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    AnalysisPrelimJanuary2023 PDF

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    rcherry calaor
    This document contains 6 problems related to analysis: 1. Use divergence and Stokes' theorems to derive formulas relating surface integrals to limits of volume integrals. 2. Compute the volume of the image of a ball under a linear transformation and use this to find the volume of an ellipsoid. 3. Find the supremum of a function over a domain and prove an inequality relating positive numbers. 4. Prove properties of the inversion of a Hölder continuous function. 5. Show the existence of a minimizer of an functional over a function space. 6. Use the implicit function theorem to show the existence of continuously differentiable eigenvalue functions.

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    AnalysisPrelimJanuary2023 PDF

    Uploaded by

    rcherry calaor
    66 views2 pages
    This document contains 6 problems related to analysis: 1. Use divergence and Stokes' theorems to derive formulas relating surface integrals to limits of volume integrals. 2. Compute the volume of the image of a ball under a linear transformation and use this to find the volume of an ellipsoid. 3. Find the supremum of a function over a domain and prove an inequality relating positive numbers. 4. Prove properties of the inversion of a Hölder continuous function. 5. Show the existence of a minimizer of an functional over a function space. 6. Use the implicit function theorem to show the existence of continuously differentiable eigenvalue functions.

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    AnalysisPrelimJanuary2023.pdf

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    This document contains 6 problems related to analysis: 1. Use divergence and Stokes' theorems to derive formulas relating surface integrals to limits of volume integrals. 2. Compute the volume of the image of a ball under a linear transformation and use this to find the volume of an ellipsoid. 3. Find the supremum of a function over a domain and prove an inequality relating positive numbers. 4. Prove properties of the inversion of a Hölder continuous function. 5. Show the existence of a minimizer of an functional over a function space. 6. Use the implicit function theorem to show the existence of continuously differentiable eigenvalue functions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    66 views2 pages

    AnalysisPrelimJanuary2023 PDF

    Uploaded by

    rcherry calaor
    This document contains 6 problems related to analysis: 1. Use divergence and Stokes' theorems to derive formulas relating surface integrals to limits of volume integrals. 2. Compute the volume of the image of a ball under a linear transformation and use this to find the volume of an ellipsoid. 3. Find the supremum of a function over a domain and prove an inequality relating positive numbers. 4. Prove properties of the inversion of a Hölder continuous function. 5. Show the existence of a minimizer of an functional over a function space. 6. Use the implicit function theorem to show the existence of continuously differentiable eigenvalue functions.

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    Preliminary Exam in Analysis, January 2023

    Problem 1.

    (1) Let F⃗ be a smooth vector field in Rn . Let B n (x0 , r) denote the ball centered at x0 ∈ Rn with
    radius r > 0, let S n−1 (x0 , r) denote the sphere centered at x0 of radius r, an let ⃗n be the
    outer unit normal in S n−1 (x0 , r) . Let |B n (x0 , r)| denote the n-dimensional volume of the ball
    B n (x0 , r). Use the Divergence Theorem to give a rigorous proof of the formula
    Z
    1
    (div F⃗ )(x0 ) = lim n ⟨F⃗ (y), ⃗n(y)⟩ dσ(y).
    r→0 |B (x0 , r)| S n−1 (x ,r)
    0

    (2) Given fixed unit vector ν ∈ R3 , let D(x0 , r) be the 2-dimensional disk centered at x0 with
    radius r and perpendicular to ν. Let ⃗t be the unit tangent vector to ∂D(x0 , r). Use Stokes’
    Theorem in R3 to give a rigorous proof of the formula
    Z
    1
    ⟨(curl F⃗ )(x0 ), ν⟩ = lim 2 ⟨F⃗ (y), ⃗t(y)⟩ ds(y).
    r→0 πr ∂D(x0 ,r)

    Problem 2. Take for granted that the volume of B, the unit ball in Rn , is

    π n/2
    ωn = ,
    Γ( n2 + 1)

    where Γ is Euler’s gamma function. Let A : Rn 7→ Rn be a linear mapping whose matrix with respect
    to the canoninal basis is A = (ai,j )ni,j=1 . Compute the volume of the image of B under the mapping
    A
    vol (A(B))
    and use your formula to find the volume of the ellipsoid E given by

    x21 x22 x2
    2 + 2 + · · · + n2 = 1.
    λ1 λ2 λn

    Here x = (x1 , x1 , . . . , xn ) is a point in Rn and λi ̸= 0 for i = 1, . . . , n. Note that some of the λi


    could be negative.

    Problem 3. For a fixed r > 0, find the supremum of the function

    f (x, y, z) = log x + 2 log y + 3 log z

    on D = {(x, y, z) : x, y, z > 0 and x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 6r2 }. Then prove that for a, b, c > 0


     6
    2 3 a+b+c
    ab c ≤ 108 .
    6

    Hint: Lagrange multipliers.

    Problem 4. Let f : R → R be Hölder continuous with Hölder exponent α ∈ (0, 1], that is,

    |f (x) − f (y)|
    sup ≤C
    x̸=y |x − y|α

    1
    for some constant C > 0. Suppose that lim |x|α f (x) and lim |x|α f (x) both exist, this is to say
    x→∞ x→−∞
    that f behaves like 1/|x|α at infinity. Define the inversion of f to be
    (
    f (1/x) if x ̸= 0,
    g(x) =
    0 if x = 0.
    Prove that
    (1) there exists some constant K > 0 such that |g(x)| ≤ K|x|α ;
    (2) g ∈ C α/3 (R).

    Problem 5. Denote the set


    K := {f ∈ C 0 ([−1, 1]) : f (−1) = 0, f (0) = −2 f (1) = 1}
    and the function F : K → R ∪ {+∞}
    |f (x) − f (y)| r
    F(f ) := sup 1/2
    + sup |f (x)| ∈ [0, ∞]
    x̸=y∈[−1,1] |x − y| x∈[0,1]

    Show that their exists a function f¯ ∈ K such that


    F(f¯) = inf F(f ).
    f ∈K

    To show this, proceed as follows (some of the following statements need only a one line argument,
    others need a longer proof)
    (1) Show that
    inf F(f ) < ∞.
    f ∈K

    (2) Show that there is a sequence (fk )k∈N ⊂ K such that


    k→∞
    F(fk ) −−−→ inf F(f ).
    f ∈K

    (3) Show that there is a subsequence (fki )∞ ¯


    i=0 that converges to some f ∈ K and this convergence
    is uniform in [−1, 1].
    (4) Show that
    |f (x) − f (y)| |fk (x) − fki (y)|
    sup 1/2
    ≤ lim inf sup i .
    x̸=y |x − y| i→∞ x̸=y |x − y|1/2
    (5) Conclude that f¯ is the function we are looking for.

    Problem 6. Let Aij : Rn → R for 1 ≤ i, j ≤ N be a continuously differentiable RN ×N matrix.


    Assume that at x0 ∈ Rn the matrix A(x0 ) = (Aij (x0 ))N
    i,j=1 has N distinct real eigenvalues, say

    µ1 < µ2 < . . . < µN .


    That is we assume we have
    det(A(x0 ) − µi I) = 0, i = 1, . . . , N,
    where I ∈ RN ×N denots the identity matrix.
    Show that there exists a small open neighborhood U ⊂ Rn of x0 and continuously differentiable
    maps λi : U → R, i = 1, . . . , N , such that λi (x0 ) = µi and for each x ∈ U and each i = 1, . . . , N we
    have that λi (x) is an eigenvalue of A(x), that is
    det(A(x) − λi (x)I) = 0, ∀ i = 1, . . . , N, x ∈ U.
    Hint: Implicit Function Theorem.

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