knowledge to exploit by Lord Amherst and other prominent English
the natural resources of India. Our country also intellectuals. When the colonial government
became an important source of revenue and vital began to establish schools, colleges and
source of raw material for then growing British universities in the mid 18th century, it did so
industrial sector. The first survey was carried out with the objective of training Indians for
in landforms from 1767 by the East India subordinate civil-service positions rather than
Company under James Rennell in Bengal. providing them with a broadly based liberal
Systematic studies of natural resources in land education. As a result, throughout the 19th century
eventually lead to the formation of Geological
and well into the 20th century even the best
Survey of India with the setting up of a committee
science instruction available to Indians was far
for the investigation of coal and mineral resources
from the best that Europe had to offer.
in 1837.Agriculture and plant products were at
the top of their priority list that made them focus PROPAGATOR OF SCIENTIFIC
on botanical and geological surveys. British STUDIES
started laying railway lines in the country With the great cultural and intellectual
immediately after this survey, in the idea of awakening of the nineteenth century Bengal it
consolidating the resources, minerals and other was conceived and planned to initiate a scientific
natural wealth of our country, because institution’ solely native and purely national’. In
exploitation of the British was not limited to this backdrop Dr. Mahendralal Sircar founded
resources based on demography and local Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
industries. Railways were introduced specifically in 1876 where young Indians would have the
to collect these and India’s first Railway proposals
facilities and opportunities to engage in scientific
were made in Madras in 1832. Bombay was the
research on the same footing as their European
then nearest port to England and railway lines to
counterparts3,4. Till the early decades of this
Bombay helped them achieve their economic
century the Association was the only place in
goals.
India where higher research in physical sciences
THE BENGAL RENAISSANCE AND A could be carried out. As a result, students from
GREAT REFORMER all over India began assembling at Calcutta to
One of our first leaders to argue that there work in the creative atmosphere of the
was an intimate connection between modern Association. Many distinguished scientists of
science and genuine self-reliance was the19th- modern India - Sir C V Raman, K.S. Krishnan,
century Bengali reformer Raja Ram Mohan Roy. S. Bhagavantam, L. Srivastava, N.K. Sethi, C.
In 1816, he established the Calcutta Vidyalaya, Prosad, M.N. Saha and a host of other eminent
the first school open to Indians to offer instruction Indian scientists had carried out research here.
in both European and Indian subjects in the
English language. Roy asserted that”as the A PROLIFIC EDUCATOR
improvement of the native population is the object Sir Ashutosh Mookerjee is one of greatest
of the Government, it [should l consequently educationist ever born in India. At the age of

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 Everyman’s Science Vol. LVI No. 1 & 2 April-July 2021

fifteen, Ashutosh Mukopadyaya passed the the foundation of the Bengal Technical Institute
entrance exam of the Calcutta University ranking which is better known as the Jadavpur University
third, he took admission at the Presidency College today. P.N. Bose emphasized the need of writing
in the University, where he met P C Ray and scientific books in Bengali for the rapid diffusion
Narendranath Dutta (Swami Vivekananda). He of scientific knowledge among the masses and
was the first person to be awarded a dual MA for formation of Society for the Development of
degree from Calcutta University. He was an Indian Industries.
outstanding mathematician and the first Indian FIRST INDIAN INTER-DISCIPLINARY
to publish a scientific paper in a journal5. As a RESEARCHER
Vice Chancellor of the Calcutta University for
J.C.Bose was a patriot and a cultural
ten years (1906–1914, 1921–23), he collected a
nationalist, proud of the ancient heritage of his
galaxy of professors— Brajen Seal, C V Raman,
land. He realised that colonialism was sapping
S Radhakrishnan, S N Bose, M N Saha, J C
the self-respect of Indians. He proved to the West
Ghosh, Agarkar, Ganesh Prasad, S K Banerjee
that Indians too could do world class scientific
and others. In 1914, he founded the Science
research. Bose wrote numerous popular articles
College of Calcutta University. The same year
in Bengali to spread the excitement of science
he presided over the first session of the Indian
amongst the common people. After obtaining DSc
Science Congress.
Degree from London, Acharya Jagadish Chandra
A GREAT PALEONTOLOGIST Bose joined Presidency College, Calcutta as the
Pramatha Nath Bose was a first Indian professor of Physics in 1885. Origi-
pioneering Indian geologist and paleontologist is nally Bose’s salary as a professor was only two-
who went on to study at the Royal School of thirds of that of British professors with com-
Mines in London. He was the first Indian graduate parable duties. Bose refused to take any salary at
in science from a British University. After joining all, yet continued to teach on the grounds that
the Geological Survey of India, P.N. Bose teaching was an honour. The government
eventually became the senior-most officer and authorities yielded with in a year. His efforts to
was all set to become its first Indian Director6. develop research facilities in Presidency College
However, the British government refused to allow were repeatedly thwarted by British officials. So
an Indian to head the Survey. Bose resigned from finally, Bose set up a laboratory in an abandoned
the survey and joined the Mayurbhanj state as its bathroom in the physics department. Here with
state geologist. Here he discovered the rich iron- very rudimentary equipment, hecom menced
ore deposit at Singhbhum district and was serious original research on generation,
instrumental in the setting up of Jamshedpur by transmission, refraction, diffraction, polarization
writing to J.N. Tata. He was the first to discover and detection of electro magnetic waves. Several
petroleum in Assam and is credited with the familiar microwave components of today –
setting up of the first soap factory in India. While waveguides, lens antennas, polarizers, dielectric
in England, he realized that industrial regeneration lenses and prisms, diffraction gratings used by
was the only way that India could take to advance him were designed/invented by him. He was the
economically. As a man of science, he had first person who demonstrated wireless
constantly taken up the cause of technical transmission of electro magnetic signals through
education in the country. His efforts also catalyzed solid walls in 1895 in a public lecture at Calcutta7.

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 Everyman’s Science Vol. LVI No. 1 & 2 April-July 2021

In December 1896, he repeated his took up the issue of food adulteration. For several
demonstrations of wireless transmission at the year she studied mercurousnitr atesalt and its
Royal Institution before an audience that included derivatives. He published over a hundred research
Lord Kelvin. Bose was only interested in the papers. In 1901, this resulted in the establishment
science behind the phenomena and not in of Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works
patenting it and amassing wealth. On the other (which still exists, now called BCPL). Ray was
hand, his contemporary Marconi took this idea an ardent scholar and was determined to bring
of coherer from Bose, used it for constructing out the scientific achievement so fancient Indians,
wireless communication equipment, patented and possibly to evoke the pride of his country men in
completely commercialised it. On Swami their heritage8. He published The History of Hindu
Vivekananda’s motivation, later Bose applied for Chemistry in two volumes. He wrote his
patents fighting the restrictions put by colonial
autobiography in two volumes - Life and
rules. His receivers based on galena (lead ore)
Experiences of a Bengali Chemist. After
crystals were issued patents in 1904 finally. Bose
retirement from Presidency College, he worked
was interested in understanding the similarities
as Palit Professor of Chemistry at the newly found
between plants and animals. To the astonishment
College of Science, Calcutta University at the
of many, he showed that plants too have
request of Sir Asutosh Mookherjee.
something analogous to an animal’s nervous
system and they respond to stimuli such as electric A PIONEER METEOROLOGIST
current, heat and chemicals. Since this subject Prof. Ruchi Ram Sahni who ushered the
was new, Bose designed and constructed many scientific renaissance in Punjab joined as Assistant
of the instruments required for experimentation– Professor of Science in Government College,
like the Crescograph which measured the growth Lahore in 1887 and later became in-charge of
rate of plants. the Department of Chemistry. In England, Sahni
FATHER OF CHEMICAL SCIENCE IN was fortunate to work with the world renowned
INDIA nuclear physicist, Lord Ruther ford and
Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray on returning collaborate with Niels Bohr. He wrote two
to India in 1888, after finishing DSc found it research papers on scattering of alpha particles
difficult to get a University job as they were along with Prof. Ruther ford and was his good
reserved for white men. He joined Presidency friend. He soon returned to India as the situation
College, was well known as a very good teacher became critical in war-ravaged England9. After
and enlivened his classes by actual returning, Sahni joined the Punjab Science
demonstrations. Among his students were two Institute (PSI) asits joint Sahni realised that
futurestal warts, Meghnad Saha and Satyendra schools and colleges had no labs. All science
Nath Bose. Many bright students of that time – equipment was imported at a prohibitive cost.
such as Nil Ratan Ghosh and J. C. Ghosh were He set up a workshop in 1888, in his own house
attracted to him and this is how the first Indian to manufacture high-quality, made-in-India
School of Chemistry was born. J.C. Bose and science apparatus. Sahni gave aseries of popular
P.C.Ray were the flag bearers of Indian science science lectures which became a great hit with
at the thre shold of the new century. Ray’s common people. The themes of Sahni’s popular
research encomp as sedawide field. In itially, he lectures covered common, everyday subjects such
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 Everyman’s Science Vol. LVI No. 1 & 2 April-July 2021

as Soap-making, The water Lahoris drank before and subjugation, they have preferred to use their
1880, Pure and impure air, Electricity in the knowledge and discoveries for the benefit of
service of man, Electroplating, Glass-making, The human kind, than commercialising it. It is time
Punjab and its rivers (illustrated by a large relief we help our younger generation to learn the rich
map made in clay), Weather Forecasting and contribution of our Indian scientists to the Modern
soon 7. These popular science lectures were Science too and for building our nation’s science
organized in mofussil towns and villages during & technology.
festivals and fairs to attract huge crowds. These REFERENCES
lecture screated atrem endous interestin the study
1. https://lmcbilaspur.files.wordpress.com/2017/
of science. Village and urban folk, labourers and
11/indian-contribution-to-science.pdf
shopkeepers flocked to them, often buying a two-
2. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Western-
anna ‘ticket’ to witness the performance! Sahni
colonialism/European-expansion-since-1763.
was always in demand and delivered over 500
popular science lectures! 3. William A. Blanpied, Physics Today,36-44;
May 1986.
CONCLUSION
4. Chittabrata Palit, Ind J His. of Sci., 33(4), 281-
The stereo typical image of a scientist is that 292; 1998.
of auni-dimensional manimmers edinhislab, cut-
5. Kankan Bhattacharyya, Ind J His. of Sci, 50.3
off from the wider world. Many a times this image
420-428; 2015.
does not allow us to connect modern science with
our countrymen in our own attires and who 6. https://www.thebetterindia.com/141716/indias-
believed in our cultural and traditional practices. iron-man-pramatha-nath-bose-unsung-pioneer/
Somehow we tend to connect the word Modern 7. Arvindgupta, Bright Sparks Inspiring Indian
with West, which needs a overhauling of our Scientists from the past, 2009, INSA
thought process. Science like a river, has received Publications, India.
contributions from the separate streams of many 8. https://www.theheritagelab.in/pc-ray-indian-
different cultural traditions, including ours. scientist/
Despite the fact, our scientists have struggled and 9. A. Sahni, Ind J His. of Sci. 53.4 160-166;
fought oppressive laws, racism, lack of funding 2018.

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 Everyman’s Science Vol. LVI No. 1 & 2 April-July 2021

DRONES-NEW FRIEND OF FARMERS!

L. Priyadarsini,* K. Rama Krishna and A. Ramesh Kumar

Drones are an unmanned vehicle, controlled and operated by humans. Drones play an important
role in agriculture with its efficiency to cover even a large area within a short time. But due
to its technical operational process and price, the farmers are unaware of its effective usage in
the field. It can be used to monitor the crops health, spraying pesticides, even monitoring in an
unpredictable weather condition. Past two years, locust infestation has become a greater
threat to the farmers of North-western regions such as Rajasthan, Utter Pradesh and parts of
Punjab. Locust, due to its polyphagous nature and ability to fly longer distances has become a
serious pest to control. Now, we can make use of the drones for the emerging threat of locust
in India.

INTRODUCTION
Drones may be simply called as an unmanned varies according to the specific species of
aerial vehicle or unscrewed aerial vehicle. Drones locust1.
can be used for optimizing a farm-based work The outbreak has in 2018 when the cyclone
and the condition of crops, fields and livestock Mekunu lead to heavy rains in the region of
can be analyzed along with applying pesticides. Rub’al Khali of the Arabian Peninsula. On the
They shorten the duration of application of onset of spring in 2019, swarms got spread from
pesticides and also cover larger areas than by these areas and reached to north of Iran by June
using conventional techniques. 2019, further spreading to Pakistan and India via
South of East Africa, particularly from Horn of
LOCUST-SERIOUS THREAT TO
Africa. The cyclones created favorable conditions
FARMERS
to mass multiply which enabled all the three
Locust belongs to a certain species of short-
generations of locusts to breed over a short period
horned grasshoppers in the insect family of time within a nine month period, which
Acrididae. These insects are usually solitary, but increased their number in the Arabian desert
if favorable conditions they become abundant roughly to 8000 fold. Soon the locust infestation
and change their behavior and habits, becoming in the year 2019-2021 has become a serious pest
aggresivelly gregarious. Locust undergoes three outbreak of desert locusts, which threatens the
main life stages of egg, nymph and adult locust. food supply across the regions of east Africa,
The duration which they spent on each stage Arabian Peninsula and the Indian subcontinent.
These was recorded to be the worst outbreak in
Department of Horticulture, School of Life Sciences, Central
University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur-610001, TN, India 70 years for Kenya and the worst in 25 years for
*Corresponding author email:[email protected] Ethiopia, Somalia and India.
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 Everyman’s Science Vol. LVI No. 1 & 2 April-July 2021

from 24°C to 32°C 1 . Adults take off in

temperature above 20°C-22°C and fly with the
wind (i.e. downwind). Swarms takes off about 2-
3 hours after sunrise. They can take off in
temperatures of at least 15°C-17°C. Under cloudy
conditions, take-off occurs between 23°C-26°C.
Locusts will not take off if winds are greater
than 6-7m/s (11.7-13.6 knots)1.
RAISED ALARM-LOCUST ATTACK
Normally the locusts arrivel in Inda is during
July-October. But, previous year it has arrived a
mounth early in the regions of Rajasthan and
cause destruction to standing crops (growing rabi
crops) and vegetables in areas of Rajasthan,
Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh within a
month. There was an alert for Uttar Pradesh,
Maharashtra and Delhi as well. They entered via
Pakistan’s Sind provinces2.
Fig. 1. Showing the life cycle of locusts and
different stages of growth. SOURCE: FAO Several news articles have been reported on
Stages Egg, hopper, adult the locust attack which showed the impact of the
Duration Egg 10-65 days infestation affecting about 90,000 hectares across
Hopper 24-95 days 20 districts in Rajasthan itself. Favorable rain-
(36 days average)
bearing winds made the locust spread much easier
Adult 2.5-5 months
Laying-fledging 40-50 days in India3. India faced the locusts which are
Adult maturation 2-4 months average immature ones. These immature locusts were not
Total 2-6 months fully grown and have the capacity to cause more
Larval 5-6 (solitarious), 5 (gregarious)
harm. They also blessed with longer lifespan. This
moults
became the most chillingly for agrarians to
Phases Solitarious, transiens, gregarious
handle.
Affected 16 million km2 (recession), 29 million km2
area (invasion) LOCUST SPECIES FOUND IN INDIA
Egg development below 15°C are  DESERT LOCUST- Schistocera gregaria
unfavourable. Under condition of high  MIGRATORY LOCUST- Locusta
temperature, the egg development is more rapid.
migratoria
Egg mortality may occur when soil temperatures
are above 35°C. The hopper development period  BOMBAY LOCUST-Nomadacris succinct
decreases with increasing daily air temperature  TREE LOCUST – Anacridium sp.,
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 Everyman’s Science Vol. LVI No. 1 & 2 April-July 2021

Fig. 2. Shows spread of locust attack in India5.

BELIEVE IT OR NOT! New technologies such as drones can support

The research finding show that a one square current and future ground. Drones are very
kilometer swarm of locust contains 40 million of targeted and treat infestations within a short
duration rather than vehicle mounted or hand
them can eat as much food as 35000 people can
spraying methods. Drones can even target small
comsume assuming that each individual consumes
swarms and populations that escape the aerial
2.3kg of food per day.
sprays that may not be feasible to control by
TACKLE THE ATTACK BY DRONES aircraft.
The locust swarms can be tackled by BETTERMENT WITH NEW
application of organophosphate chemicals. These TECHNOLOGY
are applied in small concentrated doses by Drone technology is a versatile one. It is
vehicle-mounted and aerial sprayers. In India, capable of carrying chemical payloads fitted with
particularly in Rajasthan, they used drones for special ultra-low volume spraying technology and
controlling the locusts. Reported, a drone can spectral cameras which allows for targeted
spray pesticides on nearly 2.5 acres during a flight spraying in hard to reach areas. These drones are
of 15 min4. also used to conduct post spraying mapping and
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 Everyman’s Science Vol. LVI No. 1 & 2 April-July 2021

ground sampling to determine the eradication of 10L/duration-60 min). Carbon Fiber Phoenix
desert locust from spraying operations. 1200 05L agriculture hexacopter drone cost of
Rs.2 Lakh (capacity-5L). AGRIBOT-agricultural
DRONES FOR AGRICULTURAL
pesticide spraying drone cost of Rs.3.50
OPERATIONS
Lakh(capacity-10L)6.
As per BAYER, a new type of drone called
multi-rotor equipped with rechargeable batteries NEED KNOWLEDGE ABOUT DRONES
was launched to apply crop protection products Our Indian farmers may also lack awareness
in fields. It is equipped with 5-10 liters tank which about how to use drones and are also not rich
can treat up to 1 hectare of rice in 10-15 minutes. enough to buy the drones. Thus Indian
DJI agras MG-1(DJI, 2017) drones designed for government may provide some endowment and
precision variable rate application of liquid training for the successful development of Indian
pesticides, fertilizers and herbicides. It allows the farmers. Many drone apps like the Universal
aircraft to carry up to 10kg liquid payloads, to drone app, smart drone app, DJI drone app are
cover an area of 4000-6000 m2 in just 10 minutes available for learning. We can also make use of
which is around 40-60 times faster than manual it.
spraying operations. CONCLUSION
Lovely Professional University has developed We Indians are richer with wealth and
a drone named ‘flying farmer’ which is designed greenery. Adoption of technology is the next step
for pesticide treatment and weed detection. The forward for this new era and it is absolutely
cost of the drone is approximately Rs.10000- needed one. Government can also make steps for
Rs.15000 and it can fly for 25 minutes on a full children from basic school life to have
charge. Agriculture pesticide spraying drone cost technological courses related to agriculture and
of Rs. 8.40 Lakh (power-6400w/battery backup- to perform it in practical classes. Let us all work
15min). Autonomous aero agriculture spraying together to develop India, a technological green
drone cost of Rs.4.49 Lakh (spraying capacity of and prosperous country.

INSECTICIDES SUITABLE FOR LOCUST CONTROL

INSECTICIDE7 RECOMMENDED FORMULATION VOLUME APPLICATION
DOSE (g a.i/ha) RATE (l/ha)
Organophosphates 225-240 240 g/l ulv 1.0
Chlorypyrifos
450 g/l ulv 0.5
Diazinon 450-500 980 g/l ulv 0.4-0.5 (settled swarms)
0.5-0.75 (hoppers)
600 g/l ulv 0.75 (settled swarms)
0.75-1.25 (hoppers)
Fenitrothion 400-500 500g/l ulv 1.0
*ulv-Ultra low volume; a.i-active ingredient
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REFERENCES 4. https://m.economictimes.com/news/economy/
1. Symmons, P. M., & Cressman, K. (2001). agriculture/agriculture-ministry-eyes drones-
Desert locust guidelines: biology and for-night-duty-in-locust-fight/articleshow/
behaviour. FAO, Rome. 76681161.cms
2. https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/agriculture/ 5. https://www.mapsofindia.com/
locust-attack-in-india/article3172902ece 6. https://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/agricultural-
3. https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/ drone.html
explained-why-we-have-a-desert-locust- 7. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/6/1052/
problem-this-year-6431837/ pdf

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SAGA OF SCRAMJET ENGINE FOR HYPERSONIC VEHICLE

Debi Prasad Mishra and Imran Rasheed

The Second World War saw increasing research for attaining high speed flight by Germans and
there had been many claims about aircrafts attaining or exceeding Mach number 1. In 1947, Bell
X-1 Glamour Glennis, piloted by Charles Yeager was the first aircraft to fly faster than the speed
of sound in controlled flight where the landing was carried out safely rather than crashing, which
was the case of most of the unconfirmed highspeed flights during the time. By 1960s, the quest
for faster travel implied that the aircraft should be flying in hypersonic speeds. The main challenge
associated with the then existing conventional engines and airframes were from a material
viewpoint. The moving parts of the earlier powerplant seemed to not a viable option for high
speeds. Thus, the idea of scramjet was put forward during late 1950s.

1. PODDED ENGINE
During the earlier development, the engine
was not attached to the body of the aircraft. Some
notable programs include NASA HRE
(Hypersonic Research Engine) and a Russian
developed engine created by E.S. Shchetinkov in
NII-1 (1964). These devices used an axisymmetric
external cone for compression and looks like
typical gas turbine engines. While NASA HRE
used hydrogen as fuel, the Russian model used
kerosene. Figure 2: Podded Russian scramjet engine [1]
The podded NASA HRE engine was planned
to undergo a flight test in X-15 A-2 aircraft. The
purpose was to build a vehicle which can achieve
a speed of Mach number 3 to 8 using hydrogen
fuel. In 1967 a preliminary flight prior to actual
testing of HRE engine was carried out with a
model of HRE attached to underside of the
aircraft. During one of the tests, the X-15 A2
attained a flight speed of Mach number 6.7, but
the aircraft shell got damaged due to excessive
heating which led to development of holes in the
Figure 1: NASA HRE engine [1] metal parts. Although successfully landed, the
Department of Aerospace Engineering, IIT, Kanpur-208 016 aircraft was never flown again and HRE engine
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 Everyman’s Science Vol. LVI No. 1 & 2 April-July 2021

was never flight tested. The programme was later abandoned in 1993.NASP notably contributed to
cancelled in 1968. In 1981 a patent was issued the development of exotic materials that can
for a supersonic combustion ramjet-based vehicle withstand both extreme high and low temperature
based on Dr. Frederick S. Billing’s Ph.D. thesis. conditions particularly on the vehicle’s nose and
The huge number of results obtained from bodywhen it is exposed repeatedly to extreme
NASA HRE program showed that, the external conditions.
drag on this type of podded engine is very high Under the supervision of Professor Ray
compared to the thrust produced by the engine. Stalker, Australia began designing and testing
So it was necessary to integrate the engine into scramjet in 1981 at the T3 ground test facility at
the aircraft. Australia’s national university (ANU).In 1987 a
T4 ground facility was commissioned at The
2. ENGINE INTEGRATED TO THE
University of Queensland for further boosting
AIRCRAFT scramjet research. The initial experiments
In late 1980s and early 1990s, the U.S conducted in this facility were commissioned by
launched a project to build a vehicle capable of NASA Langley Research Centre to ground test
flying into an orbit around earth. The project cost the NASP program.
was estimated around 2 billiondollars andwas The first successful flight testing of a scramjet
called the NASP program. The main idea was to engine was done by Russia in 1991. The project
design and develop a hypersonic aircraft which was called Kholod project. The theoretical
could take off and land horizontally. In order to development of scramjet started in 1970s and
achieve that, the propulsion unit was planned was successfully tested on the test facility at the
tocombine thegas turbine engine, a ramjet engine Turaev branch of the TsIAM institution. During
and a rocket engine. Theprogram was later found flight testing, the scramjet was mounted to the
to be unfeasible technologically and economically top of a surface-to-air missile and fired for a
being exorbitant expensive and was later total of 27.5 seconds.

Figure 3: NASP airplane concept [1]

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 Everyman’s Science Vol. LVI No. 1 & 2 April-July 2021

Figure 4: Kholod Project by Russia [3]

TsIAM, France, and NASA completed six Figure 5: Performance Test Engine [4]
more axisymmetric high-speed scramjet flight
Between 2001 and 2006, the HyShot scramjet
tests between 1992 and 1998. During the program,
project of The University of Queensland in
the Kholod vehicle accelerated from Mach 3 to Australia showed that scramjet engines are
around 6.47 after successful firing of 77s at an capable of supersonic combustion. The University
altitude of 27.1 km. of Queensland and the British business QinetiQ
In January 2001, the AFRL and Pratt and collaborated on the development of two scramjet
Whitney developed a supersonic combustion engines for the programme.A Terrier-Orion Mk70
ramjet engine called Performance Test Engine sounding rocket was used to launch the engines.
(PTE). PTE was ground tested using a The HyShot project’s scramjet engines were not
hydrocarbon fuel at Mach 4.5 to 6.5 flight regimes intended to provide thrust.
and was the first integrated scramjet engine to HyShot 1 (2001) failed due to rocket going
operate at hypersonic speeds using conventional off course. HyShot II with University of
hydrocarbon fuels. In 2003, a fuel-cooled scramjet Queensland engine (2002) and HyShot III with
engine was tested for the first time on the ground QinetiQ scramjet (2006) were successfully flown.
under conditions simulating flight. The HyShot IV was successfully flown even

Figure 6: HyShot II Scramjet [4]

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 Everyman’s Science Vol. LVI No. 1 & 2 April-July 2021

though the functioning of scramjet was not as HiFiRE test flight was done on May 7,2009. In
expected. 2012, the program was recognized with Von
Following the cancellation of NASP program Karman award by International Congress of
in 1994, NASA started the Hyper-X program in Aeronautical Sciences. The last of the flight test,
late 1990s. The goal of the program was to flight HiFiRE 7 was flown on 2015.
validate key propulsion and related technologies The X-51A Waverider was successfully flown
for hypersonic flight vehicle. NASA developed by NASA and the United States Air Force in
X-43 hydrogen fuelled hypersonic research May of 2010, reaching an altitude of 70,000 feet
aircraft under this program. In 2001, the first X- while travelling at a speed of Mach 5 for almost
43A was launched and a failure in flight control 200 seconds..The X-51 A was carried abord a B-
system forced to abandon the test flight. In March 52 and the scramjet engine used for the program
2004, the second X-43A was flight tested was SJX61 engine developed by Pratt and
successfully and attained a Mach number of Whitney, which was a hydrocarbon-fuelled
6.83.After the engine burn was completed, the scramjet engine. During the test, a hypersonic
X-43A performed manoeuvres for hypersonic flight time of 140 seconds was achieved while
aerodynamic data. The X-43A during another using scramjet power, which was a record at the
flight test on November 2004, reached a Mach time.. The ground testing of the aircraft started
number of 9.6 at 112,000ft. in 2005. Three more flight testing were done using
the aircraft and achieved first fully successful
flight during its fourth flight on May 2013, in
which the X-51Aachieved a Mach number of 5.1
and flew for 210 second before burnout. This
test was the longest air-breathing hypersonic
flight.

Figure 7: X-43 by NASA [5]

The HiFiRE (Hypersonic International Flight
Research Experimentation) programme
investigated the underlying science of hypersonic
technology and its potential for developing future Figure 8: X-51A under the wing of a B-52 at
aeronautical systems. Up to ten flights could have Edwards Air Force Base, July 2009[7]
been included in the plan. DSTO and the US Air The successful flight testing of ISRO’s
Force Research Laboratory(AFRL) collaborated Scramjet on August 28, 2016 marked a major
to establish HiFiRE. In the program, the first milestone for the organization’s Air Breathing
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 Everyman’s Science Vol. LVI No. 1 & 2 April-July 2021

Propulsion Project (ABPP). The engine tested was finished by 2004. The vehicle was subsequently
a DMRJ engine (Dual mode ramjet engine). A ground tested and undergone its maiden flight on
DMRJ engine can operated both as a ramjet June 12, 2019. The HSTDV test vehicle was
engine and scramjet engine. It was designed in a mounted on Agni-I solid rocket and once the
way such that over a Mach number of 4, the required altitude and Mach number was achieved,
ramjet mode transforms into a scramjet mode. the test vehicle was ejected from Agni-I. The
The engine was mounted on an Advanced flight test was a partial success, and the vehicle
Technology Vehicle (ATV), using an advanced was flown at Mach number of 6. The future goal
sounding rocket, for conducting the inflight test. of DRDO is to achieve a Mach number of 12 in
The scramjet was ignited after the required speed order to successfully incorporate the scramjet to
is attained and operated only for 5 seconds. next generation weapon system.

Figure 10: HSTDV scaled model [9]

India and Russia are jointly developing a next
generation of Brahmos missile based on a
scramjet engine called the Brahmos-II. The
hypersonic missile will be having a range of
450km and a flight speed of Mach number 7.
Multiple variants of missile for testing were
completed in 2011 and according to various
sources, the testing of the same started from 2012.
Figure 9: Advanced Technology vehicle
The missile is expected to be ready for flight
(ATV) [8]
testing by 2020.
DRDO’s Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator
vehicle (HSTDV) is another ongoing scramjet Brazil is developing their unmanned
program in India. The goal of the program is to hypersonic aircraft named 14-X which is based
develop an unmanned aircraft to study more about on waveriderconcept [10]. The program was
the aerodynamics of the vehicle and scramjet launched in 2006 and is expected to make its
performance. The program was initiated during maiden test flight in 2020. The aircraft will be
early 2000’s and the design of aircraft was carried by a 2 stage VSB-30 rocket and boost the
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vehicle to a Mach number 4 which will provide REFERENCES

adequate conditions for scramjet engine to start. [1] R. K. Seleznev, “History of scramjet
The vehicle is expected to achieve a Mach propulsion development,” J. Phys. Conf.
number of 6. Ser., vol. 1009, no. 1, p. 012028, Apr. 2018.
On October 2019, China officially confirmed [2] S. Frederick, “United States Patent (19 ),”
no. 19, 1981.
their hypersonic glide vehicle,DF-ZF as
[3] Http://www.russianspaceweb.com/kholod.
operational. The glide vehicle is mounted on a
html,
DF-17 ballistic missile. The flight test for the
[4] Https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/
same was done during 2014-2017 and is thought systems/munitions/hytech.html,
to reach Mach number ranging from 5 to 10. [5] https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/history/
SUMMARY pastprojects/HyperX/index.html
[6] Https://sldinfo.com/2014/04/hypersonics-as-
This paper contains a historical overview of
an-integral-part-of-the-future-of-australian-
scramjet development around the world. The first- defense-a-key-research-team-works-the-
generation high speed propulsion systems were challenges/
not integrated to the main aircraft but was [7] Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-
attached by means of a strut (podded engines). 51_Waverider
The main challenge associated with early [8] Https://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/isro%
development was the generation of net positive E2%80%99s-scramjet-engine-technology-
thrust. Most of the early developed engines had demonstrator-successfully-flight-tested
drag more than the thrust produced. This resulted [9] Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersonic_
Technology_Demonstrator_Vehicle
in engine being integrated into the aircraft. The
[10] J. F. De Araujo Martos, I. Da Silveira Rêgo,
paper also covered some of the ongoing projects
S. N. Pachon Laiton, B. C. Lima, F. J. Costa,
around the world. More countries and and P. G. D. P. Toro, “Experimental
institutions are developing their own scramjet Investigation of Brazilian 14-X B
engines in a bid to master the high-speed travel Hypersonic Scramjet Aerospace Vehicle,”
which will be an important asset to their future Int. J. Aerosp. Eng., vol. 2017, no. January,
development. 2017.

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 Everyman’s Science Vol. LVI No. 1 & 2 April-July 2021

ALGAE BY-PRODUCTS: THE FUTURE SAVIOR

Mitali Baberwal, Kashish Nanda and Ajay Kumar Kataria*

You must have noticed a green slippery layer algae biofuels have been developed as a solution
growing either on top or below ofdifferent water with clean, nature friendly, cost effective solutions
bodies like ponds, lakes, oceans, rivers and even over other fuels. The present overview has been
insnow, it could be anywhere on Earth and prepared to throw a light on few applications of
wondered what is it? That green layer consists of algae as food and fuel on commercial basis.
a plant-like living organism called “algae”.Till Commercially algae are grown in large areas to
date 165,290species of algae and there use the economies of scale. Solazyme,
infraspecific names have been known. On the Exxonmobil and Sapphire energy are some giants
basis of their physical and ecological features in this area who are trying to make fuel derived
they can be categorized into different forms. from algae commercially viable.
Majorly, theyvary in size and can be categorized OPTIMIZATION OF ALGAL GROWTH
into microalgae and macroalgae. Algae can be AND HARVESTING BIOMASS
single cellular or multicellular, and are capable
The growth of algae is dependent upon various
to produce their own food as well as manufacture
factors like temperature, pH, irradiance,lux and
a range of useful products by the process of
growth media. The most common growth media
photosynthesis.
are Zarrouk’s and BG11 as the product and
In few years, what brings the most focus on biomass yield of algae is highest in these two
these organisms is their short doubling time, due media. The change of any one of the above
to which they are considered to be the fastest conditions can improve or diminish the growth
growing creature. They have an ability to fix the of algae and bioproducts obtained significantly.
sunlight, atmospheric carbon dioxide and other Hence, to make the product obtained from algae
essential nutrients to convert into biomass. This commercially viable, optimization of the growth
end product has attracted many researchers to conditions is of prime importance. After the
extract their food and fuel capabilities. Algae as growth of algal species in suitable media and
a food have been explored for different conditions, the algae are harvested. This step is
applications as in production of single cell necessary because algae are cultured in liquid-
proteins, pigments, bioactive substances, rich media. Around 20-30% of the total
pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. In fuel industry, expenditure can be accounted for in the harvesting
Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, stage, which may also increase up to 50%
NetajiSubhas University of Technology, Azad Hind Fauj Marg, depending on various cases. The small size of
Sector-3, Dwarka, New Delhi-110078, India
*Corresponding Email: [email protected] the algae, the media it is grown in, the similar

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 Everyman’s Science Vol. LVI No. 1 & 2 April-July 2021

density of the microalgae and the frequent need alternative sources of biofuels instead of
for the harvesting techniques owing to the high importing them will save India billions of foreign
growth rate of algae are the various challenges exchange money. The economic viability of first-
faced during harvesting. The harvesting technique generation biofuels was questionable as they are
is selected on the basis of the properties of the derived from food materials like starch, sugar,
microalgae. vegetable oils etc., and hence risking food
On the laboratory scale, the filtration method security. Similarly, the idea of using second-
is used, which is followed by the centrifugation generation biofuels was rejected as it was
process corresponding to the dewatering phase obtained from waste biomass such as stalks of
(concentrating the algae slurry). The main focus wheat/ corn and had low yields.
after the harvesting phase should be on Third generation biofuels are obtained from
processing the biomass separated from the algae and overcome the problems like rising food
culture media because it can be spoiled in a few prices and food shortages and also the problem
hours in the hot climate. In addition to this, it of inconsistent feed of the earlier two generations
has also been stated the biomass may be of biofuels. The algae have a higher lipid
subjected to degradation induced by the process production rate in comparison to terrestrial plants
itself and also by the enzymes present in the due to the simple cellular structure being more
algal cells. An example for the same is the action efficient in photosynthesis and the growth of algae
of lipase contained in the cells which readily being 10 times faster than plants. It is estimated
hydrolysed the cellular lipids into free fatty that algae can produce 30 times more lipid per
acids, which turns unsuitable for conversion into unit area as compared to terrestrial plants and
biodiesel. Some of the products obtained from can grow in a variety of conditions.Using algae
algae are algae biofuel, pharmaceutical, natural for biofuel production also has other advantages
colors etc. like high carbon dioxide sequestration capacity
1. ALGAL BIOFUEL due to which algal plants can be opened near
India has a population of 1.3 billion people polluting industries serving two purposes at the
and it is projected to be the world’s most same time. With newer technologies being
populous country, surpassing China by 2027. developed, wastewater can also be treated by
Also, it will be the 3rd largest economy by 2025. using it to grow algae as it contains impurities in
With the growing population and improving the the form of organic material which can be used
standard of living, the energy needs in India by algae as its food source.
will increase exponentially in the future. Hence, For the biofuel to be commercially viable,
there is a need to find alternative sources of various researches have been completed and many
energy that are commercially viable to ensure are still undergoing to find the algal species with
energy security, with the limited reserves of the highest lipid production and the suitable
fossil fuels getting depleted. Also, finding physiological conditions for it to grow.

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Botryococcusbraunii, Scenedesmus sp., Chlorella commercially viable bioactive compounds

sp., Nannochloropsis sp. are some of the algal because of their numerous health benefits.There
strains with the highest lipid content. The have been numerous researches on bioactive
optimum conditions for their growth vary from compounds obtained from various algal strains
25 °C- 35 °C in temperature, 8-12 hours of like Chlorella vulgaris, Dunaliellasalina,
sunlight and 7-7.2 pH.After the growth and Botryococcusbraunii. These researches have led
harvesting of algae, the extraction of biofuels is to the identification of their antibacterial,
done. There are 3 ways in which it can be done. antifungal and antiviral activities. Spirulina, one
These are pressing oil from the algae by which of the most extensively studied blue-green algae,
up to 70% of the oil can be retrieved, chemical has shown tremendous opportunities in the
oil extraction using hexane solvents for extraction treatment of HIV, Hyperlipidemia, obesity, cancer
of 95% of the total biofuels and finally the most and general improvement to the immune response
expensive and technologically advanced method in renal protections against heavy metals.
supercritical oil extraction which uses carbon Nostoc is other blue-greenalga that has found
dioxide at critical temperature and pressure. applications in medicine for its anti-inflammatory
99.99% of oil can be extracted by this method. and anti-microbial properties, as well as a food
Hence, to meet the future energy demands and supplement due to its high protein, fatty acid and
for a sustainable future, more ventures in this vitamin content. Intensive research has been
field are required along with support from the carried out only on a handful of microalgal
government in the form of incentives and policy species. Additional studies into these bioactive
interventions. substances are needed to confirm their beneficial
2. PHARMACEUTICALS effects on humans as well as their overall
consequences on the environment and animals
The market of pharmaceuticals and
when released. Hence, there is a need to realize
nutraceuticals runs in billions and is continuously
the untapped potential of algae in the field of
growing. Algae are a rich source of bioactive
pharmaceuticals and capitalize on tremendous
substances, and a variety of medicinal products
global market opportunities.
made from algae have a high market value, but
industrialization is still in its infant stage. The 3. DIRECT USES OF ALGAE
pharmaceutical product obtained from algae Algal biomass, like algal by-products, also
includes antivirals, antimicrobials, antifungal, finds its usage in a number of fields. Algal
therapeutic proteins and drugs. Biomass has been used for direct human
Bioactive compounds are physiologically consumption since ancient times as recorded in
active compounds that have tremendous uses in Chinese literature dating back to 2500 years. Due
the functional properties of the human body. to its high protein content, as well as vitamins
There has been a recent increase in the number and phenolics;SpirulinaPlatensis is gaining
of researches being carried out to identify new worldwide interest as a food supplement.

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 Everyman’s Science Vol. LVI No. 1 & 2 April-July 2021

Many nutrients remain in the biomass after algae and also non-photosynthetic organisms like
the recovery of oil from algae. Algal species fungi and bacteria. More than 600 carotenoids
include several chemicals that encourage are known and β-carotene, which acts as
blooming, left or stem growth, and germination, Provitamin-A is one of them. Various researchers
hence this left biomass can be employed as a have found β-carotene to be anti-carcinogenic
biofertilizer. Other applications include paper and prevent the risk of heart diseases.
fibers, carrageenans as emulsifying and stabilizing Dunaliella, Chlorella zofingiensis are some
agents in various foods, aquaculture feed, and so of the suitable candidates for carotenoids
on. production. Phycobiliproteins are water-soluble
4. SOURCE OF NATURAL COLORS photosynthetic pigments and their major
Colorants are added to food items, drinks producers which are exploited for commercial
and cosmetics to make them look more uses are cyanobacteriumArthrospiraSpirulina
attractive, natural and fresh. Colorants can be and the rhodophytePorphyridium. Like other by-
derived from either natural sources or synthetic products, the amount of Phycobiliproteins
sources. Synthetic dyes are obtained from produced also depends upon the intensity and
petroleum products whereas natural sources quality of light. The number of phycobiliproteins
include plants and microalgae. Although the use produced by Spirulina varies from 11-12.7% at
of synthetic colorant is used more than the different light intensities. These
natural ones because of their high yield phycobiliproteins are used in food as natural
compared to natural sources, there has been a dyes, cosmetics, and biomedical research as
gradual shift in the recent years towards the fluorescentdyes.
natural sources. CONCLUSION
Synthetic colorants are banned in various Algae by-products are promising sources of
countries because of their unsafe nature and biofuels, pharmaceuticals, food additives,
associated health risks. Some commonly used cosmetics and numerous other substances.
synthetic colorants are known carcinogens, Although the number of by-products produced
allergens and irritants. Production of colors from by algae and their uses is vast, there is still
microalgae has many advantages over synthetic some room for improvement for better
sources like cheaper, easily extractable, no lack commercial exploitation of algae and minimizing
of raw material and seasonal variation. the negative effects on the environment. Hence,
Carotenoids and phycobiliproteins are major there is a need to spend more on R&D for
pigments of the microalgae which may be used targeted research on algae for better yield of
as a color. by-products to make them commercially viable
Carotenoids are color compounds that are in these multibillion-dollar industries for a better
lipid-soluble and are found in higher plants and and sustainable future.
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REFERENCES Roshandeh, J., Nouri, H., Golzary, A.,

GJESM, 3(2), 217-230, 2017.
1. Algal Biology and Biotechnology, 2009,
4. Japar, A., Azis, N., Takriff, M., Haiza, N.,
129-149, I. K. International Publishing House
Yasin, M., TOST, 4(2), 98-08, 2017.
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India.
5. Renhe, Q., Song, G., Paola, L., Kimberly, O.,
2. Bhattacharjee, M., Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Algal Res, 28, 192-199, 2017.
9, 43-47, 2016. 6. Sharma, P., Sharma, N., JAPB, 1(1), 01-25,
3. Daliry, S., Hallajsani, A., Mohammadi 2017.

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THE INDIAN SCIENCE CONGRESS ASSOCIATION

14. Dr. Biresh Guha Street, Kolkata-700 017
ISCA Best Poster Awards Programme : 2021-2022
To encourage Scientists, The Indian Science Congress Association has instituted two Best Poster
Awards in each Sections. These awards carry a sum of Rs. 5,000/- besides a Certificate of Merit.
1. Applications are invited from members (Life, Annual & Student) of the Association who have
paid their subscription on or before July 15, 2021.
2. Four copies of full length paper along with four copies of the abstract (not exceeding 100 words)
must reach the office of the General Secretary (Membership Affairs) not later than September
15, 2021. At the top of each copy of the paper and its abstract, the name of the Section under
which the paper is to be considered should be indicated. For details of Sections see http//
www.sciencecongress.nic.in/html/paper_presentations.php
3. Along with the Four copies of paper, Four copies of the Application Form (to be downloaded
from ISCA website http//www.sciencecongress.nic.in/bestyoster_awards.php) with brief bio-data
of the candidate (not exceeding 2 pages), full length paper and abstract in the form of a CD must
also be sent simultaneously along with the hard copies. (In MS Word, NOT PDF format).
4. The number of authors of each poster submitted for the award shall be limited to two only. The
first author of the poster shall be the presenting author. Both the authors should be the
members of the Association and have paid their Subscription on or before 15th July, 2021.
5. The research work should have been carried out in India and this has to be certified by the Head
of the Institution from where the candidate is applying.
6. The candidate should give an undertaking that the paper being submitted has not been published
in any journal or presented in any of her Conference/Seminar/Symposium or submitted for
consideration of any award.
7. A scientist shall submit only one poster in anyone Section (and not a second poster on the same
or any other topic in any other Section) for consideration for poster presentation award.
8. A person who has already received ISCA Best Poster Award in any section once will not be
eligible to apply for the above Award in the same or any other section.
9. Incomplete Applications will not be considered.
10. Full length papers will be evaluated by experts and maximum twenty posters in each section will
be selected for presentation during 108th Indian Science Congress.
11. The final selection for the Awards will be made by a duly constituted committee and the awards
will be given during the Valedictory Session of 108th Indian Science Congress session on
January 7, 2022.
12. Applications submitted for the above award will not be returned.
13. The last date for receiving applications for the above award at ISCA Headquarters is September
15, 2021.
All correspondences should be made to:
The General Secretary (Membership Affairs), The Indian Science Congress Association, 14, Dr. Biresh
Guha St. Kolkata-700017. Tel. Nos. (033) 2287-4530/2281-5323, Fax No. 91-33-2287-2551,
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], Website: http. www.sciencecongress.nic.in
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THE INDIAN SCIENCE CONGRESS ASSOCIATION

14, Dr. Biresh Guha Street, Kolkata-700 017
ANNOUNCEMENT FOR AWARDS : 2021–2022
Nominations / Application in prescribed forms are invited for following Awards :
Asutosh Mookerjee Memorial Award
C. V. Raman Birth Centenary Award
Srinivasa Ramanujan Birth Centenary Award
Jawaharlal Nehru Birth Centenary Awards
M. N. Saha Birth Centenary Award
P. C. Mahalanobis Birth Centenary Award
P. C. Ray Memorial Award
H. J. Bhabha Memorial Award
J. C. Bose Memorial Award
Vikram Sarabhai Memorial Award
B. P. Pal Memorial Award
M. K. Singal Memorial Award
Jawaharlal Nehru Prize
Millennium Plaques of Honour
Excellence in Science and Technology Award
R. C. Mehrotra Memorial Life Time Achievement Award
B. C. Guha Memorial Lecture
Raj Kristo Dutt Memorial Award
G. P. Chatterjee Memorial Award
Professor Hira Lal Chakravarty Award – Plant Sciences
Prof. Archana Sharma Memorial Award – Plant Sciences
Dr. V. Puri Memorial Award – Plant Sciences
Professor Umakant Sinha Memorial Award – New Biology
Dr. B. C. Deb Memorial Award for Soil/Physical Chemistry – Chemical Sciences
Prof. R. C. Shah Memorial Lecture – Chemical Sciences
Dr. B. C. Deb Memorial Award for Popularisation of Science
Prof. K. P. Rode Memorial Lecture – Earth System Sciences
Dr. (Mrs.) Gouri Ganguly Memorial Award for Young Scientist – Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sciences
Prof. G. K. Manna Memorial Award – Animal ,Veterinary and Fishery Sciences
Prof. Sushil Kumar Mukherjee Commemoration Lecture – Agriculture and Forestry Sciences
Pran Vohra Award – Agriculture and Forestry Sciences
Prof. S. S. Katiyar Endowment Lecture – New Biology/Chemical Sciences
Prof. William Dixon West Memorial Award – Earth System Sciences
* ISCA Fellows (FISC)
** Infosys Foundation – ISCA Travel Award
*** Asutosh Mookerjee Fellowship (2021-2022)
th th th
***Last date 15 July, 2021, **Last date 15 November, 2021, *Last Date 10 Sept, 2021.
Last date of Receiving of Nominations / Application for other ISCA Awards and Lectures of 2021-2022
is July 31, 2021. Contact: General Secretary (Membership Affairs ), The Indian Science Congress
Association, 14, Dr. Biresh Guha Street, Kolkata-700 017, E-mail : [email protected]. For
details see: http://www.sciencecongress.nic.in/awards.php

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KNOW THY INSTITUTIONS

THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF REMOTE SENSING (IIRS)

T he Indian Institute of Remote Sensing

(IIRS), Dehradun - is a constituent unit of
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO),
countries since 2001. The M.Tech. course in
‘Remote Sensing & GIS’, being offered by the
institute in collaboration with the Andhra
Department of Space, Govt. of India. Since its University, Visakhapatnam, is approved by the
establishment in 1966, IIRS is a key player for All India Council for Technical Education
training and capacity building in geospatial (AICTE).
technology and its applications through training, To widen its outreach, IIRS has started live
education and research in Southeast Asia. The and interactive Distance Learning Programme
(DLP) since 2007. IIRS has also launched e-
training, education and capacity building
learning course on Remote Sensing and Geo-
programmes of the Institute are designed to meet
information Science since August, 2014.
the requirements of Professionals at working
The Institute has a strong, multi-disciplinary
levels, fresh graduates, researchers, academia, and
and solution-oriented research agenda that focuses
decision makers. IIRS is also one of the most
on developing improved methods/ techniques for
sought after Institute for conducting specially
processing, visualization and dissemination of EO
designed courses for the officers from Central data & Geo-information for various societal
and State Government Ministries and stakeholder applications and better understanding of Earth’s
departments for the effective utilization of Earth system processes. Currently, Microwave,
Observation (EO) data. IIRS is also empaneled hyperspectral and high-resolution EO data
under Indian Technical and Economic processing and their applications are some of the
Cooperation (ITEC) programme of Ministry of prime research areas. State-of-the-art laboratory
External Affairs, Government of India providing and field-based instrumentation and observatories
short term regular and special courses to network help meeting the research goals and
international participants from ITEC member objectives.

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IIRS hosts headquarters of Centre for Space carbon sequestration, carbon accounting modeling
Science and Technology Education in Asia and by integrating flux observation, drought
the Pacific (CSSTEAP), affiliated to the United monitoring, etc. The department is equipped with
Nations and provides support in conducting the a variety of portable ground-truth equipment for
Remote Sensing and GIS training and education quantitative measurements of bio-physical and
programmes. IIRS also plays a key role in the physico-chemical properties of soils and crops,
activities of Indian Society of Remote Sensing and a Soil Analysis Laboratory for the physico-
(ISRS), which is one of the largest non- chemical analysis of soils.
governmental Scientific Societies in the country.
FORESTRY & ECOLOGY DEPARTMENT
PROGRAMME PLANNING AND The Forestry and Ecology Department (FED)
EVALUATION GROUP was established in 1966 with the aim of providing
The Programme Planning and Evaluation training and skills development on the utility of
Group (PPEG) coordinates the training, education aero-space remote sensing for forest resource
and capacity building, human resources inventory, monitoring and management.
development, budget, hostel, library, placement, Nationwide forest cover mapping and nationwide
etc. activities of the institute. It also coordinates biome level characterization of Indian forests
the inter-centre activities and liaison with other biodiversity at landscape level are the major
institutions in the country and abroad. It is also projects planned and executed by the department.
responsible for initiating and coordinating several A few other important research projects carried
other techno-managerial activities of the Institute. out by the department are growing stock and
BUDGET PLANNING AND MONITORING biomass assessment, ecosystem dynamics,
DEPARTMENT wildlife habitat modelling, ecological and wildlife
With the increasing responsibilities and corridor modelling and connectivity analysis,
mandates of the institute it is pertinent to mention national level carbon flux measurement and
that the budgetary allocations have increased to modelling, grassland mapping and carrying
more than three times in past four financial years. capacity estimation, etc.
This has spearheaded gamut of techonmanagerial MARINE & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES
and financial activities and other critical DEPARTMENT
correspondences with Hqs. The Marine & Atmospheric Sciences
AGRICULTURE & SOILS DEPARTMENT Department (MASD) was formed in year 1986
The Agriculture and Soils Department (ASD) and offers training & education courses and
is one of the oldest departments of the institute. provides research opportunities in the areas of
ASD has carried out many R&D and consultancy coastal processes, marine resources, ocean and
projects in soil surveys, watershed prioritisation, atmospheric sciences applications. The
land evaluation, agricultural resources inventory, department has contributed in different research
agro-meteorology, soil moisture, etc. Some of the and operational projects of ISRO/DOS, such as
research projects (ongoing/ completed) at ASD Nationwide Land Degradation Mapping on
are process based modeling for soil erosion, soil 1:50,000 scale, Oceansat-II data utilization

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project, National Carbon Project (NCP), SARAL- areas of hydrological and hydraulic modelling,
AltiKa project, etc. Some of the research projects impact assessment of climate change in water
(ongoing/ completed) at MASD are atmospheric resources, irrigation water management and
pollution modeling, extreme events forecasting, drought assessment, snow and glacier studies, soil
coastal hazards and their mitigation, ocean color erosion, sediment yield modelling and reservoir
and primary productivity, upper-ocean sedimentation, surface and ground water
geophysical parameter retrieval, aerosol optical hydrology, watershed assessment and
depth, etc. management, etc.
URBAN & REGIONAL STUDIES GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY AND
DEPARTMENT OUTREACH PROGRAMME GROUP
To meet the growing needs and challenges of The Geospatial Technology and Outreach
urban areas and towards regional development, Programme (GTOP) Group comprises of three
the Urban and Regional Studies Department departments namely, Photogrammetry and
(URSD) was established in 1983 in collaboration Remote Sensing, Geoinformatics, and Geoweb
with ITC, the Netherlands. The department is Services, IT and Distance Learning Department.
working in close coordination with Town and
PHOTOGRAMMETRY & REMOTE
County Planning Departments/ Urban Local
SENSING DEPARTMENT
Bodies with the aim to spread the benefits of
remote sensing technology at grassroots level. It Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
has developed expertise in the field of urban Department (PRSD) established in 1966 is
sprawl and growth modeling, urban environment imparting professional training in the field of
analysis and regional analysis. Some of the photogrammetry, cartography, remote sensing and
research projects (ongoing/completed) at URSD image processing. It has successfully executed a
are urban micro-climate zonation for sustainable number of studies/projects on large-scale surveys
Smart City planning, modeling of urban air and preparation of photo-maps in different parts
pollution, urban material detection using of the country, generation of national/global level
hyperspectral RS data, urban flooding modeling, database on land use/land-cover, augmentation
solar energy potential assessment, etc. of forest cover information in India and Myanmar,
generation of land surface parameters for
WATER RESOURCE DEPARTMENT
monsoon variability studies using Regional
The Water Resources Department (WRD)
Climate Model, etc. The ongoing/ completed
came into existence in 1986 and since then it is
research projects at PRSD are UAV data
engaged in training, capacity building and
Processing for terrain information extraction,
research in hydrological modelling, flood risk
LiDAR-RS, SAR Tomography, SAR Calibration,
mapping and zoning; watershed conservation,
Hyperspectral Remote Sensing, Automated
planning and management; snowmelt runoff
features extraction, Large scale mapping, etc.
modelling, irrigation command area inventory,
geophysical product generation of hydrological GEOINFORMATICS DEPARTMENT
parameters using EO data and water resources This department was set-up in 1996 in
management. The department specializes in the collaboration with University of Twente, Faculty

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of Geo-information Science & Earth Observation Geohazards Department and ii) Disaster
(ITC), The Netherlands, for offering courses in Management Sciences Department.
the field of Geoinformation Science. The M.Sc.
GEOSCIENCES AND GEOHAZARDS
course in Geoinformation Science and Earth
DEPARTMENT
Observation (specialisation in Geoinformatics) is
Geosciences and Geohazards Department
one of its major programme offered since 2002
(GSGHD), formerly known as Geosciences
as part of Joint Education Programme of IIRS
Division, was established in 1966 to provide
and ITC, The Netherlands. Post-graduate Diploma
professional training to technical staff of
course in Geoinformatics (as a Joint Education
organisations dealing with earth sciences
Programme of IIRS and ITC) is also offered by
applications such as mineral and oil exploration,
this department. GID conducts training, education
engineering geological survey and mapping,
and research in the field of GIS, DBMS, spatial
geological survey, groundwater exploration, etc.
analysis and modelling, Transportation GIS, 3D
It has successfully executed a number of research,
GIS, Spatial Data Mining, Health GIS and
operational and consultancy projects in different
development of software tools using FOSS.
fields of geological sciences.
GEOWEB SERVICES, IT & DISTANCE
DISASTER MANAGEMENT SCIENCES
LEARNING
DEPARTMENT
Geoweb Services, IT and Distance Learning
The Disaster Management Sciences (DMS)
(GIT&DL) Department is recently formed
Department is dedicated towards capacity
Department at IIRS to meet the increasing
building and research in assessment, monitoring
demand of capacity building, information
and modelling of natural and anthropogenic
dissemination and research in these areas.
disasters with prime focus on prevention and
GIT&DL department is involved in capacity
mitigation measures leading to disaster risk
building & R&D activities in Web-GIS, Mobile
reduction. Besides other courses of the Institute,
GIS, Location Based Services (LBS), Cloud GIS,
the DMS also conducts PG Diploma in RS and
etc. It is also carrying out capacity building in
GIS applications in Natural Hazards and Disaster
Geospatial technology through Distance Learning
Management Studies with specialisation in
mode (Live & interactive and e-learning), R&D
Hydro-meteorological (flood, drought and coastal)
activities on active learning, Digital contents
and Geological hazards (earthquake, landslides,
creation, R&D activities on 2D and 3D
mining related hazards, glacial lake outburst flood
simulations and virtualization, etc. It is also
(GLOF), etc.). The ongoing/ completed projects
carrying out the IT Infrastructure development,
at DMS are landslide modelling, seismic
set-up and operations for the Institute.
microzonation, active fault mapping, liquefaction
GEOSCIENCES AND DISASTER modelling, Differential Interferometric Radar
MANAGEMENT STUDIES GROUP (DInSAR) based land surface displacement
The Geosciences and Disaster Management modelling, storm surge modelling, extreme
Studies Group (G&DMS) Group consists of two climate induced hazard analysis, multi-hazard
departments namely, i) Geosciences and vulnerability and risk assessment etc.

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TRAINING & CAPACITY BUILDING The institute also conducts various other
PROGRAMMES courses, namely i) Certificate programmes
The training and capacity building (including NNRMS-ISRO sponsored programme
for University faculty), ii) Awareness
programmes of the Institute are designed to meet
programmes, and iii) Special on-demand/tailor-
the requirements of various target/user groups,
made courses. The Institute has so far trained
i.e., for professionals at working, middle and
10,591 professionals including 1003 from abroad
supervisory levels, fresh graduates, researchers,
representing 95 countries from the Asia, Africa
academia and decision-makers. The duration of and South America.
courses ranges from one-week to two-years. The
Under the Outreach Programmes, the Institute
training and education programmes conducted by conducts several courses for working
the Institute include: professionals, researchers and students through
1. Post-graduate Diploma (PGD) in Remote state-of-the-art studio and e-learning concept.
Sensing and GIS in nine disciplines, Currently, around 1000 institutions and
2. M.Tech. (RS & GIS) in nine disciplines organizations spread across India are networked
with IIRS. More than 1,00,000 participants have
conducted in collaboration with Andhra
benefitted so far from IIRS Outreach Programmes.
University, Visakhapatnam, and
Director: Dr. R.P. Singh
3. M.Sc. and PG Diploma (PGD) in in
E mail: director@iirs.]gov.in
Geoinformatics conducted in collaboration with
Address:Director office,
the Faculty of Geo-information Science & Earth IIRS,
Observation (ITC) of the University of Twente 4 Kalidas Road,
(UT), The Netherlands. Dehradun (Uttarakhand)

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CONFERENCES/MEETINGS/SYMPOSIA/SEMINARS
108TH INDIAN SCIENCE CONFERENCE
108th ISC will be held from 3-7 January 2023 in RASHTRASANT TUKADOJI MAHARAJ
NAGPUR UNIVERSITY, NAGPUR, MAHARSHTRA.
For detailed information visit : http://www.sciencecongress.nic.in

32ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DIAMOND AND CARBON

MATERIALS
4-8 September 2022 | Lisbon, Portugal
In 2022, the 32nd edition of the International Conference on Diamond and Carbon Materials will
be held in Lisbon, Portugal. The meeting will continue to feature high level research on a wide
range of carbon-based materials.
https://www.elsevier.com/events/conferences/international-conference-on-diamond-and-carbon-
materials/register

SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIFUNCTIONAL, HYBRID

AND NANOMATERIALS
19-22 October 2022 | Genoa, Italy
This major conference regularly attracts around 1000 interdisciplinary delegates with a shared interest
in hybrid materials and provides excellent networking opportunities.
 Expert plenary and keynote lectures, together with focussed featured talks by invited speakers,
will be supplemented by contributed talks and large poster sessions plus an exhibition.
 Present your own research: Abstracts are invited for posters for the following Symposia:
Biohybrids, biomaterials and biological materials
Functional hybrid nanomaterials, nanocomposites and their applications
Functional porous materials
https://www.elsevier.com/events/conferences/international-conference-on-multifunctional-hybrid-and-
nanomaterials/register

URBAN TRANSITIONS 2022

Integrating urban and transport planning, environment and health for healthier
urban living
8-10 November 2022 | Sitges, Barcelona, Spain
Urban Transitions 2022 aims to promote healthy urban development by bringing together different
disciplines working within cities. Meet world leading experts on urban and transport planning,
architecture, environmental exposure assessment, environmental epidemiology, physical activity,
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climate change, and public health and governance to discuss current challenges and solutions.
https://www.elsevier.com/events/conferences/urban-transitions/register

AI IN AGING AND AGING-RELATED DISEASES

11-13 November 2022 | Online – Live and On-demand
As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to create so much uncertainty, we have made the decision
to hold the conference online.
Communicate your research to a wider, more-inclusive audience: our lower fees, online delivery and
post-event 6-months on-demand access will make this edition of the conference more accessible to
all.
https://www.elsevier.com/events/conferences/artificial-intelligence-neurology-aging/register

5TH INTERNATIONAL BRAIN STIMULATION CONFERENCE

18–22 February 2023
Lisbon, Portugal
The field of brain stimulation continues to undergo phenomenal growth. Brain stimulation methods
are rapidly transforming research on brain mechanisms, from the molecular to the behavioral, and
offer new approaches to therapeutics for brain disorders. In many ways, the field of brain stimulation
represents a paradigm shift, augmenting and sometimes supplanting the dominant
psychopharmacological approaches of the past several decades.
Currently, there are single theme meetings around the world that that are either technique or
profession based or that limit the science of neuromodulation in other ways. This fifth international
meeting, organized by Elsevier and sponsored by and integrated with the journal Brain Stimulation,
continues in the tradition of the prior highly successful meetings – the first meeting was held in
Singapore in 2015, then Barcelona in 2017, Vancouver in 2019 and most recently Charleston in
2021.
This meeting will continue the integrative multidisciplinary approach of the prior meetings. Basic
scientists will attend lectures by engineers and psychiatrists. Cognitive neuroscientists will mingle
with neurosurgeons and brain modelling physicists. This fertile cross-disciplinary meeting will
provide ample opportunity to discuss the science that is driving advances in this field.
https://www.elsevier.com/events/conferences/international-brain-stimulation-conference/register

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of other diseases as well as depression or

S&T ACROSS THE WORLD emotional stress, says study coauthor Luke Lee,
a bioengineer at Harvard Medical School. “This
A NEW TECHNOLOGY USES HUMAN is just the beginning,” he says. “Tears express
TEARDROPS TO SPOT DISEASE something that we haven’t really explored.”
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/human-tears-
With just a few drops, a new technique can spot disease-particles-technology
eye disease and even glimpse signs of diabetes,
scientists report July 20 in ACS Nano. JAMES WEBB’S DEPP FIELD, A
“We wanted to demonstrate the potential of using COLORFUL TIME TUNNEL
tears to detect disease,” says Fei Liu, a biomedical
In the beginning—about 400,000 years after the
engineer at Wenzhou Medical University in
Big Bang— darkness was upon the face of the
China. It’s possible the droplets could open a
deep. The light was trapped inside the neutral
window for scientists to peer into the entire body,
atoms and molecules, mostly hydrogen, helium,
he says, and one day even let people quickly test
and a pinch of lithium. By the end of the
their tears at home.
Cosmic Dark Ages, a few hundred million years
Like saliva and urine, tears contain tiny sacs later, those hydrogen clouds eventually gathered
stuffed with cellular messages .If scientists could and gravitationally collapsed, forming the first
intercept these microscopic mailbags, they could stars and galaxies. Nuclear reactions kicked off
offer new intel on what’s happening inside the inside those infant stars, creating the first heavier
body. But collecting enough of these sacs, called elements ever, allowing the light to escape—the
exosomes, is tricky. Unlike fluid from other body very same light the James Webb Space Telescope
parts, just a trickle of liquid leaks from the eyes. captured in its deep field image unveiled on July
So Liu’s team devised a new way to capture the 11.
sacs from tiny volumes of tears. First, the The endless richness of the deep field image,
researchers collected tears from study participants. jam-packed with stars and galaxies, covering a
Then, the team added a solution containing the tiny patch of sky, tells the history of the universe.
tears to a device with two nanoporous The blue biggest and brightest objects with large
membranes, vibrated the membranes and sucked spikes are stars that are close to us, in the
the solution through. Within minutes, the Milkyway. These spikes are not actually part of
technique lets small molecules escape, leaving the star, but an effect due to the sharp edges of
the sacs behind for analysis. the honeycomb mirror. These patterns only appear
The results gave scientists an eyeful. Different in the stars, not in the galaxies because stars are
types of dry-eye disease shed their own molecular “point sources, while galaxies are extended
fingerprints in people’s tears, the team found. objects,” clarified Macarena García Marin, ESA
What’s more, tears could potentially help doctors operations scientist and team leader of the mid-
monitor how a patient’s diabetes is progressing. infrared (MIRI) instrument at the Space Telescope
Now, the scientists want to tap tears for evidence Science Institute in Baltimore.

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Most of the objects in the image are galaxies, Before 2021, scientists like Tubiello, of the Food
thousands and thousands of them, from the white, and Agriculture Organization of the United
big ones, in the center, to the very faint points in Nations, were well aware that agriculture and
the background, many of them captured for the related land use changes made up roughly 20
first time by Webb. Macarena expressed her percent of the planet’s greenhouse gas emissions.
amazement: Such land use changes include cutting down
“I didn’t expect to see so many galaxies. We can forests to make way for cattle grazing and
see galaxies in every Webb image, which is pumping groundwater to flood fields for the sake
wonderful; particularly in the case of MIRI [mid- of agriculture.
infrared instrument], in its deep field, I was But new modeling techniques used by Tubiello
surprised by the colors. There are galaxies in and colleagues, plus a study from a group at the
every color. The first time I saw it, I said, Wow! European Commission Tubiello worked with,
all those colors, incredible. Those colors tell us brought to light another big driver of emissions:
the age of the galaxies. The image shows galaxies the food supply chain. All the steps that take
from many moments of the universe, very old food from the farm to our plates to the landfill
galaxies, intermediate galaxies, and the central — transportation, processing, cooking and food
cluster.” waste — bring food-related emissions up from
20 percent to 33 percent.
https://www.ua-magazine.com/2022/07/15/jame-
webb-depp-field-a-colorful-time-tunnel/ To slow climate change, the foods we eat deserve
major attention, just like fossil fuel burning, says
HOW MUCH DOES EATING MEAT Amos Tai, an environmental scientist at the
AFFECT NATIONS’ GREENHOUSE Chinese University of Hong Kong. The fuller
GAS EMISSIONS? picture of food-related emissions demonstrates
that the world needs to make drastic changes to
The food we eat is responsible for an astounding the food system if we are to reach international
one-third of global greenhouse gas emissions goals for reducing global warming.
caused by human activities, according to two
Change from developing countries
comprehensive studies published in 2021.
Scientists have gained a clearer understanding of
“When people talk about food systems, they
global human-related emissions in recent years
always think about the cow in the field,” says through databases like EDGAR, or Emissions
statistician Francesco Tubiello, lead author of one Database for Global Atmospheric Research,
of the reports, appearing in last developed by the European Union. The database
June’s Environmental Research Letters. True, covers every country’s human-emitting activities,
cows are a major source of methane, which, like from energy production to landfill waste, from
other greenhouse gases, traps heat in the 1970 to the present. EDGAR uses a unified
atmosphere. But methane, carbon dioxide and methodology to calculate emissions for all
other planet-warming gases are released from economic sectors, says Monica Crippa, a scientific
several other sources along the food production officer at the European Commission’s Joint
chain. Research Centre.
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Crippa and colleagues, with help from Tubiello, due to a rise in meat-eating, according to the
built a companion database of food system– EDGAR-FOOD database. In 1980, the average
related emissions called EDGAR-FOOD. Using Chinese person ate about 30 grams of meat a
that database, the researchers arrived at the same day, Tai says. In 2010, the average person in
one-third estimate as Tubiello’s group. China ate almost five times as much, or just under
Crippa’s team’s calculations, reported in Nature 150 grams of meat a day.
Food in March 2021, split food system emissions Top-emitting economies
into four broad categories: land (including both In recent years, Crippa says, six economies, the
agriculture and related land use changes), energy top emitters, have been responsible for more than
(used for producing, processing, packaging and half of total global food emissions. These
transporting goods), industry (including the economies, in order, are China, Brazil, the United
production of chemicals used in farming and States, India, Indonesia and the European Union.
materials used to package food) and waste (from The immense populations of China and India help
unused food). drive their high numbers. Brazil and Indonesia
The land sector is the biggest culprit in food make the list because large swaths of their
system emissions, Crippa says, accounting for rainforests have been cut down to make room for
about 70 percent of the global total. But the farming. When those trees come down, vast
picture looks different across different nations. amounts of carbon flow into the atmosphere (SN:
The United States and other developed countries 7/3/21 & 7/17/21, p. 24).
rely on highly centralized megafarms for much The United States and the European Union are
of their food production; so the energy, industry on the list because of heavy meat consumption.
and waste categories make up more than half of In the United States, meat and other animal
these countries’ food system emissions. products contribute the vast majority of food-
In developing countries, agriculture and changing related emissions, says Richard Waite, a
land use are far greater contributors. Emissions researcher at the World Resources Institute’s food
in historically less developed countries have also program in Washington, D.C.
been rising in the last 30 years, as these countries Waste is also a huge issue in the United
have cut down wild areas to make way for States: More than one-third of food produced
industrial farming and started eating more meat, never actually gets eaten, according to a 2021
another major contributor to emissions with report from the U.S. Environmental Protection
impacts across all four categories. Agency. When food goes uneaten, the resources
As a result, agriculture and related landscape used to produce, transport and package it are
shifts have driven major increases in food system wasted. Plus, the uneaten food goes into landfills,
emissions among developing countries in recent which produce methane, carbon dioxide and other
decades, while emissions in developed countries gases as the food decomposes.
have not grown. Meat consumption drives emissions
For instance, China’s food emissions shot up by Climate advocates who want to reduce food
almost 50 percent from 1990 to 2018, largely emissions often focus on meat consumption, as

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animal products lead to far greater emissions than Producing the average U.S. resident’s
plants. Animal production uses more land than diet generates more than 2,000 kilograms of
plant production, and “meat production is heavily greenhouse gas emissions per year, the researchers
inefficient,” Tai says. reported in 2020 in Global Environmental
“If we eat 100 calories of grain, like maize or Change. The group measured emissions in terms
soybeans, we get that 100 calories,” he explains. of “CO 2 equivalents,” a standardized unit
All the energy from the food is delivered directly allowing for direct comparisons between CO2 and
to the person who eats it. But if the 100 calories’ other greenhouse gases like methane.
worth of grain is instead fed to a cow or a pig, Going meatless one day a week brings down that
when the animal is killed and processed for food, figure to about 1,600 kilograms of
just one-tenth of the energy from that 100 calories CO2 equivalents per year, per person. Going
of grain goes to the person eating the animal. vegan — a diet without any meat, dairy or other
Methane production from “the cow in the field” animal products — cuts it by 87 percent to under
is another factor in meat consumption: Cows 300. Going even two-thirds vegan offers a sizable
release this gas via their manure, burps and drop to 740 kilograms of CO2 equivalents.
flatulence. Methane traps more heat per ton Kim’s modeling also offers a “low food chain”
emitted than carbon dioxide, Tubiello says. So option, which brings emissions down to about
emissions from cattle farms can have an outsize 300 kilograms of CO2 equivalents per year, per
impact (SN: 11/28/15, p. 22). These livestock person. Eating low on the food chain combines
emissions account for about one-third of global a mostly plant-based diet with animal products
methane emissions, according to a 2021 U.N. that come from more climate-friendly sources that
report. do not disturb ecological systems. Examples
Shifting from meats to plants include insects, smaller fish like sardines, and
U.S. residents should consider how they can shift oysters and other mollusks.
to what Brent Kim calls “plant-forward” diets. Tai agrees that not everybody needs to become a
“Plant-forward doesn’t mean vegan. It means vegetarian or vegan to save the planet, as meat
reducing animal product intake, and increasing can have important cultural and nutritional value.
the share of plant foods that are on the plate,” If you want to “start from the biggest polluter,”
says Kim, program officer at the Johns Hopkins he says, focus on cutting beef consumption.
Center for a Livable Future. But enough people need to make these changes
Kim and colleagues estimated food emissions by to “send a signal back to the market” that
diet and food group for 140 countries and consumers want more plant-based options,
territories, using a similar modeling framework Tubiello says. Policy makers at the federal, state
to EDGAR-FOOD. However, the framework and local levels can also encourage climate-
includes only the food production emissions (i.e. friendly farming practices, reduce food waste in
agriculture and land use), not processing, government operations and take other actions to
transportation and other pieces of the food system cut down the resources used in food production,
incorporated in EDGAR-FOOD. Waite says.
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https://www.sciencenews.org/article/food- The third — the malaria-carrying Anopheles

emissions-data-diet-carbon-greenhouse-gas- stephensi —is up at night.
climate-agriculture All these mosquitoes were left alone in a room
in small enclosures. There, the team used cameras
SLEEPY MOSQUITOES PREFER and infrared sensors to spy on them.
DOZING OVER DINING After about two hours, the mosquitoes appeared
When you’re super tired, you may be more likely to nod off. Their abdomens lowered to the ground
to take a nap than grab a snack. Mosquitoes seem and their hind legs drooped. They didn’t move
for a long time. And as time went on, C.
to feel the same way. A new study finds
pipiens and A. aegypti showed less response when
that sleepy mosquitoes are more likely to catch
the experimenter walked in the room. This hinted
up on missed zzz’s than to drink blood.
that a tasty smell was less likely to wake those
That discovery is surprising, says Oluwaseun species when in a deep sleep. Together, these
Ajayi. “We know that mosquitoes love blood a observations helped the researchers spot a
lot.” Ajayi studies sleep behavior in mosquitoes snoozing mosquito.
at the University of Cincinnati in Ohio. He was But what started as a relaxing experiment for the
part of a team that shared its new research June mosquitoes quickly changed gears. The insects
1 in the Journal of Experimental Biology. were placed in clear tubes that vibrated every
Scientists have long been interested in few minutes. This kept them from falling into a
mosquito sleep cycles. These insects spread deep sleep. After four to 12 hours of this sleep
diseases such as Zika, dengue and malaria. deprivation, the team exposed the insects to a
Knowing when a mosquito is awake — and biting pad of heated fake sweat. That pad mimicked the
— can help limit the spread of those illnesses. presence of a host on which the mosquitoes could
For instance, malaria is often transmitted by snack. In another experiment, a plucky human
volunteer offered up a leg for mosquitoes to feed
mosquitoes that are active at night. Many people
on for five minutes.
protect themselves by slinging nets around their
beds. But new research suggests that mosquitoes In both cases, the mosquitoes that got a full night’s
that feed during the day may also spread the rest were much more likely to land on the host
than sleep-deprived ones. And the leg exposed to
disease. So, scientists are looking for other ways
sleepy mosquitoes got far fewer bites than when
to use mosquitoes’ need for sleep against them.
it was exposed to well-rested blood suckers. In
How to study mosquito sleep eight tests, an average of 77 percent of the well-
It’s hard to study sleeping bloodsuckers. rested mosquitoes went for a blood meal. Only
One way to spot a sleeper is by tracking the 23 percent of mosquitoes that were sleepy did
insect’s behavior. So Ajayi and his colleagues the same.
watched mosquitoes doze. The team focused on The findings open avenues for research into
three species known to carry diseases. The controlling mosquitoes, Rund says. That, in turn,
first, Aedes aegypti, is active by day. The could help keep people safe from mosquito-spread
second, Culex pipiens, prefers to dine after dusk. diseases.

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https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/ Han explains. That can vibrate nearby air

mosquito-sleep-deprivation-blood-disease molecules, generating sound.
Because the design is so flexible and durable,
YOU MIGHT SOMEDAY ‘WALLPAPER’ companies could potentially integrate speakers
YOUR BEDROOM WITH THIS
into T-shirts or other personal items. Or users
LOUDSPEAKER
could make their own.
Noisy siblings? Loud construction right outside Han’s team sandwiches their new material
your window? A flexible new loudspeaker could between two plastic sheets (to protect the domes).
help you rest easy. It could someday turn your Tiny holes punched through the sheets line up in
walls into noise-canceling systems. And when such a way that the domes can expand into these
you’re ready to liven things up, use the same holes as they vibrate.
wallpaper — or the surfaces of other ordinary
“The bottom layer elevates the small domes so
objects in your room — to play music.
that they can vibrate freely even if the speaker is
The new loudspeaker is super thin ¯ about as mounted on a surface,” Han reports. They can
thick as a few sheets of paper. It’s lightweight vibrate even if the surface is rough or curved.
and flexible enough to stick to most surfaces. It
The upper protective layer “is thicker than the
also produces high quality sound. And you can
domes are high,” he explains. So he notes that if
make it big, as in wall-sized, notes Jinchi Han.
you touch the surface, “you don’t need to worry
He’s an electrical engineer at the Massachusetts
about damaging these small structures.”
Institute of Technology in Cambridge.
Han points to another benefit of this tech. Large
At the heart of most speakers are moving
expanses of the new material could make
membranes. An electric current makes them
controlling noise a whole lot easier
vibrate quickly. That sends nearby
air molecules moving — and generating sound Trying to cancel noise this way everywhere inside
waves. Those vibrating air molecules are “the a room would be tricky, Han points out. It would
working principle for sound generation,” explains take lots of microphones and speakers, which
Han. can be bulky and expensive.
The new speakers don’t use such membranes. Here, each dome works as a tiny speaker. The
Instead, lots of dome-shaped microstructures domes can generate sound waves all together, in
cover their surface. The researchers start with a groups or individually. Wallpapering your
thin, flat sheet of some material. Then they use bedroom with this material would create speakers
pressure to pull that material through openings all around you. Those same speakers also could
in a template. This creates the dome shapes. dampen — or cancel — unwanted sound. When
When squeezed, the material they use creates an desired, you could turn any space into “a quiet
electric charge. Such materials are known zone where you could sleep or study without too
as piezoelectric (PEE-zoh-ee-LEK-trik). But much noise,” Han says. He also sees applications
applying an electric field across the material will in cars, airplanes, apartments or anywhere
also cause the domes to expand and contract, unwanted noise is a problem.
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Another plus? The new design costs far less and The fizz in soda consists of bubbles of carbon
uses less energy than conventional speakers. dioxide, or CO2. Carbonated drinks are infused
The researchers built a prototype — a sheet of with this colorless, odorless gas at high pressures
the material that’s 10 centimeters by 10 during production until the liquid becomes
centimeters (about 4 inches by 4 inches). The supersaturated with the gas.
piece has more than 8,000 domes. Super-sizing Soda fizzes even more when it is poured into a
the design would be straightforward, Han says. glass because the act of pouring greatly increases
https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/ the surface area of the liquid and helps the
you-might-someday-wallpaper-your-bedroom- bubbles escape. A good example of this can be
with-this-loudspeaker seen with beer, if you pour a beer into a glass,
you can get a good size head of foam on top,
Bizarre science stories of 2021-22
depending on the kind of beer and how
CAN YOU LEARN TO WIGGLE YOUR carbonated it is. That foam is all gas coming
EARS? from the beverage.”
One trick to reduce the amount of bubbling during
Wiggling your ears is a neat party trick, like pouring — and thereby enabling a soft drink to
rolling your tongue or licking your nose. Such
stay fizzy longer — is to pour the soda along the
abilities are often considered genetic; you can
side of the glass. “That drastically decreases the
either do them naturally or not at all.
surface area of the pour” and thus preserves more
But is this actually correct? If you wanted to,
CO2 in the liquid, Glajch said. Bottoms up!
could you train yourself to wiggle your ears?
https://www.livescience.com/32492-why-does-
According to Daniel J. Strauss, a professor of
soda-fizz.html
neuroscience and neurotechnology at Saarland
University Hospital in Germany, there is good
news for anyone who has dreamed of learning to
THIS SIDEWAYS-SCOOTING ROBOT
move their ears at will — though it will likely CRAB IS SO TINY IT FITS THROUGH
take a lot of practice and training. THE EYE OF A NEEDLE
It has been shown to be possible,” Strauss told Engineers have developed the world’s tiniest
Live Science in an email. “In a recent study, we remote-controlled walking robot, and it mimics
provided visual feedback — some sort of display a mini crab that can shuffle sideways without
of muscular activation on a screen — which could
any wires, hydraulics, electricity or other standard
help people ‘train’ specific ear muscles.
mechanical components.
https://www.livescience.com/33809-wiggle-
The robotic crabs — which span just one-fiftieth
ears.html
of an inch wide (0.5 milimeters) wide — can
also bend, twist, turn around and even jump.
WHY DOES SODA FIZZ?
Normally, walking robots have a mechanical
The dancing, tingling fizz of soda has delighted design with lots of moving parts powered by a
the world for centuries. But what is the secret source of electricity. However, these eight-legged
behind these bubbles? critters have a much more simplified design
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 Everyman’s Science Vol. LVI No. 1 & 2 April-July 2021

consisting of only a few nifty materials that can — the compound was highly effective in staving
be manipulated by lasers. off the sphere’s inevitable death by pop. One
The crustacean-like robots are made from an bubble apparently lasted for 465 da
elastic “memory-foam” alloy that gets https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/french-
transformed into its 3D shape like a children’s physicists-developed-bubble-didnt-burst-year-
pop-up book: A 2D crab-shaped alloy outline is rcna13077
attached to a stretched-out rubber substrate at
the robot’s feet; when the substrate is relaxed SCIENTISTS ARE SEARCHING FOR A
and decreases in surface area the material is MIRROR UNIVERSE. IT COULD BE
forced upward into the desired 3D crab shape SITTING RIGHT IN FRONT OF YOU.
https://www.livescience.com/mini-robot-crab- At Oak Ridge National Laboratory in eastern
walking-sideways Tennessee, physicist Leah Broussard is trying to
open a portal to a parallel universe.
FRENCH PHYSICISTS DEVELOPED A
She calls it an “oscillation” that would lead her
BUBBLE THAT DIDN’T BURST FOR to “mirror matter,” but the idea is fundamentally
MORE THAN A YEAR the same. In a series of experiments she plans to
University of Lille physicists published findings run at Oak Ridge this summer, Broussard
will send a beam of subatomic particles down a
Tuesday in the journal Physical Review Fluids,
50-foot tunnel, past a powerful magnet and into
recounting how they extended the “fragile and
an impenetrable wall. If the setup is just right —
ephemeral” lifetime of a single bubble to a mind-
and if the universe cooperates — some of those
blowing 465 days.The typical bathtub or dish soap
particles will transform into mirror-image
bubble lasts just moments before popping due to versions of themselves, allowing them to tunnel
the “gravity-induced drainage and/or the right through the wall. And if that happens,
evaporation of the liquid” inside the sphere, Broussard will have uncovered the first evidence
according to the study’s authors. of a mirror world right alongside our own.
But when researchers formed bubbles with a high https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/
concentration of glycerol — a compound scientists-are-searching-mirror-universe-it-could-
commonly used in a host of foods and medicines be-sitting-right-ncna1023206

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 Everyman’s Science Vol. LVI No. 1 & 2 April-July 2021

÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚¢SÕÊ

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ŒÍ⁄÷Ê· : (033) 2287-4530, 2281-5323
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fl’‚Êß≈ : http://sciencecongress.nic.in
߸-◊‹ : [email protected]

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D/ISCA April-July 2021 1&2/April-July 2021 1&2 (M-2) 63

5. ‚¢SÕÊŸ ‚ŒSÿ — ∞∑§ ‚¢SÕÊŸ ¡Ê 5,000/- ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ ∑§ M§¬ ◊¢ Œ fl„Ë ‚¢SÕÊ ∑§ ‚¢SÕÊŸ ‚ŒSÿ
©‚ ÁflûÊËÿ fl·¸ ∑§ Á‹∞ ’Ÿ ‚∑§ÃÊ „Ò, (ÁflŒÁ‡ÊÿÊ¢ ∑§ Á‹∞ U.S. $ 2,500)– ß‚◊¢ fl„ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ∑§
flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚òÊ ◊¢ •¬Ÿ ∞∑§ √ÿÁÄà ∑§Ê ŸÊ◊ ŸÊ◊Ê¢Á∑§Ã ∑§⁄ ‚∑§ÃÊ „Ò¢, ¡Ê ©Ÿ∑§Ê ¬˝ÁÃÁŸÁœ „Ê¢– ∞∑§ ‚¢SÕÊŸ ‚ŒSÿ
∑§Ê flÊÁ·¸∑§ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚òÊ ∑§Ë ∑§Êÿ¸Áflfl⁄áÊ ∑§Ë ∞∑§ ¬Íáʸ ¬˝Áà Á’ŸÊ ◊ÍÀÿ ◊¢ ¬˝Êåà „Ê ‚∑§ÃË „Ò– ß‚‚ ‚ÊÕ
fl ‚¢SÕÊ ∑§ ⁄Ê¡∏ŸÊ◊øÊ ““∞fl⁄Ë◊Òã‚ ‚Êߢ‚”” ∑§Ë ¬˝Áà ÷Ë Á’ŸÊ ◊ÍÀÿ ¬˝Êåà ∑§⁄ ‚∑§Ã „Ò¢–
6. ŒÊÃÊ — ∑§Ê߸ ÷Ë √ÿÁÄà ¡Ê ∞∑§‚ÊÕ 10,000/- (ÁflŒÁ‡ÊÿÊ¢ ∑§ Á‹∞ U.S. $ 5,000) ◊ÊòÊ Œ¢, fl„ ‚¢SÕÊ
∑§ ŒÊÃÊ ’Ÿ ‚∑§Ã „Ò¢– ∞∑§ √ÿÁÄêà ŒÊÃÊ ∑§Ê fl„ ‚Ê⁄ •Áœ∑§Ê⁄ •ı⁄ Áfl‡Ê·ÊÁœ∑§Ê⁄ Á◊‹¢ª ¡Ê ∞∑§ ‚ŒSÿ
∑§Ê ©‚∑§ ¬Íáʸ ¡ËflŸ ∑§Ê‹ ◊¢ ¬˝Êåà „ÊÃ „Ò¢–
∞∑§ ‚¢SÕÊŸ ¡Ê ∞∑§‚ÊÕ 50,000/- (ÁflŒÁ‡ÊÿÊ¢ ∑§ Á‹∞ U.S. $ 25,000) ◊ÊòÊ Œ¢, ‚ŒÊ ∑§ Á‹∞ ß‚ ‚¢SÕÊ
∑§ ‚¢SÕÊŸ ŒÊÃÊ ’Ÿ ‚∑§Ã „Ò, Á¡‚ fl„ ∞∑§ √ÿÁÄà ∑§Ê ŸÊ◊Ê¢Á∑§Ã ∑§⁄∑§ ©‚ •¬Ÿ ‚¢SÕÊŸ ∑§ ¬˝ÁÃÁŸÁœ ∑§
M§¬ ◊¢ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ∑§ flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚òÊ ◊¢ ÷¡ ‚∑§Ã „Ò¢– ∞∑§ ‚¢SÕÊŸ/√ÿÁÄêà ŒÊÃÊ flÊÁ·¸∑§ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚
∑§ ∑§Êÿ¸Áflfl⁄áÊ •ı⁄ ‚¢SÕÊ ∑§ ⁄Ê¡∏ŸÊ◊øÊ ““∞fl⁄Ë◊Òã‚ ‚Êߢ‚”” ∑§Ë ¬˝Áà ÷Ë ÁflŸÊ ◊ÍÀÿ ¬˝Êåà ∑§⁄ ‚∑§Ã „Ò¢–

* ÷Ã˸ ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ 50/- Á‚»¸§ ∞∑§ Ÿÿ flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚ŒSÿ ∑§ Á‹∞ ¡∏L§⁄Ë „Ò– ÿ„ ‚òÊ ‚ŒSÿ/•Ê¡ËflŸ ‚ŒSÿ/‚¢SÕÊŸ
‚ŒSÿ/¿ÊòÊ ‚ŒSÿ/ŒÊÃÊ ∑§ Á‹∞ ¡∏L§⁄Ë Ÿ„Ë¢ „Ò–
** (∞∑§ ÁflŒ‡ÊË ‚ŒSÿ ∑§Ê •Õ¸ „Ò¢, ¡Ê ÷Ê⁄Ãfl·¸ ∑§ ’Ê„⁄ ∑§Ê ŸÊªÁ⁄∑§ „Ê¢–)
(•) ¬¬⁄ ¬‡Ê ∑§⁄ŸÊ — ∞∑§ ¬Íáʸ ¬¬⁄ ∑§Ë ¬˝Áà ©‚∑§ ‚ÊÕ ÃËŸ ‚Ê⁄Ê¢‡Ê ∑§Ë ¬˝Áà ¡Ê 100 ‡ÊéŒÊ¢ ‚ íÿÊŒÊ Ÿ
„Ê¢ •ı⁄ Á¡∏‚◊¢ ∑§Ê߸ •Ê⁄π ÿÊ »§Ê◊͸‹Ê Ÿ „Ê¢, fl„ ¬˝àÿ∑§ fl·¸ 15 Á‚Ãê’⁄ ∑§ •¢Œ⁄ •ŸÈ÷ʪËÿ •äÿˇÊ
Ã∑§ ¬„È°ø ¡ÊŸÊ øÊÁ„∞–
(’) ‚÷Ë flªÊZ ∑§ ‚ŒSÿ ¡Ê ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚òÊ ◊¢ ÷ʪ ‹Ÿ ∑§ ¬‡øÊà ‹ÊÒ≈Ã ‚◊ÿ ∑§ Á≈∑§≈ ◊¢ Á⁄ÿÊÿà ¬˝ÊåÃ
∑§⁄ ‚∑§ÃÊ „Ò, ’‡ÊûÊZ Á∑§ ©Ÿ∑§Ë ÿÊòÊÊ ∑§ πø¸ ∑§Ê ÕÊ«∏Ê ÷Ë ÷ʪ ‚⁄∑§Ê⁄ (∑§ãŒ˛Ëÿ ÿÊ ⁄Êíÿ), ∑§Ê߸ ∑§ÊŸÍŸË
‚ûÊÊ ÿÊ ∑§Ê߸ Áfl‡flÁfllÊ‹ÿ ÿÊ ∑§Ê߸ Ÿª⁄¬ÊÁ‹∑§Ê Ÿ ©ΔÊ∞° •ı⁄ ©Ÿ∑§Ë ∑ȧ‹ ∑§◊Ê߸ ÿÊ ¬Á⁄‹ÁéœÿÊ¢ 5,000/-
(¬˝Áà ◊Ê„ ¬Ê°ø „¡Ê⁄ L§¬∞) ‚ •Áœ∑§ Ÿ„Ë¢ „Ò¢– ∑Χ¬ÿÊ ISCA fl’‚Êß≈ ‚ ⁄‹fl Á⁄ÿÊÿà »§Ê◊¸ «Ê©Ÿ‹Ê« ∑§⁄¢–
(‚) ‚¢SÕÊ ∑§ ¬ÈSÃ∑§Ê‹ÿ ◊¢ ‚÷Ë flªÊZ ∑§ ‚ŒSÿ ∑§Ê ¬…∏Ÿ ∑§Ë ‚ÈÁflœÊ ‚È’„ 10.00 ’¡ ‚ ‡ÊÊ◊ ∑§Ê 5.30
’¡ Ã∑§ ‚÷Ë ∑§Ê◊ ∑§ ÁŒŸÊ¢ ◊¢ (‡ÊÁŸflÊ⁄ •ı⁄ ⁄ÁflflÊ⁄) ∑§Ê ¿Ê«∏∑§⁄ ¬˝Êåà „ÊªË–
(«) ‚◊ÿ ‚◊ÿ ¬⁄ ‚¢SÕÊ mÊ⁄Ê Ãÿ ∑§Ë ªß¸ ◊ÍÀÿ Œ⁄Ê¢ ¬⁄ ÁflüÊÊ◊ªÎ„, ‚÷ʪÊ⁄ •ÊÁŒ ‚ÈÁflœÊ•Ù¢ ∑§Ë ¬˝ÊÁåà ÷Ë
‚÷Ë flªÊZ ∑§ ‚ŒSÿ ∑§⁄ ‚∑§Ã „Ò¢–
(߸) ÷Áflcÿ ◊¢ ÷Ê⁄ÃËÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚¢SÕÊ mÊ⁄Ê •ÊÿÊÁ¡Ã ¬Á⁄‚¢flÊŒ, ‚ê◊‹Ÿ •ı⁄ flÊÁ·¸∑§ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ◊¢ ‚÷ËflªÊZ
∑§ ‚ŒSÿÊ¢ mÊ⁄Ê ÷ʪ ‹Ÿ ∑§ Á‹∞ •¬ŸËó•¬ŸË ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ¬òÊ ∑§Ê ‹ÊŸÊ ¡∏L§⁄Ë „ÊªÊ–
äÿÊŸ Œ¢ — (1) ‚÷Ë ’Ò¢∑§ «˛Êç≈ The Indian Science Congress Association ∑§ ŸÊ◊ ‚ „Ë Á‹πÊ ¡Ê∞°,
‚ŒSÿÃÊ ∑§ Áfl·ÿ ◊¢ ’Ò¢∑§ «˛Êç≈ ∑§Ë ¬˝ÊÁåà •ı⁄ ¡Ê ∑§Ê‹∑§ÊÃÊ ∑§ Á∑§‚Ë ÷Ë ‡ÊÊπÊ ◊¢ Œÿ „Ê¢– ‚ŒSÿÊ¢ ‚ ÿ„
ÁŸflŒŸ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê ⁄„Ê „Ò, Á∑§ fl •¬ŸË ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ‚¢ÅÿÊ ∑§Ê ©À‹π ÷Ê⁄ÃËÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚¢SÕÊ ∑§ ∑§Êÿʸ‹ÿ
∑§ ‚ÊÕ ¬òÊÊøÊ⁄ ∑§ flÄà •fl‡ÿ ∑§⁄¢–
(2) ÷Ê⁄ÃËÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚¢SÕÊ mÊ⁄Ê ◊ŸË•Ê°«¸⁄, •Ê߸. ¬Ë. •Ù., ߸. ‚Ë. ∞‚. ÿÊ ø∑§ ‚ ÷ȪÃÊŸ ª˝„áÊ Ÿ„Ë¢
Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê∞ªÊ– ∑§Ê߸ ÷Ë ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ÁŸœÊ¸Á⁄à ‚ŒSÿÃÊ »§Ê◊¸ (•ÊflŒŸ-¬òÊ Ÿß¸ ‚ŒSÿÃÊ/‚ŒSÿÃÊ ∑§Ë ŸflË∑§⁄áÊ ∑§
Á‹∞) ◊¢ ÁflÁœflà Á’ŸÊ ÷⁄Ÿ ‚ Ÿ„Ë¢ Á‹ÿÊ ¡Ê∞ªÊ–
(3) Ÿ∑§ŒË ∑§fl‹ ISCA ◊ÈÅÿÊ‹ÿ ◊¢ „ÊÕ ‚ Á‹ÿÊ ¡Ê∞ªÊ– ∑Χ¬ÿÊ «Ê∑§ mÊ⁄Ê Á‹»§Ê»§ ∑§ ÷ËÃ⁄ Ÿ∑§ŒË Ÿ„Ë¢ ÷¡¢–

(ii)
 THE INDIAN SCIENCE CONGRESS ASSOCIATION
14, Dr. Biresh Guha Street, Kolkata-700 017, INDIA
Telephone : (033) 2287-4530, 2281-5323
Fax : 91-33-2287-2551
Website : http://sciencecongress.nic.in
E-mail : [email protected]

Terms of Membership and Privileges of Members :

Membership of the Association is open to person with Graduate or equivalent Academic Qualifications
and interested in the advancement of Science in India.
1. Annual Member : A person willing to be enrolled as new Annual Member has to pay an
annual subscription of 200/- along with an admission fee of 50/-* (for foreign** U.S.$
70) only. The annual subscription of a Member shall become due on the 1st April of each
year. Anyone who fails to pay the subscription on or before the 15th July in any year shall
lose the right of voting and/or holding any office of the Association for that year. A member
failing to pay the annual subscription by the end of March of the following year shall cease
to be a Member. Annual members can renew their Membership without paying the admission
fee in the next year by remitting subscriptions in time i.e. within 15th July. Members may
contribute papers for presentation at the Science Congress. They will receive, free of cost,
reprints of the Proceedings of the Session of any one section of their interest and also the
bi-monthly journal of the Association Everymans Science for that year only. For Renewal
of Membership please download the form from ISCA website.
2. Sessional Member : If for some reasons, Annual Members fail to renew their Membership
by remitting subscription prior to 15th July each year, their Membership for the year would
be restricted to Sessional Membership without voting right. Sessional Member has to pay
200/- (for foreign $50). A Sessional Member shall have the right to present paper/poster
at the session of the congress of which he/she is a member. A Sessional Member shall not
be eligible to participate in the voting process. A Sessional member shall not be eligible
to participate in the Business meetings of the Sections and the General Body.
3. Student Member : A person studying at the under-graduate level may be enrolled as a
Student Member by paying an annual subscription of 100/- only provided his/her
application is duly certified by the Principal/Head of the Institution/Department. A
student member shall have the right to submit papers for presentation at the Session of the
Congress of which he/she is a member, provided such papers be communicated through a
Member, or an Honorary Member of the Association. He/She shall not have the right to
vote or to hold any office. A student member shall not be eligible to participate in the
Business Meetings of the Sections and the General Body.
4. Life Member : A Member may compound all future annual subscriptions by paying a single
sum of 2,000/- (for foreign** U.S. $ 500) only. Any person who has been continuously
a member for 10 years or more, shall be allowed a reduction in the compounding fee of
50/- for every year of such membership, provided that the compounding fee shall not be
less than 1,200/- (for foreign** U.S. $ 12.50 and U.S. $ 300 respectively). A life Member
shall have all the privileges of a member during his/her lifetime.

(iii)
5. Institutional Member : An Institution paying a subscription of 5,000/- (for foreign**
U.S. $ 2,500) only, can become an Institutional Member of the Association for that financial
year. It shall be eligible to nominate one person as its representative to attend Annual Session
of the Science Congress. An Institutional Member shall be eligible to receive, free of cost,
a copy of the complete set of Proceedings of the Annual Science Congress Session as also
a copy each of the Associations journal Everymans Science.
6. Donor : Any person paying a lump sum of 10,000/- (for foreign** U.S. $ 5,000) only,
can become an Individual Donar of the Association, an INDIVIDUAL DONOR shall have
all the rights and privileges of a member during his/her lifetime.
An Institution paying a lump of 50,000/- (for foreign** U.S. $ 25,000) only, can become
an INSTITUTIONAL DONOR of the Association forever, which shall have the right to
nominate one person as its representative to attend Annual Session of the Science Congress.
An Institutional/Individual Donor shall be eligible to receive, free of cost, a copy of the
complete set of Proceedings of the Annual Science Congress Session as also the Associations
journal Everymans Science.
* Admission fee of 50/- is needed only for becoming a new Annual Member and not for
Sessional Member/Life Member/Institutional Member/Student Member/Donor.
** (A Foreign Member means one who is normally Resident outside India).
(A) Presentation of Papers : A copy of complete paper accompanied by an abstract in
triplicate not exceeding one hundred words and not containing any diagram or formula,
must reach the Sectional President latest by September 15, each year.
(B) Members of all categories are entitled to Railway Concession of return ticket by the same
route with such conditions as may be laid down by the Railway Board for travel to attend
the Science Congress Session provided that their travelling expenses are not borne, even
partly, by the Government (Central or State), Statutory Authority or an University or a
City Corporation and their total earning of or emoluments drawn do not exceed 5,000/-
(Rupees Five Thousand per month). Please download the Railway Concession form from
ISCA Website.
(C) Members of all categories are entitled to reading facilities between 10.00 a.m. to 5.30
p.m. on all weekdays (except Saturdays & Sundays) in the library of the Association.
(D) Members of all categories may avail Guest House facilities, Lecture Hall hiring at the
rates fixed by the Association from time to time.
(E) Members of all categories should bring the Membership Card always for attending any
Seminar, Conference and Annual Congress organized by ISCA in future.
Note : (1) All Bank Drafts should be drawn in favour of The Indian Science Congress Association,
membership subject to realisation of the bank draft, Payable at any branch in Kolkata.
Members are requested to mention their Membership No. while making any correspondence
to ISCA office.
(2) No money order, I.P.O., ECS or cheque will be accepted by ISCA. No Membership will
be taken without duly filled in prescribed Membership Form (Application From for New
Membership/Application for Renewal of Membership).
(3) Cash will only be taken by hand at ISCA Hqrs. Pl. do not send the Cash by Post within
the envelop.

(iv)
 ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚¢SÕÊ
14, «UÊÚ0 Á’⁄U‡Ê ªÈ„UÊ S≈˛UË≈U, ∑§Ù‹∑§ÊÃÊ–700 017, ÷Ê⁄Ã
ŒÍ⁄÷Ê· : (033) 2287-4530, 2281-5323
»Ò§Ä‚ : 91-33-2287-2551
fl’‚Êß≈ : http://sciencecongress.nic.in
߸-◊‹ : [email protected]
‚ŒSÿÃÊ ∑§ Á‹∞ ŸÿÊ •ÊflŒŸ ¬òÊ
‚flÊ ◊¢
◊„Ê‚Áøfl (‚ŒSÿÃÊ ∑§Êÿ¸)
÷Ê⁄ÃËÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚¢SÕÊ S≈Òê¬ •Ê∑§Ê⁄ ∑§Ê
14, «ÊÚ0 Á’⁄‡Ê ªÈ„Ê S≈˛Ë≈, »§Ê≈Ê
∑§Ê‹∑§ÊÃÊ-700 017
◊„ÊŒÿ,
◊Ò¢ ÷Ê⁄ÃËÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚¢SÕÊ ∑§Ê •Ê¡ËflŸ ‚ŒSÿ/flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚ŒSÿ/‚òÊ ‚ŒSÿ/¿ÊòÊ ‚ŒSÿ/‚¢SÕÊŸ ‚ŒSÿ/√ÿÁÄêÃ
ŒÊÃÊ/‚¢SÕʪà ŒÊÃÊ •¬ŸÊ ŸÊ◊ Á‹πflÊŸÊ øÊ„ÃÊ/øÊ„ÃË „Í°–
◊Ò¢ ß‚∑§ ‚ÊÕ óóóóó ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ ∑§ M§¬ ◊¢ Ÿ∑§∏Œ óóóóó/’Ò¢∑§ «˛Êç≈ ‚¢ÅÿÊ óóóóó
ÁŒŸÊ¢Á∑§Ã óóóóó ¬˝øÊ‹∑§ ’Ò¢∑§ óóóóó 01 •¬˝Ò‹ 20—— ‚ 31 ◊Êø¸ 20—— Ã∑§ ÷¡ ⁄„Ê/⁄„Ë „Í°–
◊Ò¢ ÁŸêŸÁ‹Áπà Áfl÷ʪ ◊¢ L§Áø ⁄πÃÊ/⁄πÃË „Í° (∑Χ¬ÿÊ Á∑§‚Ë ∞∑§ ◊¢ ÁŸ‡ÊÊŸ ‹ªÊ∞°)–
Áfl÷ʪ
1. ∑ΧÁ· •ı⁄ flÊÁŸ∑§Ë ÁflôÊÊŸ
2. ¬‡ÊÈ, ¬‡ÊÈÁøÁ∑§à‚Ê •ı⁄ ◊àSÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ
3. ◊ÊŸfl‡ÊÊùËÿ •ı⁄ √ÿfl„Ê⁄¬⁄∑§ ÁflôÊÊŸ (Á¡‚◊¢ ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã, „Ò¢, ¬È⁄ÊÃàfl-ÁflôÊÊŸ, ◊ŸÊÁflôÊÊŸ, ‡ÊÒÁˇÊ∑§ ÁflôÊÊŸ •ı⁄
‚ŸÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ)
4. ⁄‚ÊÿŸ ÁflôÊÊŸ
5. ÷Í-¬hÁà ÁflôÊÊŸ
6. •Á÷ÿãÃÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ
7. ¬ÿʸfl⁄áÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ
8. ‚ÍøŸÊ •ı⁄ ‚¢øÊ⁄áÊ ÁflôÊÊŸ •ı⁄ ¬˝ÊÒlÊÁª∑§Ë (Á¡‚◊¢ ∑¢§åÿÍ≈⁄ ÁflôÊÊŸ ÷Ë ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã „Ò)
9. ÷ÊÒÁÃ∑§ ÁflôÊÊŸ
10. ªÁáÊà ÁflôÊÊŸ (Á¡‚◊¢ ‚Ê¢ÁÅÿ∑§Ëÿ ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã „Ò)
11. ÁøÁ∑§à‚Ê ‡ÊÊù (Á¡‚◊¢ ‡Ê⁄Ë⁄ ÁflôÊÊŸ ÷Ë ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã „Ò)
12. ŸÿÊ ¡ËflÁflôÊÊŸ (Á¡‚◊¢ ¡Ëfl ⁄‚ÊÿŸ, ¡Ëfl ÷ÊÒÁÃ∑§Ë •ı⁄ •ÊáÊÁfl∑§ ¡ËflÁflôÊÊŸ •ı⁄ ¡Ëfl-¬˝ÊÒlÊÁª∑§Ë ÷Ë ‚Áê◊Á‹Ã
„Ò)

(v)
 13. ÷ÊÒÁÃ∑§Ëÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ
14. flŸS¬Áà ÁflôÊÊŸ

(∑Χ¬ÿÊ ≈¢Á∑§Ã ∑§⁄¢ ÿÊ é‹ÊÚ∑§ •ˇÊ⁄Ê¢ ◊¢ ÷⁄¢)

ŸÊ◊ (é‹ÊÚ∑§ •ˇÊ⁄Ê¢ ◊¢) :
üÊË/‚ÈüÊË/üÊË/üÊË◊ÃË/«ÊÚ0/¬˝Ê0 (∑Χ¬ÿÊ Á≈∑§ ∑§⁄¢)

∑ȧ‹ŸÊ◊ ¬˝Õ◊ ŸÊ◊ ◊äÿ ŸÊ◊

‡ÊÒˇÊÁáÊ∑§ ÿÊÇÿÃÊ :
(•¢ÁÃ◊ ‡ÊÒˇÊÁáÊ∑§ ÿÊÇÿÃÊ ¬˝◊ÊáÊ-¬òÊ •¢∑§-‚ÍøË ∑§Ê SflׂàÿÊÁ¬Ã Á¡⁄ÊÄ‚ ¬˝Áà ‚¢‹ÇŸ ∑§⁄ŸÊ „Ò)
¬ŒŸÊ◊
‚ê¬∑¸§ ∑§Ê ¬ÃÊ :
(⁄Êíÿ, ‡Ê„⁄/Ÿª⁄ •ı⁄ Á¬Ÿ ∑§Ê« ‚Á„Ã)
ŒÍ⁄÷Ê· ‚¢ÅÿÊ/◊Ê’Ê߸‹ ‚¢ÅÿÊ •ı⁄ ߸-◊‹ :
Á∑§‚Ë ÷Ë ‚⁄∑§Ê⁄Ë •ŸÈ◊ÊÁŒÃ ¬„øÊŸ ¬òÊ (•ÁŸflÊÿ¸) :
flø◊ÊŸ fl·¸ Áfl‡flÁfllÊ‹ÿ ¬˝fl‡Ê-¬òÊ :
SÕÊÿË ¬ÃÊ :
ÁŒŸÊ¢∑§ : ÷flŒËfl
„SÃÊˇÊ⁄
äÿÊŸ Œ¢ — (i) ‚÷Ë ’Ò¢∑§ «˛Êç≈ The Indian Science Congress Association ∑§ ŸÊ◊ ‚ „Ë Á‹πÊ ¡Ê∞°, ‚ŒSÿÃÊ
∑§ Áfl·ÿ ◊¢ ’Ò¢∑§ «˛Êç≈ ¬˝ÊÁåà •ı⁄ ¡Ê ∑§Ê‹∑§ÊÃÊ ∑§ Á∑§‚Ë ÷Ë ‡ÊÊπÊ ◊¢ Œÿ „Ê¢–
(ii) ‚÷Ë ‚ŒSÿÃÊ •ı⁄ ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ∑§ ŸflË∑§⁄áÊ ∑§ Á‹∞ •ÊflŒŸ-¬òÊ •ÊflŒ∑§Ê¢ ∑§Ê •¬Ÿ πÈŒ ∑§ ¬Ã ©¬‹éœ
∑§⁄Ê∑§ ∑§⁄Ÿ øÊÁ„∞ Ÿ Á∑§ Œπ÷Ê‹ ∑§ ¬Ã ¬˝SÃÈà ∑§⁄Ÿ øÊÁ„∞–
(iii) ÷Ã˸ ‡ÊÈÀ∑§ 50/- Á‚»¸§ ∞∑§ Ÿÿ flÊÁ·¸∑§ ‚ŒSÿ ∑§ Á‹∞ ¡∏L§⁄Ë „Ò– fl„ ‚ŒSÿ/•Ê¡ËflŸ ‚ŒSÿ/‚¢SÕÊŸ
‚ŒSÿ/¿ÊòÊ ‚ŒSÿ/ŒÊÃÊ ∑§ Á‹∞ ¡∏L§⁄Ë Ÿ„Ë¢ „Ò–
(iv) ‚ŒSÿÊ¢ ‚ ÿ„ ÁŸflŒŸ Á∑§flÊ ¡Ê ⁄„Ê „Ò Á∑§ fl •¬ŸË ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ‚¢ÅÿÊ ∑§Ê ©À‹π ÷Ê⁄ÃËÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚
‚¢SÕÊ ∑§ ∑§Êÿʸ‹ÿ ∑§ ‚ÊÕ ¬òÊÊøÊ⁄ ∑§ ‚◊ÿ •fl‡ÿ ∑§⁄¢–
(v) ÷Ê⁄ÃËÿ ÁflôÊÊŸ ∑§Ê¢ª˝‚ ‚¢SÕÊ mÊ⁄Ê ◊ŸË•ÊÚ«¸⁄, •Ê߸. ¬Ë. •Ù., ߸. ‚Ë. ∞‚. ÿÊ ø∑§ ‚ ÷ȪÃÊŸ ª˝„áÊ
Ÿ„Ë¢ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê∞ªÊ–
(vi) ∑§Ê߸ ÷Ë ‚ŒSÿÃÊ ÁŸœÊ¸Á⁄à ‚ŒSÿÃÊ »§Ê◊¸ (•ÊflŒŸ-¬òÊ Ÿß¸ ‚ŒSÿÃÊ/‚ŒSÿÃÊ ∑§Ë ŸflË∑§⁄áÊ ∑§ Á‹∞)
◊¢ ÁflÁœflà Á’ŸÊ ÷⁄Ÿ ‚ Ÿ„Ë¢ Á‹ÿÊ ¡Ê∞ªÊ–
(vii) Ÿ∑§ŒË ∑§fl‹ ISCA ◊ÈÅÿÊ‹ÿ ◊¢ „ÊÕ ‚ Á‹ÿÊ ¡Ê∞ªÊ– ∑Χ¬ÿÊ «Ê∑§ mÊ⁄Ê Á‹»§Ê»§ ∑§ ÷ËÃ⁄ Ÿ∑§ŒË
Ÿ„Ë¢ ÷¡¢–

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 THE INDIAN SCIENCE CONGRESS ASSOCIATION
14, Dr. Biresh Guha Street, Kolkata-700 017, INDIA
Telephone : (033) 2287-4530, 2281-5323
Fax : 91-33-2287-2551
Website : http://sciencecongress.nic.in
E-mail : [email protected]

Application Form For New Membership

To
The General Secretary (Membership Affairs)
The Indian Science Congress Association Stamp Size
14, Dr. Biresh Guha Street, Photograph
Kolkata-700 017
Dear Sir,
I like to be enrolled as a Life Member/Annual Member/Sessional Member/Student Member/
Institutional Member/Individual Donor/Institutional Donor of The Indian Science Congress Association.
(Pl. Tick)
I am sending herewith an amount of .................... in payment of my subscription by Cash/
Bank Draft No. ..................... dated ..................... issuing bank ...........................................................
from the year 1st April 20 ............ to 31st March 20............ .
I am interested in the following section (Please tick any one).
Sections
1. Agriculture and Forestry Sciences
2. Animal, Veterinary and Fishery Sciences
3. Anthropological and Behavioural Sciences (including Archaeology, Psychology, Education
and Military Sciences)
4. Chemical Sciences
5. Earth System Sciences
6. Engineering Sciences
7. Environmental Sciences
8. Information and Communication Science & Technology (including Computer Sciences)
9. Materials Science
10. Mathematical Sciences (including Statistics)
11. Medical Sciences (including Physiology)
12. New Biology (including Bio-Chemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology and Biotechnology)

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 13. Physical Sciences
14. Plant Sciences

(Please type or fill up in Block Letters)

Name (in Block Letters) :
Mr./Ms./Shri/Shrimati/Dr./Prof (Please tick)

Surname First Name Middle Name

Academic Qualifications :
Self attested xerox copy of last educational certificate/marksheet must be attached)
Designation
Address of communication :
(including state, city/town and pin code)
Phone No./Mobile Number & E-mail :
Any Govt. approved ID Card (Mandatory) :
Current Year University Admit Card :
Permanent Address :
Date : Yours Faithfully
Signature
Note : (i) All Bank Drafts should be drawn in favour of The Indian Science Congress Association,
membership subject to realisation of the bank draft, Payable at any branch in Kolkata.
(ii) All Application Forms for Membership and the renewal of Membership must be
submitted by providing the address of the applicants themselves only and not any care
of address.
(iii) Admission fess of 50/- is needed only for becoming a new Annual Member and
not for Sessional Member/Life Member/Institutional Member/Student Member/Donor.
(iv) Members are requested to mention their Membership No. while making any
correspondence to ISCA office.
(v) No Money Order, I.P.O., ECS or Cheque will be accepted by ISCA.
(vi) No Membership will be taken without duly filled in prescribed Membership Form
(Application Form for New Membership/Application For Renewal of Membership).
(vii) Cash will only be taken by hand at ISCA Hqrs. Pl. do not send the cash by Post within
the envelope.

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 [email protected].

REMINDER

TO
ALL ANNUAL MEMBERS (2020-21)

RENEWAL OF ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP SUBSCRIPTION FOR 2021-2022

Dear Sir/Madam,
1. Kindly fill up the renewal form given on the opposite page and remit 200/- by Bank Draft
on a Kolkata Bank in favour of “The Indian Science Congress Association” to renew your
membership for 2021-2022. No Cheque, Postal order or Money order will be accepted by ISCA.
2. For exercising Voting Right the enrolment of Annual Membership is required to be made by
July 15, 2021. Subscription received after July 15, 2021 will be treated as Sessional Member.
3. Last date of receiving full papers along with 3 copies of Abstracts for presentation at the 108th
Session of Indian Science Congress to be held from 3-7 January, 2022 is September 15, 2021.
4. As per the resolution of the Executive Committee in its meeting held on October 15, 2011,
all Application forms for Membership and the renewal of membership must be submitted by
providing the address of the applicants themselves only and not any ‘Care of Address’.
5. While sending your subscription, Please quote your last year (i.e. 2020-2021 only) Annual
membership number.
If your subscription is already remitted, please ignore this letter.
Yours faithfully

Dr. S. Ramakrishna
General Secretary
(Membership Affairs)

N.B. : Sending of membership subscription without the duly filled in renewal form will not be accepted.

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 
APPLICATION FOR RENEWAL OF ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP SUBSCRIPTION FOR 2021-2022

Annual Membership Number :

(Last Year i.e. 2020-2021 only)

Name : Middle Name : Surname :

Affiliation :

Present Address (only for persons changing the address)

*If there is any change in the address as given earlier in your application, please state the original
address mentioned previously.

Original Address :

+Enclosed Bank draft No. ........................ dt. ................................... of 200 (two hundred only)

Signature of the Applicant

Date : Contact No :

+in favour of “The Indian Science Congress Association” payable at any branch of Bank in Kolkata.


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