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AnalysisPrelimJanuary2023 PDF

This document contains 6 problems related to analysis: 1. Use divergence and Stokes' theorems to derive formulas relating surface integrals to limits of volume integrals. 2. Compute the volume of the image of a ball under a linear transformation and use this to find the volume of an ellipsoid. 3. Find the supremum of a function over a domain and prove an inequality relating positive numbers. 4. Prove properties of the inversion of a Hölder continuous function. 5. Show the existence of a minimizer of an functional over a function space. 6. Use the implicit function theorem to show the existence of continuously differentiable eigenvalue functions.

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92 views2 pages

AnalysisPrelimJanuary2023 PDF

This document contains 6 problems related to analysis: 1. Use divergence and Stokes' theorems to derive formulas relating surface integrals to limits of volume integrals. 2. Compute the volume of the image of a ball under a linear transformation and use this to find the volume of an ellipsoid. 3. Find the supremum of a function over a domain and prove an inequality relating positive numbers. 4. Prove properties of the inversion of a Hölder continuous function. 5. Show the existence of a minimizer of an functional over a function space. 6. Use the implicit function theorem to show the existence of continuously differentiable eigenvalue functions.

Uploaded by

rcherry calaor
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Preliminary Exam in Analysis, January 2023

Problem 1.

(1) Let F⃗ be a smooth vector field in Rn . Let B n (x0 , r) denote the ball centered at x0 ∈ Rn with
radius r > 0, let S n−1 (x0 , r) denote the sphere centered at x0 of radius r, an let ⃗n be the
outer unit normal in S n−1 (x0 , r) . Let |B n (x0 , r)| denote the n-dimensional volume of the ball
B n (x0 , r). Use the Divergence Theorem to give a rigorous proof of the formula
Z
1
(div F⃗ )(x0 ) = lim n ⟨F⃗ (y), ⃗n(y)⟩ dσ(y).
r→0 |B (x0 , r)| S n−1 (x ,r)
0

(2) Given fixed unit vector ν ∈ R3 , let D(x0 , r) be the 2-dimensional disk centered at x0 with
radius r and perpendicular to ν. Let ⃗t be the unit tangent vector to ∂D(x0 , r). Use Stokes’
Theorem in R3 to give a rigorous proof of the formula
Z
1
⟨(curl F⃗ )(x0 ), ν⟩ = lim 2 ⟨F⃗ (y), ⃗t(y)⟩ ds(y).
r→0 πr ∂D(x0 ,r)

Problem 2. Take for granted that the volume of B, the unit ball in Rn , is

π n/2
ωn = ,
Γ( n2 + 1)

where Γ is Euler’s gamma function. Let A : Rn 7→ Rn be a linear mapping whose matrix with respect
to the canoninal basis is A = (ai,j )ni,j=1 . Compute the volume of the image of B under the mapping
A
vol (A(B))
and use your formula to find the volume of the ellipsoid E given by

x21 x22 x2
2 + 2 + · · · + n2 = 1.
λ1 λ2 λn

Here x = (x1 , x1 , . . . , xn ) is a point in Rn and λi ̸= 0 for i = 1, . . . , n. Note that some of the λi


could be negative.

Problem 3. For a fixed r > 0, find the supremum of the function

f (x, y, z) = log x + 2 log y + 3 log z

on D = {(x, y, z) : x, y, z > 0 and x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 6r2 }. Then prove that for a, b, c > 0


 6
2 3 a+b+c
ab c ≤ 108 .
6

Hint: Lagrange multipliers.

Problem 4. Let f : R → R be Hölder continuous with Hölder exponent α ∈ (0, 1], that is,

|f (x) − f (y)|
sup ≤C
x̸=y |x − y|α

1
for some constant C > 0. Suppose that lim |x|α f (x) and lim |x|α f (x) both exist, this is to say
x→∞ x→−∞
that f behaves like 1/|x|α at infinity. Define the inversion of f to be
(
f (1/x) if x ̸= 0,
g(x) =
0 if x = 0.
Prove that
(1) there exists some constant K > 0 such that |g(x)| ≤ K|x|α ;
(2) g ∈ C α/3 (R).

Problem 5. Denote the set


K := {f ∈ C 0 ([−1, 1]) : f (−1) = 0, f (0) = −2 f (1) = 1}
and the function F : K → R ∪ {+∞}
|f (x) − f (y)| r
F(f ) := sup 1/2
+ sup |f (x)| ∈ [0, ∞]
x̸=y∈[−1,1] |x − y| x∈[0,1]

Show that their exists a function f¯ ∈ K such that


F(f¯) = inf F(f ).
f ∈K

To show this, proceed as follows (some of the following statements need only a one line argument,
others need a longer proof)
(1) Show that
inf F(f ) < ∞.
f ∈K

(2) Show that there is a sequence (fk )k∈N ⊂ K such that


k→∞
F(fk ) −−−→ inf F(f ).
f ∈K

(3) Show that there is a subsequence (fki )∞ ¯


i=0 that converges to some f ∈ K and this convergence
is uniform in [−1, 1].
(4) Show that
|f (x) − f (y)| |fk (x) − fki (y)|
sup 1/2
≤ lim inf sup i .
x̸=y |x − y| i→∞ x̸=y |x − y|1/2
(5) Conclude that f¯ is the function we are looking for.

Problem 6. Let Aij : Rn → R for 1 ≤ i, j ≤ N be a continuously differentiable RN ×N matrix.


Assume that at x0 ∈ Rn the matrix A(x0 ) = (Aij (x0 ))N
i,j=1 has N distinct real eigenvalues, say

µ1 < µ2 < . . . < µN .


That is we assume we have
det(A(x0 ) − µi I) = 0, i = 1, . . . , N,
where I ∈ RN ×N denots the identity matrix.
Show that there exists a small open neighborhood U ⊂ Rn of x0 and continuously differentiable
maps λi : U → R, i = 1, . . . , N , such that λi (x0 ) = µi and for each x ∈ U and each i = 1, . . . , N we
have that λi (x) is an eigenvalue of A(x), that is
det(A(x) − λi (x)I) = 0, ∀ i = 1, . . . , N, x ∈ U.
Hint: Implicit Function Theorem.

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