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Chapter 5

1.3.3 & 1.3.4 Input, Output & Storage Devices

Have Read
To Revise

Prepared
Learning Outcome
To Read

Have
1.3.3: Input devices
Describe the principles of operation (how each device works) of these input
devices: 2D and 3D scanners, barcode readers, Quick Response (QR) code readers,
digital cameras, keyboards, mice, touch screens, interactive whiteboard,
microphones
Describe how these principles are applied to real-life scenarios, for example:
scanning of passports at airports, barcode readers at supermarket checkouts, and
touch screens on mobile devices
Describe how a range of sensors can be used to input data into a computer
system, including light, temperature, magnetic field, gas, pressure, moisture,
humidity, ph and motion
Describe how these sensors are used in real-life scenarios, for example: street
lights, security devices, pollution control, games, and household and industrial
applications
1.3.4: Output devices
Describe the principles of operation of a range of output devices, including: inkjet,
laser and 3D printers; 2D and 3D cutters; speakers and headphones; actuators;
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Have Read
To Revise

Prepared
Learning Outcome

To Read

Have
flat-panel display screens, including Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) and Light-Emitting
Diodes (LED); and LCD projectors and Digital Light Projectors (DLP)
Describe how these principles are applied to real-life scenarios, for example:
printing single items on demand or in large volumes; use of small screens on
mobile devices

Input Devices:
Input devices allow us to enter raw data into a computer. The computer processes the data and then
produces outputs that we can understand using an output device. Input devices can be manual or
automatic.
There are two different categories of input device. They are:
Manual Input Devices : With a manual input device the user must enter data into the
computer by hand. e.g. mouse, keyboard, scanner.
Direct Data Entry (DDE) Devices : A direct data entry device can transfer information
automatically from a source document such as a form or barcode into the computer. The user
does not need to manually enter the information. e.g. optical mark recognition, smart cards.
There are many different input devices available. Each input device is suitable for a different
purpose. Below you will find descriptions of the most common manual input and direct data entry
devices.
Manual Input Devices
With a manual input device the user must enter data into the
computer by hand. e.g. mouse, keyboard, scanner.
Two-dimensional scanners
2D scanners are input devices used to make digital copies of
documents or pictures, but can also be used to create a 2D image
of other objects as well.
In a flatbed scanner the document is placed on a glass plate. A light
is then shone on the piece of paper and a light sensor used to detect
the light which is bounced back. Wand scanners, also known as hand-held scanners, work on the
same principal except that the user will move the scanner across the document manually. They can
be used in conjunction with a printer to create copies of documents.
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How it works:

1 Cover is raised
2 Document is placed in on glass panel and cover is closed
3 A bright light illuminates the documents lamp like xenon which produce very bright white light
4 A scan head moves across the document. An image is produced.
5 The image is sent to a lens using series of mirrors. The lens focuses the document image.
6 The focused image fall onto a charge couple device (CCD) which consists of number of ICs
7 CCD is made up of light-sensitive elements (pixels).Each element of CCD creates an
electric charge when light falls on it and the scanned image is converted into digital form.
8 Software produces digital image from electronic form
Optical character recognition (optical character
reader) (OCR) is the mechanical or electronic
conversion of images of typed, handwritten or printed
text into machine-encoded text.
It is widely used as a form of data entry from printed
paper data records, whether passport documents,
invoices, bank statements, computerized receipts,
business cards, mail, printouts of static-data, or any
suitable documentation.
Scanner scans the document and then OCR converts it into machine readable form.

Three-dimensional scanners:
3D Scanners are used to scan objects and produce an
electronic 3D image.
A 3D scanner can be based on many different technologies,
each with its own limitations, advantages and costs. Many
limitations in the kind of objects that can be digitised are still
present. for example, optical technology may encounter many difficulties with shiny, reflective or
transparent objects. For example, industrial computed tomography
scanning and structured-light 3D scanners can be used to construct
digital 3D models, without destructive testing.
Tomography is a technique for displaying a representation of a cross section
through a human body or other solid object using X-rays, radio frequencies,
gamma imaging or ultrasound.
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CT (COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC) Scanners are used to create a 3D image of a solid object.

Steps:
1. At first a series of 2D images of thin slices of object are taken.
2. Each ‘slice’ is then stored as a digital image in the computer memory.
3. Then these 2D ‘slices’ are combined to form a 3D image of object.
Imagine a CT scan as if you were looking at one end of a loaf of bread that has been cut into slices.
By taking away each slice of bread, you can see the entire internal section of the loaf from one end
crust to the other. A qualified professional will be able to look at each of these CT slices individually
or ‘add’ them together to view 3-D images of the organ or body structure.
These cross-sectional images of the area being studied can then be examined on a computer
monitor, printed or transferred to a CD. These images allow a qualified radiologist, a medical doctor
who specializes in images of the body, to help physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions
and/or assist in procedures by helping to accurately guide the placement of instruments or
treatments.
Application of 2D scanners at an airport
Passengers fly into an airport from other countries. The airport has a security system that uses:
• computers
• scanners
• digital cameras
To gain entry to the country, each passenger must have a passport or identification (ID) card. This
must contain a recent photograph and other personal data.
Passport or ID card is placed on a scanner that
reads machine-readable characters and scans the
photograph
Camera takes an image of the passenger’s face
Facial recognition software/ biometric software used
to scan face
Face image converted to digital format/ data by the
camera
Digital image formed from scanned photo/ biometric
data stored in passport
Key features of the face are checked/ compared
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The face shows several of the positions used by the face recognition software. Each position is
checked when the software tries to compare two facial images. Data such as:
distance between the eyes
width of the nose
shape of the cheek bones
length of the jaw line
shape of the eyebrows
are all used to identify a given face.
When the image from the passport and the image taken by the camera are compared, these key
positions on the face determine whether or not the two images represent the same face.

Example Question:
Passengers fly into an airport from other countries. The airport has a security system that uses:
• computers • scanners • digital cameras
To gain entry to the country, each passenger must have a passport or identification (ID) card. This
must contain a recent photograph and other personal data. The passenger must:
• place their passport or ID card on a scanner that reads machine-readable characters and scans
the photograph
• look towards a camera that takes an image of the passenger’s face
Describe how a computer checks whether the image just taken by the camera matches the
scanned photograph.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................[2]
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Bar Code Reader/Scanner

A barcode (also bar code) is a machine-readable representation of information (usually dark ink
on a light background to create high and low reflectance which is converted to 1s and 0s).

Barcodes — especially the Universal Product Code, UPC — have slowly become an important
part of modern life. They are used in many places, and the technology is constantly improving.

Uses
Barcode scanners are used in supermarkets and other shops where the goods are marked
with a barcode; the barcodes are used to give information about the product, which enables
automatic stock control, itemised billing, etc. to take place.
They are used in libraries, to scan both users’ library cards and barcodes on books, in order to
keep track of books on loan.
They are used as a safety function in many companies to ensure that electrical equipment is
checked on a regular basis. Barcodes are placed on an item to identify it and a database holds
all the information related to that barcode so it is possible to interrogate the system as part of a
safety audit.
Advantages
Scanning barcodes is much faster than keying in data manually and fewer mistakes are made.
When barcodes are used as a way of recording data, they can improve safety.
Barcodes enable automatic stock control.
Barcode scanning is a tried and trusted technology.
When an item price is changed, only the central database needs to be updated.
There is no need to change the prices individually on each item.
Disadvantages
Barcode scanning is a relatively expensive system to administer since every item in the shop
needs a barcode and every barcode needs to be entered on to the central database. Also,
there is a need to invest in the computer technology together with staff training, which can all
be very expensive.
The system is not fool proof – barcodes can be swapped around on items!
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How it works
Stage Description
1 The barcode is first read by a red laser or red LED (LIGHT EMITTING DIODE) .
2 Light is reflected back off the barcode; the dark areas reflect little or no light which
allows the bars to be read.
3 The reflected light is read by sensors (photoelectric cells).
4 As the laser or LED light is scanned across the barcode, a pattern is generated
which is converted into digital data – this allows the computer to understand the
barcode.
5 For example: the digit ‘3’ on the left generates the pattern L D DDD L D (where L =
light and D = dark); this has the binary equivalent of 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 (where L =0 and
D=1
6 If barcode are not scanned correctly the bar code number is types in manually
using keyboard

Left side code Digit Right side code

0001101 0 1110010
0011001 1 1100110
0010011 2 1101100
0111101 3 1000010
0100011 4 1011100
0110001 5 1001110
0101111 6 1010000
0111011 7 1000100
0110111 8 1001000
0001011 9 1110100
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same method will be used for 3, 0 and 2 for following bar code:

Using these codes, decode the following bar code.

…………………………………………………………….……………………. [6]
Draw Barcode for 893246 [6]
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When barcode has been read, then what happens?

• The barcode number is looked up in the stock database (the barcode is known as the KEY FIELD
in the stock item record); this key field uniquely identifies each stock item.
• When the barcode number is found, the stock item record is looked up.
• The price and other stock item details are sent back to the checkout (or POINT OFSALE
TERMINAL (POS)).
• The number of stock items in the record is reduced by one each time the barcode is read.
• This new value for number of stock items is written back to the stock item record.
• The number of stock items is compared to the re-order level; if it is less than or equal to this
value, more stock items are automatically ordered.
• Once an order for more stock items is generated, a flag is added to the record to stop re-ordering
every time the stock item barcode is read.
• When new stock items arrive, the stock levels are updated in the database.
The following flowchart shows how barcodes are used at the point of sale in an automatic stock
control system.
Select statements from the list below, using numbers only, to complete the flowchart.
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Quick response (QR) codes

QR code (abbreviated from Quick Response Code) is the trademark for a type of matrix barcode (or
two-dimensional barcode). A QR code uses four standardized encoding modes (numeric,
alphanumeric, byte/binary, and kanji) to store data efficiently; extensions may also be used.
The Quick Response (QR code) system became popular due to its fast readability and greater
storage capacity compared to standard . A bar code can store up to 30 characters
while in QR code 7000 digits can be stored.

Structure
A QR code consists of black squares arranged in a square grid on a white background.
1. The position detection pattern consists of three identical structures that are located in all
corners of the QR Code except the bottom right corner.
2. Alignment marker supports the decoder software in compensating for moderate image
distortions.
3. Data area has data, converted into a bit stream and then stored in 8 bit parts (called code
words).
How it Works

Camera on smart phones are used to Read/scan

QR codes using app
The camera is used to scan/capture the image of
QR code
Position direction patter and alignment marker are
used to define the alignment
Black squares reflect less light while white squares
reflect more light
The app on mobile device processes the image
Each small square/pixel is converted to a binary value
The following QR Code at left stores web address http://www.Google.com while QR Code at
right stores contact information of Google
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Applications
Applications include product tracking, item identification, time tracking, document management,
and general marketing.

Keyboard
The keyboard is the piece of computer hardware used to input text, characters, and other
commands into a computer or similar device.
How it works
S No Step
1. Uses switches and circuits to translate keystrokes into signals the computer can
understand
2. The key matrix is a grid of circuits / three layers of plastic underneath the keys
3. Each circuit is broken beneath the key / middle layer contains holes
4. When key pressed, a circuit is made / completed and a signal is sent
5. Processor compares location of signal from key matrix to a character map stored on
ROM
6. A character code for each key press is saved in a keyboard buff er
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Each individual key is a switch. When a key is pressed it

generates a specific binary code, based on ASCII. For
example:
Pressing A key produces binary code 01100001,
representing lower case letter a,
This binary code is sent to processor.
So processor recognises which key is pressed
Drawback:
Keyboard is the easiest way to enter text into a
computer but it has some drawbacks too, for example:
It is a relatively slow method of data entry.
It is prone to errors.
Frequent use of it can lead to injuries, such as REPETITIVE STRAIN INJURY(RSI) in the
hands and wrists.
Ergonomic keyboards are designed to give more support to the wrists and hands when
doing a lot of typing.

Pointing devices
Pointing devices are used to select objects on the screen and is
usually used to control the functions of software. Mouse, tracker
balls and touchpads are examples of pointing devices.
Mouse:
A computer mouse is a handheld hardware input device that
controls a cursor in a GUI and can move and select text, icons, files, and folders.
The more traditional type with a mechanical ball arrangement; connected to the computer through
a USB port while the more modern type (optical mouse) that use red LEDs to detect movement in
the x-y direction.
How optical mouse works:
S No Step
1 laser/light shines onto a surface through a (polished) ring at the base
2 the light is reflected from the surface through the ring
3 sensor detects reflected light
4 capturing details/photograph of surface (under the ring) at about 1500 times per second
5 as the mouse moves the sensor detects changes in the surface de tail/photograph
6 These changes are translated into movement (change of x and y c o-ordinates)
7 the computer/software updates the position of the cursor on the screen
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How traditional mouse works:

When a traditional mouse is moved in a particular direction the
corresponding wheels were then moved which could be detected
and translated into motion.
Drawback
Mouse requires an area of desk space to allow movement. They
often require a mouse mat since some surfaces, such as paper,
prevent the correct operation of the device. To overcome this
problem many designs of mouse have a scroll wheel
to allow rapid movement up and down the screen.

Tracker ball
Tracker balls are upside down mouse.
How tracker ball works
A ball on the top of the tracker ball is moved to
control a cursor on the screen.
Buttons are used to select icons and to carry out other functions
like the buttons on a mouse.
Benefits over mouse
They don’t need to move, the tracker ball doesn’t need any desk
space or special surface. The operator is also less likely to suffer from injuries such as RSI.
Touch pad
These are commonly built-in most laptop computers.
How touchpad works
Touch pad contains a tactile sensor which allows the user to
control a cursor by simply moving a finger over the surface of
the pad.
Buttons to the left and right of the pad act in the same way as buttons on a mouse. However, by
simply tapping the surface this acts as a quick method of selection on many touch pads.
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Digital camera
A digital camera is an input device that captures images (and sometimes video)
digitally. Digital cameras use an image sensor chip to capture the image, rather than the film
used by a traditional camera.
Benefits over traditional camera
Digital cameras produce photographs for transfer to a
computer directly or to print out by connecting directly
to a printer.
Many digital cameras also allow short video clips to be
produced.
Photographs can be uploaded directly into
applications software such as word processors, desktop publishers, etc.
Modern digital cameras simply link to a computer system via a USB port or by using Bluetooth
(which enables wireless transfer of photographic files).
How digital camera works
Digital camera uses microprocessor, lenses, pixels and storage. The photograph is captured when
light passes through the lens onto a light sensitive cell. This cell is made up of tiny elements
known as pixels. The number of pixels determines the size of the file used to store the photograph
(e.g. a 14- megapixel camera will need 42 megabytes to store each raw
(uncompressed)photograph).
How captured images are converted into digital photo files
Captured image is sent to DAC to convert it from analogue to digital (using ADC)
Image is turned into pixels
Each pixel is given a binary value
Pixels form a grid (to create the image)
Each pixel has a colour
Pixels are stored in sequence (in a file)
Meta data is stored (to describe the dimensions/resolution of the image), it stores the
dimensions/colour depth .etc.
For example JPEG
Role of microprocessor
Microprocessor can automatically carry out the following tasks:
adjust the shutter speed
focus the image automatically
operate the flash automatically
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adjust the aperture size

adjust the size of the image
remove ‘red eye’ when the flash has been used
Factors effecting quality of photographs
The quality of the photograph also depends on many other factors, such as:
the type of lens used
the lighting
Mobile phone using digital camera
Mobile phones have caught up with digital cameras as regards number of pixels.
Drawback of camera in mobile phone
Mobile phones usually have poor lens quality and limited memory for the storage of photos.
Microphone:
A microphone is an input device used to enter sound into a computer.
The sound can be used for
Voice over for a presentation
Voice recognition for security system
Speech recognition for speech-to-text software
For disabled person.
How it works
Microphone consists of a flexible diaphragm, a circuitry and an ADC (Analogue to Digital
Converter).
The diaphragm vibrates due to incoming sound waves.
This vibration causes change in electrical signals of connected circuitry.
The electrical signal has to be converted to a digital signal by an analogue-to-digital converter
before it can be processed by a sound (audio) card inside the computer.
How recorded sound is converted into digital audio file

A microphone converts sound waves into voltage changes.

This voltage can be sampled at regular intervals (the sample rate)
ADC converts it into a binary number.
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Sampling is therefore the process of measuring the sound level (as a voltage from a
microphone) at set intervals of time (the sample interval) and storing the values as binary
numbers.
An audio compact disk (CD) uses 16 bit rate sampling which in theorygives65,536different levels
of sound, enough for the playback quality.
For an audio compact disk (CD) the sampling rate is 44.1KHz or 44100 samples per second. At
this sample rate, 1 minute of audio would use 10Mb of memory (using 16 bit rate sampling).

Voice Recognition Speech Recognition

In voice recognition system, the user’s voice In Speech Recognition the spoken words
is detected and then converted into digital. are recognised and shown on a screen,
input into a word processor or used in other
application.
A few words spoken produce a digital wave Speech recognition is language dependent
pattern. Software compares this wave
pattern to wave patterns stored in memory
to see if they match. If they match, then the
person has been correctly identified.
This technology can be used in security It is used to give commands by speaking to
systems. computer or in speech-to-text software
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Touch Sensitive Screens

The majority of mobile phones use touch screens. The
majority of mobile phones use touch screens.
Three common technologies are used by different mobile
phone manufacturers:

resistive
capacitive
infrared
Resistive
The screen on a tablet PC using the resistive system includes a glass panel covered with a thin
metallic layer made of a substance, such as indium tin
oxide, that conducts electricity.
Spacers on the layer support a metallic layer that resists
the flow of electricity.
When you touch the screen with your finger or a stylus,
the two layers make contact, changing the electrical
field produced by the layers. This permits the computer to calculate the coordinates of the contact.
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Capacitive
In a capacitive system, a transparent material that stares an electrical charge covers the screen's
glass panel. When you touch the monitor, some of the charge is transferred to your finger and the
capacitive layer's charge decreases. Circuits at each corner of the screen constantly measure the
change in the charge reaching them. From those measurements, the computer calculates where
the touch occurred.

How touch is registered in capacitive screen:

The screen has conductive layer
An electrostatic/electric field is created on the screen
Sensor(s) (around the screen) monitor the electrostatic field
When touched (electrostatic) charge is transferred to finger
Location of touch is calculated // Co-ordinates used to calculate touch
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Infra-Red
Infrared touch screens are based on light-beam interruption technology. Instead of an overlay on
the surface, a frame surrounds the display. The frame has light sources, or light emitting diodes
(LEDs) on one side and light detectors on the opposite side, creating an optical grid across the
screen.
When an object touches the screen, the invisible light beam is interrupted, causing a drop in the
signal received by the photo sensors.

How touch is registered in infra-red screen:

Infrared rays are sent across screen (from the edges) and captured by sensors at the opposite
side
Infrared rays form a grid across the screen
Infrared ray is broken when someone touches screen by a finger blocking a beam
This signal is converted into digital by ADC
The digital signal is sent to processor which calculate (on where beam is broken) to locate
the ‘touch’
Co-ordinates are used to locate the touch
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Differences between touch screens

Resistive Capacitive Infra Red

Hardware The screen of resistive In a capacitive system, a Infrared touch screens are
system includes a glass transparent material that based on light-beam
panel covered with a thin stares an electrical charge interruption technology.
metallic layer made of a covers the screen's glass Instead of an overlay on the
substance that conducts panel. surface, a frame surrounds
electricity. Spacers on the the display. The frame has
layer support a metallic layer light sources, or light emitting
that resists the flow of diodes (LEDs) on one side
electricity. and light detectors on the
opposite side, creating an
optical grid across the
screen.
How it When you touch the screen The screen has Infrared rays are sent
works with your finger or a stylus, conductive layer across screen (from the
the two layers make contact, An electrostatic/electric edges) and captured by
changing the electrical field field is created on the sensors at the opposite side
produced by the layers. This screen Infrared rays form a grid
permits the computer to Sensor(s) (around the across the screen
calculate the coordinates of screen) monitor the Infrared ray is broken when
the contact. electrostatic field someone touches screen by
When touched a finger blocking a beam
(electrostatic) charge is This signal is converted into
transferred to finger digital by ADC
Location of touch is The digital signal is sent
calculated // Co- to processor which
ordinates used to calculate (on where beam
calculate touch is broken) to locate the
‘touch’
Co-ordinates are used to
locate the touch
Finger can use stylus/ finger/ Can’t use gloved finger can use stylus/ finger/ gloved
Touch gloved finger/pen finger/pen

Visibility poor visibility in sunlight good visibility in sunlight Fairly good

in sunlight

Cost Inexpensive Medium cost Expensive

Durability − vulnerable to scratching Durable Good durability

− wears through time
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Touch screen technologies can be described as resistive or capacitive.

Six statements are given about resistive and capacitive technology.
Tick ( ) to show if the statement applies to Resistive or Capacitive and/or Infrared technology.
[6]
Resistive Capacitive Infrared
Statement
( ) ( ) ( )
This touch screen has multi-touch capabilities
This touch screen cannot be used whilst wearing gloves
This touch screen is made up of two layers with a small space
in between
This touch screen uses the electrical properties of the human
body
This touch screen is normally cheaper to manufacture
This touch screen has a quicker response time
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Interactive White Board:

An interactive whiteboard (IWB) is a large interactive display in the form factor of a whiteboard.
It can either be a standalone touchscreen computer used independently to perform tasks and
operations, or a connectable apparatus used as a touchpad to control computers from a projector.
How interactive whiteboard Works
A device driver is usually installed on the attached computer so
that the interactive whiteboard can act as a Human Input Device
(HID), like a mouse.
The computer's video output is connected to a digital projector so
that images may be projected on the interactive whiteboard
surface.
The user then calibrates the whiteboard image by matching the position of the projected image in
reference to the whiteboard using a pointer as necessary.
After this, the pointer or other device may be used to activate programs, buttons and menus from
the whiteboard itself, just as one would ordinarily do with a mouse.
If text input is required, user can invoke an on-screen keyboard or, if the whiteboard software
provides for this, utilize handwriting recognition.
Thus, an IWB emulates both a mouse and a keyboard. The user can conduct a presentation or a
class almost exclusively from the whiteboard.
In addition, most IWBs are supplied with software that provides tools and features specifically
designed to maximize interaction opportunities. These generally include the ability to create virtual
versions of paper flipcharts, pen and highlighter options, and possibly even virtual rulers,
protractors, and compasses—instruments that would be used in traditional classroom teaching.
Uses for interactive whiteboards may include:
Running software that is loaded onto the connected PC, such as a web browsers or other
software used in the classroom.
Capturing and saving notes written on a whiteboard to the connected PC
Capturing notes written on a graphics tablet connected to the whiteboard
Controlling the PC from the white board using click and drag, mark up which annotates
a program or presentation
Using OCR software to translate cursive writing on a graphics tablet into text
Using an Audience Response System so that presenters can poll a classroom audience or
conduct quizzes, capturing feedback onto the whiteboard
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Automatic Data Capture Devices

Direct data entry devices are used when large volumes of data must be entered into the computer
quickly without human involvement.
Magnetic Stripe Reader
Magnetic stripes are built into many plastic cards such as cheque guarantee or credit cards. To be
read the card is swiped through a machine which quickly and accurately reads the pattern of
magnetism.
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
The MICR system reads characters printed in a special magnetic ink on bank cheques.

The information printed on the cheque using MICR is :

A unique number for the cheque.
A code that identifies the bank and branch that issued the cheque.
The number of the account that the cheque relates to.
Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
An optical mark reader reads marks made by pencil on a printed form into the computer. OMR
systems are used by examination boards to collect the answers to multiple choice examinations and
to purchase lottery tickets. Here is an example answer grid for an examination:

Turnaround Documents Optical mark recognition and optical character recognition are often used
together in a turnaround document. A turnaround document is a document which:
Has some information printed onto it by a computer?
Has more information added to it by a human?
Is fed back into a computer to transfer the added information into the computer.
Here is a turnaround document that a gas company could use to record meter readings.
Try yourself 2):Name each input device described below:
It reads parallel dark and light lines which represent a string of characters. ……………. Used for
entry of numbers and arithmetic symbols only. ……………………………………
Users select options by simply making finger contact with its surface ……………………
It has buttons to make selections and a small wheel to allow scrolling……………………
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Monitoring System
In monitoring systems microprocessor just examine sensors’ reading and report their results.
Control System
A control system is a type of computer system that manages, commands and directs other devices
or systems. There are open and closed loop control systems. They usually take an input, process
it and get an output.
A control system consists of Sensors, ADC, Processor, DAC and Actuator.
Sensors and actuators are devices that are used for automatic input and control in real-time
systems.
Sensors is an input device which measures a specific physical quantity (input) and send the data
to processor. There are different types of sensors like, heat, infra-red, humidity, pressure, acoustic,
gas, bar code etc.
The signals generated by sensors are generally in analogue form and needed to be converted into
digital form so as processor can understand it. ADC (Analogue-to-Digital Converter) is used to
convert these analogue signals into digital signals.
Actuators is a hardware device that receives a signal from a computer and adjusts the setting of
a controlling device.
The processor sends digital signals, which are converted into analogue signals using DAC
(Digital-to-Analogue Converter) so as actuator can act upon it.
Actuator is responsible for powering and moving a motor in machinery, such as a robot arm in a
factory.

For example in a furnace, a sensor is used to measure temperature in the furnace and it sends
readings in analogue form (small electric currents/voltages). This data is converted into digital by
an ADC and is fed to a computer, which compares the input temperature with the required
temperature stored on a file. If any action is needed (furnace temperature is too low or too high)
then a digital signal is sent out from the computer. This signal is converted into an electric
current/voltage (i.e. analogue) so that the valve can be regulated (i.e. opened or closed to control
the gas supply and hence the furnace temperature).
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Feedback System
Control systems can be open loop or closed loop.
Open loop Feedback systems will just consider the input and then keep repeating the same task
given the input, e.g. a microwave heats for a given time period without actually checking the
temperature of the food.
Closed loop Feedback systems on the other hand will also take into account other factors,
including the output itself. A furnace is a closed-loop feedback system.
Above furnace system is a closed-loop feedback system. In this system temperature sensor
measures temperature in the furnace and it sends readings to processor, which compares the
input temperature with the required temperature stored on a file. If any action is needed (furnace
temperature is too low or too high) then a digital signal is sent out from the processor. Actuator
regulates the valves (i.e. opened or closed to control the gas supply and hence the furnace
temperature). Then sensor again measures the temperature which is actually itself the output of
the system. On the basis of new readings processor decides new actions. Means new actions
depends upon the results of previous actions.
 PAGE 48

Sensors (general) in control and measuring applications

infra-red/motion automatic doors, burglar alarm systems
Temperature Automatic washing machines, automatic cookers, central heating
sensor controllers, computer-controlled greenhouses, scientific experiments and
environmental monitoring, oven.
Sound/acoustic Burglar alarm, Leak detection system, Disco lighting
Moisture/humidity Clothes drier, Environmental control
Pressure sensor Burglar alarms, automatic washing machines, robotics, production line
control, scientific experiments and environmental monitoring
carbon dioxide/ pollution monitoring in a river , greenhouse environment (growth control),
oxygen/gas confined area (e.g. space craft)
Fish tank/Aquarium
Light sensor Computer controlled greenhouses, burglar alarm systems, robotics,
production line control, scientific experiments and environmental
monitoring
Graphics tablet Inputting freehand drawings or retouch photographs
Optical Mark Inputting pencil marks on a form such as a school register, candidate
Reader exam answers, any application involving input of a choice of options
Optical Character Inputting text to a computer ready for processing by another software
Reader package such as word processors, spread sheets, databases etc.
Bar code Reader Inputting code numbers from products at a POS terminal, library books
and membership numbers
 PAGE 49

Monitoring applications
Burglar alarm system

A burglar alarm monitoring system will carry out the following actions:
• The system is activated by keying in a password on a keypad.
• The infra-red sensor picks up the movement of an intruder in the building.
• The acoustic sensor picks up sounds such as footsteps or breaking glass.
• The pressure sensor picks up the weight of an intruder coming through a door or through a
window.
• The sensor data is passed through an ADC if it is in an analogue form to produce digital data.
• The computer/microprocessor will sample the digital data coming from these sensors at a
given frequency (e.g. every five seconds); the data is compared with the stored values by the
computer/microprocessor.
• If any of the incoming data values are outside the acceptable range, then the computer
sends a signal to:
• a siren to sound the alarm, or
• a light to start flashing.
• A DAC is used if the devices need analogue values to operate them.
• The alarm continues to sound/lights continue to flash until the system is reset with a password.
Monitoring of patients in a hospital
• A number of sensors are attached to the patient; these measure vital signs such as:
temperature, heart rate, breathing rate, etc.
• These sensors are all attached to a computer system.
• The sensors constantly send data back to the computer system.
• The computer samples the data at frequent intervals.
• The range of acceptable values for each parameter is keyed in to the computer.
• The computer compares the values from the sensors with those values keyed in.
• If anything is out of the acceptable range, a signal is sent by the computer to sound an alarm.
• If data from the sensors is within range, the values are shown in either graphical form on a
screen and/or a digital read out.
• Monitoring continues until the sensors are disconnected from the patient.
 PAGE 50

Control of street lighting

1. sensor sends signal/data to the microprocessor
2. signal/data converted to digital/using ADC
3. microprocessor compares value to a stored value
4. if input value < stored value …
a. signal sent from microprocessor to actuator
b. and light is switched on/off
5. whole process continues in an infinite loop
6. To Avoid frequent on/off switches:
7. microprocessor continues to keep light on/off for a
pre-determined period
8. after pre-determined period, sensor output is again
sampled

Controlling Security Lights

– infrared / motion / pressure (sensor) // sensor detects movement/pressure
– signals/data sent (continuously) to microprocessor
– converted from analogue to digital (using ADC)
– microprocessor compares value with those stored in memory
– if sensor value does not match the stored value(s) …
– … signal sent to switch on the light
– … signal sent to keep the light on
– … light remains on for a period of time (30 seconds)
– if sensor value matches the stored value(s) …
– … light will remain off
– … will turn off after period of time (30 seconds)
– works in a continues loop
 PAGE 51

The following flowchart shows how a light sensor and microprocessor are used to switch a street
lamp on or off. When the sensor reading is <= 50 light units, the lamp is turned on automatically.
Several of the instructions have been omitted from the flowchart.
Using item numbers only from the list below, complete the flowchart:[5]

Item Instruction
number
1 Count down in minutes
2 Is light reading <= 50?
3 Is street lamp already on?
4 Is time = 0?
5 The microprocessor compares the
sensor reading with stored values
6 The sensor reading is sent to the
microprocessor
7 Switch the street lamp off
8 Switch street lamp on
9 Time set to 10 minutes
 PAGE 52

ANTI-LOCK BRAKING SYSTEMS (ABS) on cars use magnetic field sensors to stop the wheels
locking up on the car if the brakes have been applied too sharply.
• When one of the car wheels rotates too slowly (i.e. it is locking up), a magnetic field
sensor sends data to a microprocessor.
• The microprocessor checks the rotation speed of the other three wheels.
• If they are different (i.e. rotating faster), the microprocessor sends a signal to the braking
system:
• and the braking pressure to the affected wheel is reduced
• the wheel’s rotational speed is then increased to match the other wheels.
• Checking the rotational speed using these magnetic field sensors is done several times a
second and the braking pressure to all the wheels can be constantly changing to prevent
any of the wheels locking up under heavy braking; this is felt as a ‘judder’ on the brake
pedal as the braking system is constantly switched off and on to equalise the rotational
speed of all four wheels.
• If one of the wheels is rotating too quickly, braking pressure is increased to that wheel
until it matches the other three.
 PAGE 53

Candidate Example Response

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 PAGE 58

Output Devices
An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results
of data processing carried out by an information processing system (such as a computer) which
converts the electronically generated information into human-readable form.
Soft Copy: The output displayed on screen or stored in storage devices is soft copy.
Hard Copy: The output printed on paper is hardcopy output.
Inkjet Printer
How inkjet printers work:

S No Step
1 Printer driver translates data into a suitable format for the printer
2 Printer receives data from the computer and stores the data in the printer's buffer
3 Paper feed stepper motor activated; sheet of paper fed from paper tray
4 The print head moves across page; ink is sprayed each time the print head pauses
for a fraction of a second
5 The ink droplets are produced currently using two different technologies.
• Thermal bubble: tiny resistors create localised heat which makes the ink
vaporise. This causes the ink to form a tiny bubble; as the bubble expands, some
of the ink is ejected from the print head onto the paper. When the bubble
collapses, a small vacuum is created which allows fresh ink to be drawn into the
print head. This continues until the printing cycle is completed.
• Piezoelectric: a crystal is located at the back of the ink reservoir for each nozzle.
The crystal is given a tiny electric charge which makes it vibrate. This vibration
forces ink to be ejected onto the paper; at the same time more ink is drawn in for
further printing.
6 Paper feed stepper motor advances paper a fraction of a cm after each complete
head pass

Why inkjet printers are helping to reduce the cost of manufacturing OLED
screens?
Current OLED manufacturing methods rely on evaporation processes, in which the
organic materials are deposited onto a glass sheet through a thin metal stencil. But
in this method a significant amount of the material is wasted because it disperses all
over the mask.

Inkjet OLED printing has the desirable ability to allow precision deposits without the
use of a mask. This could be done, for example, by placing OLED pixels on glass or
plastic using a portable platform and nozzles in regular atmospheric conditions. Such
methods have the potential to increase yields and lower prices.
 PAGE 59

Laser Printer
Laser printers produce very high-quality hard copy output. The print rate per page is very quick if
a large number of pages are being printed. They rely on large buffer memories, where the data for
the whole document is stored before the pages can be printed out.
How it works
S
Step
No
1 The printer driver ensures that the data is in a format that the laser printer can understand
2 Data is then sent to the laser printer and stored temporarily in the printer buffer
3 The printing drum is given a positive charge
4 As the printing drum rotates, a laser scans across it; this removes the positive charge in
certain areas
5 Negatively-charged areas are then produced on the printing drum; these match exactly with
the text and images to be printed
6 The printing drum is coated in positively-charged toner; this then sticks to the negatively-
charged parts of the printing drum
7 A negatively-charged sheet of paper is then rolled over the printing drum
8 The toner on the printing drum is now transferred to the paper to reproduce the required text
and images
9 The paper goes through a fuser which melts the toner so it fixes permanently to the paper
 PAGE 60

Uses
Laser printers are used where noise levels need to be kept low (e.g. in an office).
They are the best option for fast high quality high volume printing.
Advantages
Printing is fast for high volumes. If only a few pages are to be printed they are little faster than
inkjet printers.
They can handle very large print jobs.
The quality is consistently high.
Toner cartridges last for a long time, so laser printers can be a cost effective option, particularly
if colour outputs are not required.
Disadvantages
Laser printers are expensive to buy.
They are only really fast if several copies are being made.
Colour laser printers tend to be expensive to run, since four cartridges (three colours plus
black) are needed as well as diffuser kits, etc.
They produce ozone and volatile organic compounds because of their method of printing and
type of toner/ink used. These have been linked to health hazards in the office.
Q (a) (i) The following sequence of steps (1 to 7) describe how a single page is printed on a laser
printer.
The statements A, B, C and D are used to complete the sequence.
The paper passes through a fuser, which heats up the paper. The toner melts and
A
forms a permanent image on the paper.
B The electrical charge is removed from the drum and the excess toner is collected.
C The image is converted on the drum into an electrostatic charge .
The oppositely-charged paper picks up the toner particles from the drum. After
D
picking up the toner, the paper is discharged to stop it clinging to the drum.
Complete the sequence by writing one of the letters A, B, C or D on the appropriate row.
1.A laser beam and a rotating mirror are used to draw an image of the page on the photosensitive
drum.
2. .........................
3. Electrostatic charge attracts toner.
4. The charged paper is rolled against the drum.
5. .........................
6. .........................
7. ......................... [3]
(ii) A computer user has a laser printer to print letters and documents. The user also prints digital p
hotographs taken using a digital camera.
State the most suitable type of printer for printing the photographs.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
 PAGE 61

Q) The first column of the following table gives features of different types of printer.
Put a tick (3) in the cells to show which features describe a laser and an inkjet printer. [2]

Type of printer
Laser Inkjet
Impact printer
Non-impact printer
Line printer
Page printer

Plotter
Plotters are capable of producing highly accurate, very large drawings and posters.Instead of
building up text and images from tiny dots,
plotters draw on the paper using a pen.
How plotter works
The pens are held in an arm which can lift the pen up or
down, and which can move across the paper. The arm
and pen create a drawing just like a human could, but much more accurately and more quickly.
Different coloured pens can be used to produce coloured line drawings.
Applications
Plotters are used to produce large drawings (e.g. blueprints of buildings, factories, etc.) and are
often used with CAD applications.
They are used to produce large pictures for use on billboards or giant posters. They can also print
on plastic-coated paper.
If the pens are replaced with cutting tools, it is also possible to make large signs.
Advantages
They can produce huge printouts.
The print quality is extremely high.
Disadvantages
They are slow in operation.
They are expensive, both to buy and to maintain.
 PAGE 62

3D Printer

3D printing is any of various processes in which material is joined or solidified under computer
control to create a three-dimensional object, with material being added together. 3D printing is
used in both rapid prototyping and additive manufacturing.

The following describes some of the features of 3D printing:

Various types of 3D printers exist; they range from the size of a microwave oven up to the size of a
small car.

3D printers use ADDITIVE manufacturing (i.e. the object is built up layer by layer);

Direct 3D printing uses inkjet technology; a print head can move left to right as in a normal
printer. However, the print head can also move up and down to build up the layers of an object.

Binder 3D printing is similar to direct 3D printing. However, this method uses

two passes for each of the layers; the first pass sprays dry powder and then on the second pass a
binder (a type of glue) is sprayed to form a solid layer.

Newer technologies are using lasers and UV light to harden liquid polymers; this further increases
the diversity of products which can be made.

How 3D Printer Works

The steps 1 to 9 describe the basic internal operation of a 3D printer.

The following five statements are used to complete the
sequence of steps.
1. The object is designed using Computer Aided Design (CAD)
software
2. The software splits the object into slices.
3. The data about the slices is sent to the printer
4. The solid plastic is melted and transferred to the nozzle
5. A stepper motor moves the nozzle into position
6. The nozzle extrudes the molten plastic
7. The steps 5 to 6 are repeated until the layer is complete
8. A fan cools the layer
9. The steps 4 to 8 are repeated for each subsequent layer
 PAGE 63

Uses
3D printers are used to produce prototypes which actually work from CAD packages,
photograph images, stored drawings, etc.
Scale models are produced in colour before the real thing is manufactured.
The ultimate objective is to produce organic objects (such as replacement human organs)
using this layering technology.
Advantages
3D printers save a lot of money, since making prototypes by other methods is very time
consuming and expensive.
Physical scale models are produced with working parts, which gives a better idea of how the
end product will look.
The powders used can often be ground up and re-used.
Disadvantages
3D printers are expensive to buy.
They are slow at producing their output.
The end product can sometimes be a little rough and often needs further work to be done on it.
2D & 3D Cutter
A 2d and 3d cutter is a high powered laser that cuts material such as thin metals or woods, used
mostly for industrial purposes.
2D cuts a sheet and 3D cutters cuts an object using high power laser beam.
Application:
3D laser cutters can cut the following materials:
• glass
• crystal
• metal
• polymer
• wood.

Benefits:

They make precise and clean cuts, it is also is very fast which makes it efficient.

Drawback:

The main disadvantage of laser cutting is the high power consumption.

 PAGE 64

Loudspeakers & Headphone

Loudspeakers and headphones are output devices which are used to output sound from computer.
Speakers and headphones consist of DAC (Digital to Analogue Converter), Amplifier and
diaphragm.
How they work
Microprocessor sends sound signals in digital form, which are converted into analogue using DAC.
Then these signals are pass ed the through an AMPLIFIER to speaker, whose diaphragm vibrates and
produces sound.

DAC Amplifier

Digital Analog
Data Data
The rate at which the DAC can translate the digital output into analogue voltages is known as the
SAMPLING RATE. If the DAC is a 16-bit device, then it can accept numbers between +32 767 (2 16
– 1) and –32 768 (216); the digital value containing all zeros is ignored. The speed at which these
values can be converted is the sampling rate.
The standard sampling rate is 44 100 samples per second. This basically means that the DAC can
convert 44 100 values in the range +32 767 to –32 768 every second.
Suppose a CD is being produced to contain a number of music tracks. Each piece of music is
sampled 44 100 times a second. Each sample is 16 bits. Since the music is in stereo this also
needs to be taken into consideration.
The above information means that 44 100 × 2 × 16 = 1 411 200 bits per second sampling (the
number ‘2’ is used in the calculation to account for the sound being in stereo).
Since 1 byte = 8 bits, this equates to 1 411 200/8 bytes per second.
This works out at 176 400 bytes per second.
Application:
Speakers are used to output sound from multimedia presentations.
They are used in home entertainment centres.
They can help blind people (together with speech generation software) through audio output of
text on the screen.
They are used to play downloaded sound files.
 PAGE 65

LCD Monitors
LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY/DIODE) monitors’ front layer is made up liquid crystal diodes;
these tiny diodes are grouped together in threes or fours which are known as pixels (picture
elements). The three colours which are grouped together use red, green and blue diodes. Those
systems that use groups of four include a yellow diode – this is said to make the colours more
vivid.
Because LCD doesn’t emit any light, some form of back-lit technology needs to be used. They use
a cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) as the back lighting method. Essentially, CCFL uses two
fluorescent tubes behind the LCD screen which supplies the light source.
LED Monitors
Modern LCD monitors are back lit using LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED) technology. This gives
the image better contrast and brightness. A matrix of tiny LEDs is used behind the LCD screen.
Advantages of LED over LCD
LEDs reach their maximum brightness almost immediately (there is no need to ‘warm up’
before reaching full efficiency)
LEDs give a whiter light which sharpens the image and make the colours appear more
vivid; CCFL had a slightly yellowish tint
LEDs produce a brighter light which improves the colour definition
monitors using LED technology are much thinner than monitors using CCFL technology
LEDs last almost indefinitely; this makes the technology more reliable and means a more
consistent product
LEDs consume very little power which means they produce less heat as well as using less
energy.
OLED Monitors
OLED ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODES use organic materials (made up of carbon
compounds) to create semi-conductors which are very flexible. Organic films are sandwiched
between two charged electrodes (one is a metallic CATHODE and the other a glass ANODE).
When an electric field is applied to the electrodes they give off light. This means that no form of
backlighting is required. This allows for very thin screens.
It also means that there is no longer a need to use LCD technology, since OLED is a self-
contained system.
 PAGE 66

Light Projectors:
Uses
Multimedia projectors are used for training presentations (to allow the whole audience to see
the images from a computer).
They are also used for advertising presentations (large images showing product features of, for
example, a new car, can be shown at exhibitions, shopping malls, etc.).
Home cinema systems (projecting the images from a DVD or television) use multimedia
projectors.
Advantages
They enable many people to see a presentation rather than all of them crowding round a small
computer screen.
They avoid the need for several networked computers. For example, when looking at a video
clip on an internet site, everybody can see the video on the large screen rather than logging on
to a number of computers.
Disadvantages
Images can sometimes be fuzzy.
Multimedia projectors are expensive to buy.
Setting up projectors can be a little difficult.

(a) (i) Choose between:

laser printer / inkjet printer (circle your choice)
Describe one feature and one drawback of your chosen type of printer.
Feature ...............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
Drawback ...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Choose between:
3D printer / graph plotter (circle your choice)
Describe one feature and one drawback of your chosen device.
Feature ...............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
Drawback ...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................[2]
 PAGE 67

Fill in missing statements

Questions are most commonly set from steps of bar code reading, sensors, operating ATM
machine etc.
Steps of bar code reading:
When barcode has been read, then what happens?
• The barcode number is looked up in the stock database (the barcode is known as the KEY FIELD
in the stock item record); this key field uniquely identifies each stock item.
• When the barcode number is found, the stock item record is looked up.
• The price and other stock item details are sent back to the checkout (or POINT OFSALE
TERMINAL (POS)).
• The number of stock items in the record is reduced by one each time the barcode is read.
• This new value for number of stock items is written back to the stock item record.
• The number of stock items is compared to the re-order level; if it is less than or equal to this value,
more stock items are automatically ordered.
• Once an order for more stock items is generated, a flag is added to the record to stop re-ordering
every time the stock item barcode is read.
• When new stock items arrive, the stock levels are updated in the database.
 PAGE 68

The following flowchart shows how the bar code written on an item is used to find the price, do stock
control and produce an itemised bill. Select statements from the list below to complete the flowchart.
 PAGE 69

The following flowchart shows how barcodes are used at the point of sale in an automatic stock
control system.
Select statements from the list below, using numbers only, to complete the flowchart.
 PAGE 70

The following flowchart shows how sensors (which can be analogue or digital) and a computer are
used to control the temperature of a greenhouse for plants. Complete the flowchart using the items
from the list below.
 PAGE 71

The following flowchart shows what happens when a customer uses a credit card to pay for goods
at a supermarket. Ten of the boxes are blank.
Using the items from the list, insert the ten missing statements using the appropriate number only.
Each statement may be used once only.
 PAGE 72

(a)To log on to a computer, a user needs to type in a user id followed by a password; these should
match up. Only three attempts are allowed.
The flowchart below shows the log on procedure. Several boxes have been left blank.
Complete the flowchart using items from the list.
 PAGE 73

Q 6: Summer 2012. P11

A car park uses sensors and a microprocessor to monitor cars leaving and entering. The car park is
open 24 hours every day. The park fee is $10 per day.
The following flowchart shows how the IN and OUT barriers are controlled. Some of the statements
are missing.
Using item numbers only, insert the correct item number into the flow chart from the item list.
 PAGE 74

Q9: Summer 2013. P12

A large word processor is being developed by first writing a series of modules. These are then put
together to form the final word processor. Testing is done on each module and on the final word
processor. The following flowchart shows how this word processor is developed. Several of the
stages have been omitted.
Complete the flowchart, using item number only, from the list of items given.
 PAGE 75

A microprocessor controls the opening and closing of automatic doors to a supermarket. Customers
are detected using pressure sensors.
The flowchart on the next page shows how the sensors and microprocessor interact to control the
opening and closing of the doors. However, several of the stages in the process have been missed
out.
Using item number only, complete the flowchart using items from the following list:
PAGE 76
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 PAGE 82

Topical Past Papers

8 (d) The LCD (liquid crystal display) on the clock face is back-lit using blue LEDs (light emitting
diodes). The brightness of the clock face is determined by the level of light in the room. The
amount of light given out by the LEDs is controlled by a control circuit.
Describe how the sensor, microprocessor and LEDs are used to maintain the correct brightness of
the clock face.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................[3]
(e) Modern LCD monitors and televisions use LED back-lit technology.
Give two advantages of using this new technology compared to the older cold cathode fluorescent
lamp (CCFL) method.
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]

Examiner s Comments on Question 8 (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e)

Many candidates answered both part (a) and part (b) very well. Candidates demonstrated a good knowledge of converting between
binary and denary.
Most candidates only gained one or two marks for part (c). Many candidates did not refer to the time being stored in the registers
in their answer, which often made their answer imprecise.
Many candidates provided a good response to part (d) that gained two or three marks. The most common error in this questions
was candidates that incorrectly referring to the microprocessor sending ‘information’ rather than ‘data’ or a ‘signal’.
In part (e) many candidates gave a good response. The most common answers gained marks for providing a higher resolution,
being thinner/lighter and being more energy efficient. Some candidates referred to health and safety issues as a benefit that did not
gain marks. Some candidates were imprecise in their answer such as ‘better picture’ or ‘smaller size’, these could not be awarded
marks.
 PAGE 83

2 The majority of mobile phones use touch screens. Three common technologies are used by different
mobile phone manufacturers.
Choose one of the following mobile phone technologies:
• resistive • capacitive • infrared
Chosen technology ..........................................................................................................................
(i) Describe how your chosen technology works to allow a user to make selections by touching the screen.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Give one benefit and one drawback of your chosen technology when used on mobile phone touch
screens.
Benefit
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................

Drawback
...................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................... [2]

Examiner s comments on Questions 2(i) and (ii)

Very few candidates displayed knowledge of touch screen technology. Very few candidates gained marks for this question and
generally repeated phrases from the question, rather that describing how touch screen technology works. Candidate’s answers
were mostly too vague, with a simplistic level of knowledge displayed. The most common answer given was infrared technology.
In terms of infrared touch screen technology candidates gave a vague description of a heat based method, but most infrared touch
screen technology works with a grid of infrared beams that are interrupted to register a ‘touch’ on the screen.
 PAGE 84

3 Four input devices, four descriptions and four applications are shown below.
Draw a line to connect each input device to its correct description. Then connect each description to its
correct application. [6]

Examiner s comments on Question 3

Many candidates displayed an excellent level of knowledge input devices and their uses, gaining five or six
marks for the answer. The most common error was candidates confusing stock control and reading
passports.
7 (a) Street lighting is controlled automatically. A light sensor and a microprocessor are used to
decide when to switch each street light on or off.
Describe how the sensor, microprocessor and light interact to switch the street light on or off.
Include in your answer how the microprocessor stops the street lights being frequently switched on
and off due to brief changes in the light intensity.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................[5]
 PAGE 85

(b) Name three different sensors (other than light and pH) and describe an application for each of
these sensors.
A different application is needed for each sensor.
Sensor 1 ...................................................................................................................................
Application ..........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
Sensor 2 ..............................................................................................................................
Application ...........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
Sensor 3 .............................................................................................................................
Application .........................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [6]

Examiner s comments on Questions 7(a) and 7(b)

The full range of marks were awarded in part (a), but not many responses gained full marks. Most candidates gave a good
description of a sensor sending data/signal to a microprocessor and the value being compared to a stored value. Some candidates
included the use of an analogue to digital converter. Very few candidates acknowledged the issue of preventing the lights
frequently turning on and off. A most common error in this questions was candidates that incorrectly referring to the
microprocessor sending ‘information’ rather than ‘data’ or a ‘signal’.
Most candidates gained some marks in part (b) with the full range being awarded. Some candidates were too vague in their
naming of the sensor, for example a heat sensor, and some candidates repeated the application they gave for different parts of the
question.
 PAGE 86

3 The flowchart on the opposite page shows what happens when the barcode on a product is
scanned at the checkout in a supermarket. The barcodes are used in an automatic stock control
system.
Several of the statements in the flowchart are missing.
Using item number only from the list below, complete the flowchart. [4]

Item Statement
number
1 Add flag to product record to indicate re-
order made
2 Any more barcodes to scan?
3 Has the scanned barcode been found in the
file?
4 Has the re-order flag already been added to
the product record?
5 Is number of product in stock <= re-order
level?
6 Number of product in stock is reduced by 1
7 Output an error message
8 Automatically send out order for new
product
 PAGE 87

Examiners Comments Question 3

Many candidates were able to accurately order the process. Candidates had clearly read the question carefully and were able to
construct an accurate flowchart as a result.

8 The steps to print a document using a laser printer are shown in the table below.
Put each step in the correct order. The first step has been done for you. [8]
Step Order
As the printing drum rotates, a laser scans across it; this removes the positive charge
in certain areas
The printing drum is coated in positively-charged toner; this then sticks to the
negatively-charged parts of the printing drum
The paper goes through a fuser which melts the toner so it fixes permanently to the
paper
The printer driver ensures that the data is in a format that the laser printer can 1
understand
A negatively-charged sheet of paper is then rolled over the printing drum
Data is then sent to the laser printer and stored temporarily in the printer buffer
The toner on the printing drum is now transferred to the paper to reproduce the
required text and images
The printing drum is given a positive charge
Negatively-charged areas are then produced on the printing drum; these match
exactly with the text and images to be printed

Examiners Comments Question 8

This question proved very challenging to candidates and tested the depth of their knowledge in this area. Many were able to start
off with a correct sequence, and many were able to end with a correct sequence, but most became a little lost with their sequence
in the middle stages. Candidates need to make sure they are fully reading each stage and carefully considering what will come
before that and appear after that.

1 (a) Name an application which makes use of the following sensors. A different application should
be used in each case.
Temperature .....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
Magnetic field ..................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
Motion ..............................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
 PAGE 88

(b) The flowchart on the opposite page shows how a light sensor and microprocessor are used to
switch a street lamp on or off. When the sensor reading is <= 50 light units, the lamp is turned on
automatically.
Several of the instructions have been omitted from the flowchart.
Using item numbers only from the list below, complete the flowchart:[5]

Item Instruction
number
1 Count down in minutes
2 Is light reading <= 50?
3 Is street lamp already on?
4 Is time = 0?
5 The microprocessor compares the
sensor reading with stored values
6 The sensor reading is sent to the
microprocessor
7 Switch the street lamp off
8 Switch street lamp on
9 Time set to 10 minutes

Examiners Comments Question 1 (a) and (b)

In part (a) many candidates were able to provide a suitable application for each sensor. Some candidates did not understand what
is meant by an application and some candidates gave a vague description of a possible use. Candidates need to name a specific
 PAGE 89

and clear application.

In part (b) most candidates were able to provide a correct order to complete the flow chart. Candidates need only write the number
of the instruction in the flowchart box and not the instruction text itself.

6 Passengers fly into an airport from other countries. The airport has a security system that uses:
• computers
• scanners
• digital cameras
To gain entry to the country, each passenger must have a passport or identification (ID) card. This
must contain a recent photograph and other personal data. The passenger must:
• place their passport or ID card on a scanner that reads machine-readable characters and scans
the photograph
• look towards a camera that takes an image of the passenger’s face
Describe how a computer checks whether the image just taken by the camera matches the
scanned photograph.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................[2]
Examiners Comments Question 6
Many candidates were vague in their answer and were not able to provide specific detail about the comparison operation. When
candidates answer questions about the operation of devices they need to provide specific and clear detail.

7 Name a suitable output device for each of the following applications. A different device should be
used for each application.
Application Suitable output
device
Production of one-off photographs of very good quality
High volume colour printing of advertising flyers
Production of an object, which is built up layer by layer; used in
CAD applications
Converting electrical signals into sound
Showing enlarged computer output on a wall or large screen

Examiners Comments Question 7

Many candidates were able to provide a suitable output device. Some candidates were not specific enough in identifying a device,
for example providing an answer of printer, but not stating which type of printer. This level of detail was important to the
question.
 PAGE 90

8 Four input devices are shown in the table below.

Give an application which makes use of each device and state a reason why the device is
appropriate for that application. Your application must be different in each case.
Input device Application and reason
Light sensor Application ................................................... ..........................................
Reason ..................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
Keyboard Application ................................................... ..........................................
Reason ..................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
Barcode Application ................................................... ..........................................
reader Reason ..................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
Touch screen Application ................................................... ..........................................
Reason ..................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
Examiners Comments Question 8
Most candidates were able to get some marks for this question. Many were not specific enough in their application, for example
stating supermarket, rather than at a supermarket checkout. Candidates need to make sure they are providing a full and clear
application..

1 (a) Four hardware items are shown in the table below.

For each hardware item:
• name a suitable application
• state how it is used in the application
Give a different application in each case. [8]
Hardware Application How the hardware item is used
item
Microphone .......................................................... ..........................................................
.......................................................... ..........................................................
.......................................................... ..........................................................
Barcode .......................................................... ..........................................................
reader .......................................................... ..........................................................
.......................................................... ..........................................................
Touch .......................................................... ..........................................................
screen .......................................................... ..........................................................
.......................................................... ..........................................................
Infrared .......................................................... ..........................................................
sensor .......................................................... ..........................................................
.......................................................... ..........................................................

Examiners Comments Question 1(a) (b) and (c)

In part (a) some candidates confused the two sections that needed to be completed. Candidates must understand what an
application is of hardware. Many described the operations of the hardware and not how the hardware item is used to carry out
tasks.
In part (b) many candidates answered this question well, giving two suitable differences.
 PAGE 91

5 (a) Inkjet printers and laser printers are two common types of printer.
Describe the features and principles of operation of each type of printer.
(i) Inkjet printer
...........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [4]
(ii) Laser printer
...........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) Another type of printer is the 3D printer.

Describe 3D printing.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................... [3]
Examiners Comments Question 5(a)(i)(ii) and (b)
In all parts of this question candidates demonstrated limited knowledge of the operations of different types of printers. The y were
able to describe at a basic level that an inkjet printer spray ink onto paper and a laser printer uses toner and charges. Beyond this
very limited knowledge was shown.

11 A passenger logs onto an airline website and types in the reference number for their flight.
Once the passenger accesses their account they can choose their seat and also print out a
boarding pass which contains a unique barcode. This barcode is scanned at the airport check-in
desk.
Name one input and one output device found at the check-in desk and give a reason for your
choice.
Input device: ........................................................................................................................
Reason: ..............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
Output device: ....................................................................................................................
Reason: ...............................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[4]

Examiners Comments Question 11

Most candidates were able to provide suitable input and output devices. Some candidates were not specific to the question in their
reasons for the device, for example saying ‘to enter text’, and not giving a specific text entry to the question. Candidates must
make sure that when they are provided with a scenario in a question, they use that scenario as part of the detail in their response,
where appropriate.
 PAGE 92

3 (a) Five sensors and five applications are shown below.

Draw a line to link each sensor to its most appropriate application. [4]

Application
Sensor

Monitor the pollution levels in a river

Light sensor

Control the switching off and on of street lights

Moisture sensor

Detect intruders breaking into a building

Gas sensor

Monitor the amount of water left in clothes in a dryer

pH sensor

Monitor acidity levels in the soil in a green house

Pressure

(b) Automatic doors in a building are controlled by the use of infrared sensors and a
microprocessor.
Describe how the sensors and the microprocessor are used to automatically open a door as a person
approaches.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................[4]

Examiner Report Question 3(a) and (b)

In part (a) most candidates were able to correctly identify a correct sensor for the corresponding application.
In part (b) candidates need to make sure that they are writing a description of the system that if referred to in the question. Many
candidates provided a generic description of a system that uses a sensor and a microprocessor, and did not relate their description
to the system given in the question. Candidates must make sure when answering questions about systems involving sensors and
microprocessors, that they think about processes involved in the specific system given in the question. They need to select suitable
sensors (if not provided in the question) and describe how the microprocessor will operate to run that specific system.
 PAGE 93

4 (a) Nikita wishes to print out some documents and connects her printer to the computer using one of the
USB ports.
(i) Identify what type of data transmission is being used.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Give three reasons for using a USB port.
1 .......................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 .......................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
3 .......................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) The printer runs out of paper while it is printing the documents. A signal is sent to the
processor to request that the problem is dealt with.
Name this type of signal.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) State one suitable application for each printer below. A different application must be given for each
printer.
Inkjet printer ....................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

3D printer .......................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Name another type of printer and describe one way in which it is different from the printers named in
part (b).
Give an application for this printer.
Type of printer ..................................................................................................................
Description .......................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................

Application ..........................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
Examiner Report Question 4(a)(i), (ii), (iii), (b) and (c)
In part (a)(i) many candidates correctly identified the type of transmission.
In part (a)(ii) most candidates were able to refer to a USB becoming industry standard and universal to most devices. Some
candidates could identify that a USB port can only have a USB device plugged in one way. Very few candidates identified further
features of a USB port. Some candidates mistakenly gave features of a USB storage device or serial transmission, rather than the
USB port itself.
In part (a)(iii) many candidates were able to correctly identify the type of signal.
In part (b) most candidates were able to identify a suitable example of use for each printer.
In part (c) many candidates were able to identify a further type of printer. Some candidates were able to expand on their answer
and provide a suitable description of the operations of the printer and a suitable use. Many candidates identified Laser as their
answer, some also identified answer outside the syllabus, such as Dot Matrix. Some candidates mistakenly gave LaserJet as the
name for the type of printer. This is a HP brand name for printers and brand names are not creditable in answers.
 PAGE 94

12 (a) Name the following type of barcode:

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) The barcode in part (a) contains the denary value 2 6 4 0

Convert this value to hexadecimal.
............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................

Write the value as a 12-bit binary number. [4]

(c) An airport uses the type of barcode shown in part (a) to advertise local places of interest.
Describe how a visitor landing at the airport could use these barcodes to help plan their visit.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................[3]
Examiner Report Question 12(a), (b) and (c)
In part (a) many candidates were able to identify the type of barcode.
In part (b) some candidates were able to carry out the correct calculation and conversions. This calculation did prove challenging
to many candidates.
In part (c) many candidates were able to describe the process of a person scanning the QR code with their mobile device, this
linking to a website that would provide details about local tourist information. Some candidates were too vague in their
description, stating the barcode would be scanned, or scanning the phone with an app., but not explaining this would be done with
a mobile device.

2 Motion sensors are used in a security system to detect intruders.

Name three other sensors that could be used in the following applications.
Give a different type of sensor for each application. [3]
Application Sensor
controlling street lights
monitoring a river for pollution
controlling traffic lights
Examiner Report Question 2
Many candidates were able to provide suitable sensors for the given applications. Most candidates were able to list a light sensor
for the first application. Many candidates were able to list gas or pH sensor for the second application. Some candidates were able
to list pressure sensor for the third application. The most common error made was candidates not using the correct name for a type
of sensor and rather listing and example of the type of sensor, such as O2 sensor or CO2 sensor for gas sensor, and acidity sensor
for pH sensor. A number of candidates also incorrectly listed motion sensor for the third application.
 PAGE 95

5 Six descriptions and six devices are shown below.

Draw a line to link each description to the correct device.

Description Device

Allows a user to write on a surface using a pen;

text and drawings are then captured electronically
and stored for later use. Digital Light Projector

Converts sound into an electrical signal/voltage.

Inkjet printer

Uses thermal bubble and piezoelectric technology

to produce a hard copy. Interactive whiteboard

Uses a bright white light source and micro mirrors

(on a chip) to produce an image to be shone onto a Laser printer
wall or screen.

Converts a hard copy document into an electronic

form to be stored as a file on a computer. Microphone

Uses negatively charged images on a rotating drum

Scanner (2D)
and positively charged toner to output a hard copy.
Examiner Report Question 5
Most candidates were able to match the correct descriptions to the correct devices. The most common error was the confusion of
Laser and Inkjet printers.

11 A security system is installed in a house. A hexadecimal number is entered to activate or

deactivate the alarm.
(a) The alarm code is set to hexadecimal number 2 A F
Show how this number would be stored in a 12-bit binary register.[3]

(b) Identify two sensors that the security system could use to detect intruders.
Describe how each sensor could be used in the security system.
Sensor 1 ...................................................................................................................................
Description ................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
Sensor 2 ...................................................................................................................................
Description ................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................[6]
Examiner Report
 PAGE 96

In part (a) many candidates could convert the hexadecimal to 12-bit binary.
In part (b) some candidates could correctly identify at least one sensor and describe how it could be used.
The most common error was candidates identifying the same type of sensor, for example giving a motion sensor and
an infrared sensor as their answer.

4 The Henslows Diner is a local restaurant.

(a) Staff currently use a keyboard to input a customer food order into a computer. The food order
is then sent to the kitchen.
State two disadvantages of using a keyboard to input a customer food order.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................[2]

b) A concept keyboard has a flat surface that is overlaid with images of food items available
from the restaurant menu. Staff can click on an image to add the food item to a customer food
order.
The Henslows Diner wants to change to a concept keyboard to input customer food orders.
Explain two benefits of making this change.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................... [4]
Examiner Report
In part (a) many candidates answered this question well, providing two reasonable disadvantages of using a
keyboard.
In part (b) some candidates could provide two reasonable benefits. Most candidates tried to turn the disadvantages
into a benefit, which provided some good answers. Candidates need to make sure that they provide benefits relating
to the context they are given. Some candidates provided a benefit that was not relevant to the context they had been
given.

7 Modern Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) monitors use Light-Emitting Diode (LED) backlit
technology.
Give four benefits of using LED technology.
1 .......................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
2 .......................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
3 .......................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
4 .......................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................[4]
Examiner Report
Some candidates provided good, clear benefits, demonstrating their understanding of LED technology. Some
candidates provided very vague answers, for example, it is a better technology.
 PAGE 97

9 A security light is controlled by sensors and a microprocessor.

Describe how the sensors and microprocessor interact to switch on the security light when an
intruder is detected.
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................[6]
Examiner Report
Some candidates gained 5 or 6 marks for this question on sensors and a microprocessor controlling a security light,
providing very good, detailed answers. Many candidates could give a suitable sensor, but provided a vague response
as to how they would be used in the system, in conjunction with the microprocessor. Candidates are reminded to
consider the context they are given when answering questions and not provide a generic response.

1 Name three different sensors.

Sensor 1 ........................................................................................................................
Sensor 2 ........................................................................................................................
Sensor 3 ........................................................................................................................ [3]
Examiner Report
Most candidates correctly named at least two sensors.

10 Describe the differences between a barcode and a Quick Response (QR) code.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................[3]
Examiner Report
Most candidates could correctly describe at least one difference between a barcode and a QR code. Some excellent
answers for this question were seen.
 PAGE 98

9 A supermarket has a system that allows customers to check out their own shopping.
Identify and describe the purpose of two input devices and one output device used in this system.
Input device 1 .....................................................................................................................
Purpose .............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
Input device 2 ....................................................................................................................
Purpose ............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
Output device 1 ..................................................................................................................
Purpose ...........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................... [6]
Examiner Comment on Q 9
Most candidates provided suitable input and output devices. Candidates need to remember to read thecontext of the question and apply it to their
answer. Some candidates did not do this and provided input andoutput devices that were not applicable. Some candidates gave a very generic
description of the use of thedevice e.g. barcode scanner, to scan barcodes. Candidates are reminded to refer to the context of thequestion when
providing a use for input and output devices.
12 The processes in a chemical factory are monitored by sensors connected to a microprocessor.
(a) Identify two different sensors used in this application. Give an example of how each sensor
could be used in the chemical factory.
Sensor 1 .......................................................................................................................
Use ...............................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................

Sensor 2 ...........................................................................................................................
Use .................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(b) Describe how the sensors and a microprocessor are used to monitor a process.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................... [5]
Examiner Comment on Q 12(a)
Many candidates provided two suitable sensors and described how they could be used in the chemicalfactory. Candidates had a large range of
sensors they could choose and it was pleasing to see that the fullrange of suitable sensors were seen in candidate’s answers.
Examiner Comment on Q 12(b)
Many candidates gave a detailed answer about how the sensors and the microprocessor would be used.Some candidates lacked detail in their
answer, forgetting detail such as comparing the input value to thestored value. It would be beneficial for candidates to understand the context of the
question and use it whendescribing the actions that may be taken, and not just provide a generic response. It would also be beneficialfor candidates
to understand that the process in continuous.
 PAGE 99

Q 12) Summer 2017 P12

3 The diagram shows five output devices and five descriptions.
Draw a line between each output device and its description. [4]

Output
Description
Device

Flat panel display that uses the light modulating

Inkjet printer
properties of liquid crystals.

Flat panel display that uses an array of

LCD screen
light-emitting diodes as pixels.

2D cutter Droplets of ink are propelled onto paper.

Electrically charged powdered ink is transferred

LED screen
onto paper.

Laser printer High powered laser that uses the x-y plane.
Examiner Comment on Q 3
Most candidates correctly match the five terms to the correct descriptions.

6 Airline boarding passes can be read from a smart phone instead of a printout.
 PAGE 100

Identify what type of barcode A is an example of. Explain how the data stored in this type of
barcode is read.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................... [4]
Examiner Comment on Q 6
Many candidates identified the barcode to be a QR code, and some candidates gave a description of howthe QR code would be read. Many
candidates provided an explanation of what a QR is and how much data itcan store. Candidates are reminded to read the question and provide the
detail required.
9 A cold store is kept at a constant low temperature using a sensor, a microprocessor and a
cooling unit.
Explain how the sensor and microprocessor will maintain a constant low temperature.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................[6]
Examiner Comment on Q 9
Many candidates gave a detailed answer about how the sensors and the microprocessor would be used.Some candidates lacked detail in their ans
wer, forgetting detail such as comparing the input value to thestored value. It would be beneficial for candidates to understand the context of the que
stion and use it whendescribing the actions that may be taken, and not just provide a generic response. It would also be beneficialfor candidates to
understand that the process in continuous.

Q 13) Winter 2017 P12

9 Anna has a farm that grows fruit.
She has a system that monitors the conditions for growing the fruit.
Sensors are used in this system.
(a) Explain what is meant by the term sensor.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................[2]
 PAGE 101

(b) State two sensors that could be used in this system and describe how they could be used.
Sensor 1 ...........................................................................................................................
Use ...................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
Sensor 2 ..........................................................................................................................
Use ...................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [6]

Q 14) Winter 2017 P13

1 A washing machine has a small display screen built into it.
One use of the display screen is to show an error code when a problem has occurred with a
washing cycle.
(a) State whether the display screen is an input, output or storage device.
................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The display screen shows a hexadecimal error code:
E04
This error code means that the water will not empty out of the washing machine.
Convert this error code to binary.

(c) State why hexadecimal is used to display the error code.

..........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................[1]
 PAGE 102

(d) Identify three sensors that could be used in the washing machine.
State what each sensor could be used for.
Sensor 1..........................................................................................................................
Use ..................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
Sensor 2 .......................................................................................................................
Use ...............................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
Sensor 3 ......................................................................................................................
Use ..............................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [6]
Q 15) March 2018 P12 (India)
4 An air conditioning system is used to control the temperature in a hospital.
The air conditioning system uses temperature sensors and a microprocessor.
The temperature must remain between 21°C and 24°C.
Describe how the sensors and the microprocessor are used to control the temperature of the
hospital.

............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................[6]
Comments on Question 4
Some candidates answered this question well, but some provided a very generalised response. It
would be helpful if candidates used the context and values provided in a question of this nature in
their response. This will show a greater understanding about how that particular system will
operate
 PAGE 103

12 A hospital stores the results of medical tests on a computer system. Each patient is given a
wristband containing a unique barcode. The barcode is used every time the patient has a medical
test.
(a) Explain two benefits of using barcodes in this situation.
Benefit 1 ...................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
Benefit 2 ...................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) Describe how the barcode is read.
..................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................[4]
Comments on Question 12
This question appeared challenging for candidates. Many candidates described that the process was made easier
linked regarding the fact that the data will be stored in an electronic database and it will be easier to see all the details
and update them. This process would be just the same if the patients name was typed in, rather than the barcode
scanned. Candidates did not consider this fact. It would be helpful for candidates to focus on the process indicated in
the question of using the barcode to access the records, making it quicker to scan and less likely to have an input error.
The process beyond this would be the same as typing in the patient name.
(b) Many candidates answered this question well. It was pleasing to see the level of understanding provided about how
a barcode scanner operates. Some candidates gave information about how barcode scanners are used, rather than
describing how they operate.
 PAGE 104

Q 16) Summer 2018 P11

1 Jane answers an examination question about computers and data correctly.
Six different words or numbers have been removed from her answer.
Complete the sentences in Jane’s answer, using the list given. Not all items in the list need to be
used.
•2 • 10 • 16 • analogue
• binary • denary • digital • hexadecimal
As humans, we process …………………………………… data, but a computer cannot process this
type of data. For a computer to be able to process data it needs to be converted to
…………………………………… data.
As humans, we mostly use a …………………………………… number system; this is a base
…………………………………… number system.
Computers use a …………………………………… number system; this is a base
…………………………………… number system. [6]
8 A supermarket uses a barcode scanner to read the barcodes on its products.
(a) Describe how the barcode scanner reads the barcode.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) Explain how the barcode system could help the supermarket manage its stock.
............................................................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [3]
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(c) An infrared touch screen is used to view and navigate the supermarket stock system.
Explain how the infrared touch screen detects a user’s touch.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

Q 17) Summer 2018 P12

2 (a) Nancy has captured images of her holiday with her camera. The captured images are stored
as digital photo files on her camera.
Explain how the captured images are converted to digital photo files.
............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[4]
9 An advertisement in a magazine displays this barcode:

(a) Identify this type of barcode.

.......................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Explain how the data stored in this barcode is read.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [4]
 PAGE 106

10 Alexandra has a new mobile device.

It has a touch screen that uses capacitive technology.
(a) Describe how a capacitive touch screen registers Alexandra’s touch.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [4]
(b) Alexandra is wearing gloves because it is cold.
She presses an icon on her touch screen but her action is not registered.
(i) Explain why the touch screen will not register her touch.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Alexandra does not want to remove her gloves.
Explain how Alexandra could use her mobile device whilst still wearing gloves.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
 PAGE 107

Q 18) Winter 2018 P12

“ ”

“
”
• • •
• • •
• • •
“ ”
•

’
 PAGE 108

Q 19) Winter 2018 P13

1 There are six output devices and six descriptions shown. Draw a line to connect each output
device to the most appropriate description. [5]
Description Device
Uses a high-intensity beam of light shone
Laser Printer
through three layers of changing pixels

Uses millions of micro mirrors to reflect light

LCD Projector
through a lens

Digital Light Uses plastic, resin or powdered metal to

Projector (DLP) generate a physical output

Uses a static electric charge on a rotating

Inkjet Printer
drum to generate a physical output

3D Printer Uses liquid ink to generate a physical output

Uses a high-power laser to generate a

2D Cutter
physical output
 PAGE 109

3 An elevator (lift) has a maximum weight limit of 2400 kg. The weight carried is monitored by a
sensor and a microprocessor. Describe how the sensor and the microprocessor are used to make
sure the maximum weight limit is not
exceeded. ...........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................... [6]

Q 20) March 2019 P12

2 Many computer systems have an input device and an output device.
(a) (i) State what is meant by an input device.
............................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Give an example of an input device.
....................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) (i) State what is meant by an output device.
............................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Give an example of an output device.
....................................................................................................................................................... [1]
 PAGE 110

3 (b) Sensors are used at the finish line to identify the number of competitors who finish the race.
(i) Identify two different sensors that could be used to identify the number of competitors.
Sensor 1.............................................................................................................................................
Sensor 2......................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) The sensors are used with a microprocessor to count how many competitors finish the race.
Explain how the sensor and the microprocessor are used.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [6]
6 Nadia purchases a printer to print out her homework.
She connects the printer to her computer using USB.
(a) Explain what is meant by USB.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) Nadia’s printer uses powdered toner rather than liquid ink.
(i) State the type of printer Nadia has purchased.
...................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Give two benefits of using this type of printer.
Benefit 1 ...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Benefit 2 ...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................... [2]
 PAGE 111

(iii) Give one drawback of using this type of printer.

Drawback 1 ........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................... [1]

Q 21) Summer 2019 P11

3 Five descriptions of different input or output devices are given in the table.
Complete the table by stating the name of each input or output device. [5]
Description Name of device
This is an input device that works by shining a light onto the
surface of a document. The light source is automatically
...................................................
moved across the document and the reflected light is captured
by mirrors and lenses.
This is an input device where a laser or a light source is
moved across an object. The width, height and depth of the ...................................................
object are measured to allow a model to be created.
This is a large input device that is usually fixed to a wall. A
user can calibrate the device to make sure the sensors align
...................................................
with a projected image. The user can use either their finger or
a special pen to make selections.
This is an output device that uses many small mirrors to
...................................................
reflect light towards a lens. This will display an image.
This is an output device that creates an object by building
...................................................
layer upon layer of material.

Q 22) Summer 2019 P12

1 Input and output devices are often connected to a personal computer.
(a) Identify three input devices that can be connected to a personal computer.
1 ........................................................................................................................................................
2 .......................................................................................................................................................
3 .................................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) Identify three output devices that can be connected to a personal computer.
1 .......................................................................................................................................................
2 ......................................................................................................................................................
3 ................................................................................................................................................. [3]
 PAGE 112

4 (ii) Marley prints the images for his project using an inkjet printer.
Describe how the inkjet printer prints an image.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [4]
7 (a) An office has an automated lighting system. When movement is detected in the office the
lights are switched on. If movement is not detected for a period of 2 minutes the lights are
switched off. The system uses a sensor and a microprocessor.
Describe how the automated lighting system uses a sensor and a microprocessor.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................................... [6]
10 Remy has a mobile device that has a capacitive touch screen.
Describe how the capacitive touch screen registers Remy’s touch.
............................................................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [4]
 PAGE 113

Q 23) Winter 2019 P13

1 A library has a system that allows customers to check out the books that they want to borrow.
Each book has a barcode that can be used to identify the book.
(a) (i) Identify two input devices that may be used in the library’s system.
Input device 1 ....................................................................................................................
Input device 2 ....................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Identify two storage devices that may be used in the library’s system.
Storage device 1 ...............................................................................................................
Storage device 2 ...............................................................................................................[2]
(iii) Identify two output devices that may be used in the library’s system.
Output device 1 .................................................................................................................
Output device 2 .................................................................................................................[2]
(d) The library often holds events that introduce new authors.
At the events, the library has a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) screen that displays data, including an
image and information about the author.
Describe how an LCD screen operates to display this data.
............................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................... [5]
 PAGE 114

4 (c) A sensor and a microprocessor are used to monitor the pH of the cleaning products. The sys
tem records each reading that is taken. If the reading is greater than 7 a warning message is displ
ayed on a monitor. Explain how the sensor and microprocessor are used in the system.
............................................................................................................................................................
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....................................................................................................................................................... [6]

Q 24) Winter 2019 P12

6 Touch screen technologies can be described as resistive or capacitive.
Six statements are given about resistive and capacitive technology.
Tick ( ) to show if the statement applies to Resistive or Capacitive technology. [6]
Resistive Capacitive
Statement
( ) ( )
This touch screen has multi-touch capabilities
This touch screen cannot be used whilst wearing gloves
This touch screen is made up of two layers with a small space in
between
This touch screen uses the electrical properties of the human
body
This touch screen is normally cheaper to manufacture
This touch screen has a quicker response time
 PAGE 115

6 Six statements are given about touch screen technology.

Tick ( ) to show if the statement applies to Capacitive or Resistive touch screen technology. [6]
Capacitive Resistive
Statement
( ) ( )
Needs pressure to be applied to create a circuit
May not register a touch if the user is wearing gloves
More commonly used in smartphones
More responsive to a touch
Needs an electrical field to be changed to register a touch
Cheaper to manufacture

8 Leonard has a new laser printer to print letters for his business.
Leonard connects his printer to his computer using the USB port.
(a) Give three benefits of using the USB port to connect the printer to the computer.
Benefit 1 ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
Benefit 2 ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
 PAGE 116

Benefit 3 ...................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) State two benefits and one drawback of Leonard using a laser printer, instead of an inkjet printer, to print
the letters.
Benefit 1 ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
Benefit 2 ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
Drawback ..................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) An interrupt signal is sent from the printer to the computer.
(i) Give two examples of when a printer would generate an interrupt signal.
Example 1 .........................................................................................................................
Example 2 ......................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Many devices send interrupt signals.
Identify the software in the computer that will receive and manage all interrupt signals.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

Q 27) 15a Summer 20 P11

1 An image of a smartphone is shown.

(a) Identify one input device that is part of the smartphone.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Identify two output devices that are part of the smartphone.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................ [2]
 PAGE 117

6 Four scenarios are given.

Identify the most suitable sensor for each scenario.
A different sensor must be used for each scenario. [4]
Sensor Scenario
Detecting when a person is approaching an automatic door system
Monitoring the pollution level in a river
Checking if a tropical aquarium is 25 degrees Celsius
Counting the number of cars that cross a bridge

8 Benny is a photographer and prints his photos using an inkjet printer.

(a) Benny is printing some photos and the paper gets jammed in the printer.
A signal is sent to alert the computer about the paper jam.
State the name of this type of signal.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Identify one benefit and two drawbacks of Benny using an inkjet printer, instead of a laser printer, to
print his photos.
Benefit ......................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
Drawback 1 ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
Drawback 2 ...............................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) Four statements are given about printers.
Tick ( ) to show whether the statement applies to an Inkjet printer or a Laser printer. [4]

Statement Inkjet ( ) Laser ( )

Uses a rotating drum to transfer the image to the paper
Uses powdered toner
Uses nozzles to spray droplets on to the paper
Uses a print head mechanism that moves side to side
 PAGE 118

1 (c) Tina uses a microphone to record a welcome message for her website.
(i) State whether the microphone is an input or output device.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

5 Tammy is buying a new computer that has an LED display.

(a) Five statements about LED displays are given.
Tick ( ) to show if each statement is True or False. [5]
True False
Statement
( ) ( )
It is a flat panel display
It creates images using red, green and blue diodes
It is not very energy efficient and gives off heat
It can be used in mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets
It is a front-lit display

Q 29) Winter 20 P13

1 Five hardware devices are given.
Tick ( ) to show if each device is an Input, Output or Storage device. [5]

Device Output ( ) Storage ( )

Input ( )
Solid state drive (SSD)
Headphones
2D cutter
LCD projector
Microphone

8 Edith is buying a new computer monitor that displays images using LCD technology.
(a) Explain what is meant by LCD technology.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) State three benefits of LCD technology.
Benefit 1 ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
Benefit 2 ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
Benefit 3 ...................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................... [3]
 PAGE 119

11 A theme park has a game where a player tries to run from the start to the finish without getting wet.
The system for the game uses sensors and a microprocessor to spray water at a player as they run past each
sensor.
Describe how the sensors and the microprocessor are used in this system.
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [6]

Q 30) March 21 P12

3 The given table shows the name or description of four devices. The table is incomplete.
Complete the missing device names and descriptions. [4]

Device name Description

................................................... Uses either thermal bubble or piezoelectric technology
............................................................... ................................
...............................................................................................
Actuator
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
Uses thousands of tiny mirrors that can move very quickly
...................................................
to create an image
............................................................... ................................
...............................................................................................
Mouse
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................

4 A supermarket sells many products. Each product has a barcode.

(a) Explain how the barcode is read at the supermarket checkout and how the price of the product is found.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [6]
 PAGE 120

Marking Scheme
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Q 12) Summer 2017 P12

 PAGE 138

Q 13) Winter 2017 P12

Q 14) Winter 2017 P13

Q 15) March 2018 P12 (India)

 PAGE 139

Q 16) Summer 2018 P11

 PAGE 140

Q 17) Summer 2018 P12

Q 18) Winter 2018 P12

 PAGE 141

Q 19) Winter 2018 P13

 PAGE 142

Q 20) March 2019 P12

Q 21) Summer 2019 P11

 PAGE 143

Q 22) Summer 2019 P12

 PAGE 144

Q 23) Winter 2019 P13

Q 24) Winter 2019 P12

 PAGE 145

Q 25) March 20 P12

Q 26) Summer 20 P12

 PAGE 146

Q 27) 15a Summer 20 P11

Q 28) Winter 20 P12

 PAGE 147

Q 29) Winter 20 P13

 PAGE 148

Q 30) March 21 P12