Competency Training and Certification Program in Electric Power System Engineering

Distribution System Modeling and Analysis

Training Course in

Short Circuit Analysis

U. P. NATIONAL ENGINEERING CENTER

NATIONAL ELECTRIFICATION ADMINISTRATION

Analysis of Faulted Power System

by Symmetrical Components

 Sources of Short Circuit Currents

 Types of Fault
 The Fault Point
 Three-Phase Fault
 Single-Line-to-Ground Fault
 Line-to-Line Fault
 Double-Line-to-Ground Fault

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 Sources of Short Circuit
Currents
G
Utility

MV Fault
LV

Fault Current Contributors

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Types of Fault
Shunt Fault: Unintentional Connection between
phases or between phase and ground.
1. Single Line-to-Ground Fault
2. Line-to-Line Fault
3. Double Line-to-Ground Fault
4. Three Phase Fault

Series Fault: Unintentional Opening of phase

conductors

Simultaneous Fault
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 Types of Fault

Three Phase Line-to-Line

Double Line-to-Ground Single Line-to-Ground

Shunt Faults
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The Fault Point

The system is assumed to be balanced, with
regards to impedances, except at one point called
the fault point.
F
a
b
c
Line-to-    
  Ia Ib Ic
ground V a Vb Vc Fault
voltages Currents
Ground

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 The Fault Point

Since we mentioned that various power system

components behave/respond differently to the flow
of the currents’ sequence components, it follows
that the there will be a unique power system model
for each of the sequence component. These are
called the sequence networks.
• Positive-Sequence Network
• Negative-Sequence Network
• Zero-Sequence Network

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The Fault Point

The Thevenin equivalent of the power system at
the fault point is called the sequence network.
Positive Negative Zero
Sequence Sequence Sequence
F1 F2 F0
  
Ia1 Z +  Ia2 +
 Ia0 +

+ 1 V Z2 Va2 Z0 Va0
V f  Vth a1

- - - -
N1 N2 N0
      
Va1  Vth  Ia1Z1 Va2   Ia2Z2 Va0   Ia0Z0
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 Three Phase Fault

 On a balanced three phase system, the

same magnitude of fault currents will
flow in each phase of the network if a
three phase fault occurs.

 Since faults currents are balanced, the

faulted system can, therefore, be
analyzed using the single phase
representation.

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Three-Phase Fault
a
b
c   
   I a Z f Ib Z f I c Z f
Va Vb Vc 
Zg Ig
Ground

Note: The system is still balanced. Currents and

voltagesare positive sequence only. The ground
current I g is zero.

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Sequence Network Interconnection:
F1 F2 F0
+   
I a1 + Ia2 + I a0
 Z1
Va1 +  
Zf Va 2 Z2 Va 0 Z0
Vf
- - - -

N1 N2 N0
Sequence currents

 Vf  
I a1  I a0  I a2  0
Z1  Z f

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Three Phase Fault Currents:

Vf
I a  I a 0  I a1  I a 2 
Z1  Z f

a 2V f
I b  I a 0  a I a1  aI a 2 
2

Z1  Z f

aV f
I c  I a 0  aI a1  a 2 I a 2 
Z1  Z f

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Example:

Determine the fault current for a three phase

bolted fault in each bus for the 4 bus system
below.
G
LINE FB TB Z(p.u.)
1 Line1 1 4 j0.2

e3
Lin Line2 1 3 j0.4
Line 2

e1
Li n
Line3 1 2 j0.3
Line 5 Line 4
Line4 3 4 j0.5
2 3 4
Line5 2 3 j0.6
4-bus system

The generator is rated 100 MVA, 6.9 kV and has a

subtransient reactance of 10%. Base Values: 100 MVA, 6.9 kV

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Solution:
Draw the impedance diagram

E 1.0

0.1
1
0.3 0.2
0.4

2 4
0.6 0.5
3

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 a) Fault @ Bus 4 Reduce the network
X a  X12  X 23
 0.3  0.6
-
E 1.0
 0.9
+ X a X 13
Xb 
0.1
If X a  X 13
1 (0.9)(0.4)

0.3 0.2
0.9  0.4
0.4
 0.276923
2
0.6 0.5 X c  X b  X 34
4
3
 0.276923  0.5
 0.776923
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d Xc X14
X 
Xc  X14
-
(0.776923) (0.2) E 1.0

0.776923  0.2 If
 0.159055
+

Xequiv  X gen  X d 0.25905


0.1  0.159055

0.259055 100 x1000
1.0 Ibase   8367.64 A
If  3(6.9)
0.259055
I  3.860184 x 8367.64
 3.860184 p.u. f
= 32,300.63 A

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b) Fault @ Bus 3
Xa  X23  X12
 0.3  0.6
-
E 1.0  0.9
+
Xb  X14  X34
0.1
If  0.2  0.5
1
0.3 0.2  0.7
0.4

2 0.6
3
0.5 4 Xequiv  (Xa||Xb ) ||X13
 0.198425

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X Xgen  Xequiv
= 0.1  0.198425
= 0.298425 -
E 1.0
If
1.0 +
If 
0.298425 0.298425
= 3.350923 p.u.

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c) Fault @ Bus 2

Xa  X14  X34
-
E 1.0  0.2  0.5
+
 0.7
0.1
If
1
b Xa X13
0.3 0.2 X  a
0.4 X  X13
(0.7)( 0.4)
0.6 0.5 
2 3 4
0.7  0.4
 0.254545
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Xc  Xb  X23
 0.254545  0.6 -
 0.854545 E 1.0
Xc X12 If +
d
X  c
X  X12 0.322047
(0.854545)( 0.3)

0.854545  0.3
 0.222047
1.0
X  Xgen  Xd If 
0.322047
 0.322047  3.095525 p.u.
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d) Fault @ Bus 1

X  X gen
-
E 1.0  0.1
+

0.1
If 1.0
If 
0.1
1

0.3
0.4
0.2
 10.0 p.u.

0.6 0.5
2 3 4

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Example: A three-phase fault occurs at point F.

Assuming zero fault impedance, find the fault
currents at fault point F. Determine the phase
currents in the line and the generator. Assume Eg =
1.0 p.u.
T1 F T2
Line
G Open

G: X1 = 40% X2 = 40% X0 = 20%

T1, T2: X = 5%
Line: X1 = X2 = 15% X0 = 35%

Note: All reactances are in per-unit of a common MVA base.

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Positive-Sequence Network:

F1

IA1 F1
j0.05 j0.15
 j0.05
Open  +
IA1L j0.6 IA1 
j0.4
+ VA1
 +  1.0
Eg Ia1g -
- -
N1
N1

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Sequence Network Interconnection:

F1
The sequence fault currents
 +
j0.6 IA1   Vf
Zf I a1  
+ VA1 Z1  Z f
1.0 
- - Ia2 

N1 I a0 
The phase fault currents
Ia1 = 1.0/j0.6 = -j1.67
Ia  Ia2 = Ia0 = 0
Ia = -j1.67 = 1.67-90o
Ib  Ib = 1.4434+j0.8333 = 1.6730o
Ic  Ic = -1.4434+j0.8333 = 1.67150o

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 Single Line-to-Ground Fault
Assuming the fault is in phase a,
a
b
c  
    Ib Ic
Va Vb Vc Ia Zf

Ground

 
Boundary Conditions: (1) Va  Z f I a
 
(2) I  I  0
b c

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Transformation: From (2), we get

 
I 012  A1I abc
  
I a0 1 1 1 Ia Ia
 1 1 
I a1 =
 3
1 a a2 0 = 3 Ia
Ia2 1 a2 a 0 Ia
   
which means Ia0  Ia1  Ia2  1
3
Ia
From (1), we get
     
Va 0  Va1  Va 2  Z f ( I a 0  I a1  I a 2 )
or    
Va 0  Va1  Va 2  3Z f I a 0

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Sequence Network Interconnection:

F1 F2 F0
+  +  + 
 Z1 I a1  Ia2  I a0
Va1 +  Va 2 Va0 Z0 3Zf
Z2
Vf
- - - -

N1 N2 N0

The sequence fault currents

   Vf
I a 0  I a1  I a 2 
Z 0  Z1  Z 2  3Z f

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Single-Line-to-Ground Phase Fault Currents:

3V f
I a  I a 0  I a1  I a 2 
Z1  Z 2  Z 0  3Z f

Ib  0

Ic  0

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Example 2: A single line-to-ground fault occurs at
point F. Assuming zero fault impedance, find the
phase currents in the line and the generator.
Assume Eg = 1.0 p.u.
T1 F T2
Line
G Open

G: X1 = 40% X2 = 40% X0 = 20%

T1, T2: X = 5%
Line: X1 = X2 = 15% X0 = 35%

Note: All reactances are in per-unit of a common

MVA base.

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Positive-Sequence Network:

F1

IA1 F1
j0.05 j0.15
 j0.05
Open  +
IA1L j0.6 IA1 
j0.4
+ VA1
 +  1.0
Eg Ia1g -
- -
N1
N1
   
Note: IA1L  IA1 but IA1L  Ia1g

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Negative-Sequence Network:

F2

IA 2 F2
j0.05 j0.15
Open  +
 j0.05 IA 2
 IA2L 
Ia2g j0.4 j0.6 VA2

-
N2
N2

   
Note: IA2L  IA2 but IA2L  Ia2g

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Zero-Sequence Network:

F0

IA 0 F0
j0.05 j0.35
 Open  +
Ia0g  j0.05 IA 0
IA0L 
j0.2 j0.044 VA0

N0 N0

  
Note: IA0L  IA0 and Ia0g  0

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Sequence Network Interconnection:
F1 F2 F0
  
J0.6 IA1 IA 2 IA 0
+
J0.6 J0.044
1.0
-

N1 N2 N0

Sequence Fault Currents

   1.0
IA0  IA1  IA2 
j(0.6  0.6  0.044)
  j0.804 p.u.

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Phase Fault Currents

 
IA  3IA0   j2.411 p.u.
 
IB  IC  0
Sequence Currents in the Transmission Line
 
IA1L  IA1   j0.804 p.u.
 
IA2L  IA2   j0.804 p.u.
 0.05 
IA0L  IA0   j0.089 p.u.
0.05  0.4
Phase Currents in the Transmission Line
   
IAL  IA0L  IA1L  IA2L   j1.696 p.u.

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    
IBL  IA0L  a2IA1L  aIA2L  j0.714 p.u.
ICL  IA0L  a IA1L  a2 IA2L  j0.714 p.u.
Sequence Currents in the Generator: Using the 30o
phase shift,
 
Ia1g  IA1L   30o  0.804  120o p.u.
 0.402  j0.696 p.u.
 
Ia2g  IA2L   30o  0.804  60o p.u.
  0.402  j0.696 p.u.
Ia0g  0
Phase Currents in the Generator
   
Iag  Ia0g  Ia1g  Ia2g   j1.392 p.u.

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   
Ibg  Ia0g  a2 Ia1g  aIa2g  j1.392 p.u.
   
Icg  Ia0g  aIa1g  a2 Ia2g  0

Three-line Diagram:

j1.392 T1 j1.696 j0.714 T2

a a A A
X1 H1 H1
X3 j2.411
c
C C
0 X2 H3 H2 B j0.714 H3 H2 B
b b
j1.392
j0.714
0 j0.268 j2.143

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 Line-to-Line Fault
Assuming the fault is in phases b and c,
a
b
c   
   Ia Ib Ic
Va Vb Vc
Zf
Ground

Boundary Conditions: (1) a  0 
I
(2) I b   I c
  
(3) Vb  Vc  I b Z f

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Transformation: From (1) and (2), we get


I 012  A1I abc

I a0 1 1 1 0 0
 1  1 
I a1 = 1 a a2 Ib = (a  a 2 ) I b
 3  3 
Ia2 1 a2 a  Ib (a 2  a) I b

which means 
I a0  0

   
I a1   I a 2  13 (a  a 2 ) I b  j 1
3
Ib

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From (3), we get
  
(Va 0  a 2Va1  aVa 2 )
     
 (Va 0  aVa1  a 2Va 2 )  ( I a 0  a 2 I a1  aI a 2 )Z f
  
Since I a 0  0 and I a1   I a 2 , we get
  
(a 2  a)Va1  (a  a 2 )Va 2  (a 2  a) I a1Z f
or
  
Va1  Va 2  I a1Z f

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Sequence Network Interconnection:

F1 Zf F2 F0
+  +  
 Z1 I a1  Ia2 I a0
Va1 + Va 2
Z2 Z0
Vf
- - -

N1 N2 N0
The sequence fault currents

I a0  0
  Vf
I a1   I a 2 
Z1  Z 2  Z f

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 Line-to-Line Phase Fault Currents:

Ia  0
I b  I a 0  a 2 I a1  aI a 2
 0  a 2 I a1  a I a1   (a 2  a) I a1   jI a1
Vf
Ib   j 3
Z1  Z 2  Z f

Vf
Ic   j 3
Z1  Z 2  Z f

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Example: A line-to-line fault occurs at point F.

Assuming zero fault impedance, find the fault
currents at fault point F. Assume Eg = 1.0 p.u.

T1 F T2
Line
G Open

G: X1 = 40% X2 = 40% X0 = 20%

T1, T2: X = 5%
Line: X1 = X2 = 15% X0 = 35%

Note: All reactances are in per-unit of a common MVA base.

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Sequence Network Interconnection:
F1 F2 F0
  
J0.6 IA1 IA 2 IA 0
+
J0.6 J0.044
1.0
-

N1 N2 N0

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Sequence Fault Currents:

IA0 = 0
IA1 = -IA2 = 1.0/( j0.6 + j0.6 + 0) = -j0.8333

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Phase Fault Currents:

Ia = 0
Ib = -j3 (1.0)/(j0.6 + j0.6 + 0) = 1.4434+j0
Ic = j3 (1.0)/(j0.6 + j0.6 + 0) = -1.4434+j0

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Double-Line-to-Ground Fault
Assuming the fault is in phases b and c,
a
b
c   
   Ia Ib Z f Z f Ic
Va Vb Vc  
Zg I  I
b c
Ground

Boundary Conditions: (1) Ia  0  
(2) Vb  (Z f  Z g ) I b  Z g I c
  
(3) c
V  ( Z f  Z g ) I c  Z I
g b

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Transformation: From (1), we get
   
I a  0  I a 0  I a1  I a 2
From    
Vb  Va 0  a 2Va1  aVa 2
   
Vc  Va 0  aVa1  a 2Va 2
we get
   
Vb  Vc  (a 2  a)Va1  (a  a 2 )Va 2
Likewise, from
   
I b  I a 0  a 2 I a1  aI a 2
   
I c  I a 0  aI a1  a 2 I a 2

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we get
   
I b  I c  (a 2  a) I a1  (a  a 2 ) I a 2
From boundary conditions (2) and (3), we get
   
Vb  Vc  Z f ( I b  I c )
Substitution gives
 
(a 2  a)Va1  (a  a 2 )Va 2
 
 Z f [(a 2  a) I a1  (a  a 2 ) I a 2 ]
Simplifying, we get
   
Va1  Z f I a1  Va 2  Z f I a 2

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From boundary conditions (2) and (3), we get
   
Vb  Vc  (Z f  2Z g )(I b  I c )
We can also show
    
Vb  Vc  2Va 0  Va1  Va 2
    
I b  I c  2 I a 0  I a1  I a 2
Substitution gives
     
2Va 0  Va1  Va 2  Z f (2I a 0  I a1  I a 2 )
  
 2Z g (2I a 0  I a1  I a 2 )

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Rearranging terms, we get

    
2Va 0  2Z f I a 0  4Z g I a 0  Va1  Z f I a1
   
 Va 2  Z f I a 2  2Z g ( I a1  I a 2 )
Earlier, we got
   
Va1  Z f I a1  Va 2  Z f I a 2
  
I a1  I a 2   I a 0
Substitution gives
    
2Va 0  2Z f I a 0  6Z g I a 0  2(Va1  Z f I a1 )
   
Va 0  Z f  3Z g I a 0  Va1  Z f I a1
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Sequence Network Interconnection:

Zf Zf Zf+3Zg
+ F1  F2  F0 
 Z1 I a1 + Ia2 + I a0
Va1 +  
Va 2 Z2 Va 0 Z0
Vf
- - - -

N1 N2 N0

Let Z 0T  Z 0  Z f  3Z g
Z1T  Z1  Z f
Z 2T  Z 2  Z f
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The sequence fault currents

 Vf
I a1 
Z Z
Z1T  0T 2T
Z 0T  Z 2T
From current division, we get
 Z 0T 
Ia2   I a1
Z 0T  Z 2T
From KCL, we get
    Z 2T 
I a 0   I a1  I a 2 or I a0   I a1
Z 0T  Z 2T

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 Double-Line-to-Ground Phase Fault Currents:

Ia  0

I b  I a 0  a 2 I a1  aI a 2
V f Z 0T  aZ 2T 
j 3
Z1T Z 2T  Z1T Z 0T  Z 2T Z 0T

I c  I a 0  aI a1  a 2 I a 2

j 3

V f Z 0 T  a 2 Z 2T 
Z1T Z 2T  Z1T Z 0T  Z 2T Z 0T
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Example: A double-line-to-ground fault occurs at

point F. Assuming zero fault impedance, find the
fault currents at fault point F. Assume Eg = 1.0 p.u.

T1 F T2
Line
G Open

G: X1 = 40% X2 = 40% X0 = 20%

T1, T2: X = 5%
Line: X1 = X2 = 15% X0 = 35%

Note: All reactances are in per-unit of a common MVA base.

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Sequence Network Interconnection:
F1 F2 F0
  
J0.6 IA1 IA 2 IA 0
+
J0.6 J0.044
1.0
-

N1 N2 N0

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Sequence Fault Currents:

Phase Fault Currents:

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 Bus Impedance Matrix Method

 Development of the Model

 Rake Equivalent
 Formation of Zbus
 Analysis of Shunt Fault

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Development of the Model

Observations on Manual Network
Solution
The procedure is straight forward, yet tedious and
could be prone to hand-calculation error.

Is there a way for a computer to implement this

methodology?

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 Development of the Model
Consider the three-bus system shown below. Let us
analyze the system for a three-phase fault in any
bus.
1 2
L1
G2
G1
L2

G1, G2 : X1=X2=0.2 X0=0.1

L1 : X1=X2=0.6 X0=1.2
L2 : X1=X2=0.24 X0=0.5

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Positive-Sequence Network:
1 j0.6 2

- 
j0.2 EG
j0.2
+ +
 + 3
EG1 EG2
- - j0.2 j0.2
j0.6
2
Combine the sources 1
and re-draw. Assume
EG = 1.0 per unit. j0.24 3

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For a three-phase fault in bus 1 (or bus 2), we get
the positive-sequence impedance.
Z1  j[0.2 //(0.2  0.6)]  j0.16
 E 1
IF  G    j6.25
Z1 Z1
For a three-phase fault in bus 3, we get

Z1  j[0.24  0.2 //(0.2  0.6)]  j0.4

 E 1
IF  G    j2.5
Z1 Z1

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Let us connect a fault switch to each bus. In order

to simulate a three-phase fault in any bus, close
the fault switch in that bus.
- 
EG
Next, use loop currents to +
describe the circuit with all
fault switches closed. j0.2 4 j0.2
Since there are four loops, j0.6
we need to define four 
loop currents. I4
1 3 2
  
I1 I3 I2

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 The loop equations are   
loop 1: 1.0  j 0.2( I1  I 3  I 4 )
 
loop 2: 1.0  j 0.2( I 2  I 4 )
   
loop 3: 1.0  j 0.2( I1  I 3  I 4 )  j 0.24I 3
     
loop 4: 0  j 0.2( I 2  I 4 )  j 0.6 I 4  j 0.2( I 4  I1  I 3 )

or 
1.0 0.2 0 0.2  0.2 I
1
1.0 0 0.2 0 0.2 I2
=j 
1.0 0.2 0 0.44  0.2 I
3
0  0.2 0.2  0.2 1.0 I4

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Current I4 is not a fault current. It can be eliminated

using Kron’s reduction. We get
 
V  Z(bus
1)
I
where

Z(bus
1)
 Z1  Z2Z41Z3
and
0.2 0 0.2  0.2
Z1 = j 0 0.2 0 Z2 = j 0.2
0.2 0 0.44  0.2

Z3 = j[-0.2 0.2 -0.2 ] Z4 = j[1.0]

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 Substitution gives

1 .0 0.16 0.04 0.16 I
1
1.0 = j 0.04 0.16 0.04 I2

1 .0 0.16 0.04 0.40 I3
 
V  Z(bus
1)
I
Note:
(1) The equation can be used to analyze a three-
phase fault in any bus (one fault at a time).
(1)
(2) Zbus is called the positive-sequence bus-
impedance matrix, a complex symmetric matrix.

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Rake Equivalent
Consider the matrix voltage equation

1 .0 Z11 Z12 Z13 I
1
1 .0 = Z12 Z22 Z23 I2

1 .0 Z13 Z23 Z33 I3 -
Suppose we are asked to 1.0
find a circuit that satisfies +
the matrix equation. Z12 Z23
Z11 Z22 Z33
One possible equivalent   Z13 
circuit is shown. This circuit I I2 I3
1
is called a rake-equivalent.
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Consider again the three-bus system. The circuit is
described by the matrix equation

1 .0 0.16 0.04 0.16 I
1
1.0 = j 0.04 0.16 0.04 I2

1 .0 0.16 0.04 0.40 I3 -
1.0
The rake equivalent is +
shown. The diagonal
j0.04 j0.04
elements of the matrix are
j0.16 j0.16 j0.4
self impedances while the
  j0.16

off-diagonal elements are
I1 I2 I3
mutual impedances.

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For the three-bus system, assume a fault in bus 3.

The equation for bus 3 is
  
1.0  j0.16I1  j0.04I2  j0.4I3 -
Since only bus 3 is faulted, 1.0
+
I1=I2=0. We get
 j0.04 j0.04
1.0  j0.4I3 j0.16 j0.16 j0.4
or + + j0.16
 1   
I3    j2.5 V1 V2 I3
j0.4 - -

From KVL, we get the voltage in bus 1.

  Z
V1  1.0  Z13I3  1.0  13  0.6
Z33
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Similarly from KVL, we get the voltage in bus 2.
  Z
V2  1.0  Z23I3  1.0  23  0.9
Z33
Note: Once the voltages in all the buses are
known, the current in any line can be calculated.
In general, for a three-phase fault in bus k of a
system with n buses, the fault current is
 1
Ik  k=1,2,…n
Zkk
The voltage in any bus j is given by
 Z
Vj  1.0  jk j=1,2,…n
Zkk
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The current in any line, which is connected from

bus m to bus n,
 canbe found using
 V  Vn
Imn  m
zmn 1 2
j0.6
where zmn is the actual
impedance of the line. -j0.5 j0.2
j0.2 -j2.0 +
For example, the  + 3
current in the line EG1 EG2
-j2.5 -
between buses 2 and -
1 is  
 V  V1 0.9  0.6
I21  2    j0.5
z21 j0.6

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 Formation of Zbus
Zbus can be built, one step at a time, by adding one
branch at a time until the entire network is formed.
The first branch to be added must be a generator
impedance. This is necessary in order to establish
the reference bus.
Subsequent additions, which may be done in any
order, fall under one of the following categories:
(1) Add a generator to a new bus;
(2) Add a generator to an old bus;
(3) Add a branch from an old bus to a new bus;
(4) Add a branch from an old bus to an old bus.
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Assume that 
at the current 1.0 Z11 Z12 … Z1n I
1
stage, the 1.0 Z21 Z22 … Z2n I2
dimension of =
…

Zbus is n. 
1.0 Zn1 Zn2 … Znn In
- old
1.0 Zbus
+
Z12 Z2k Zkn Let us examine
Z11 Z22 Zkk Znn each category in
 1  2  k  n the addition of a
I1 I2 Ik In new branch.

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 Type 1: Add a generator to a new bus
-
Let Zg be the impedance of
1.0
the generator to be added.
+
Z12 Z2k Zkn
Z11 Z22 Zkk Znn Zg
 1  2  k  n  n+1
I1 I2 Ik In In1

1.0 Z11 Z12 … Z1n 0 I1

1.0 Z21 Z22 … Z2n 0 I2
= Z 
1.0 n1 Zn2 … Znn 0 In The dimension

1.0 0 0 0 Z g In 1 is (n+1).

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Type 2: Add a generator -

to an old bus k 1.0 
+ Iw
Let Zg be the
impedance of the Z12 Z2k
generator to be Z11 Z22 Zkk Zg Znn
added.   
1 2 k  n
I1 I2 Ik In

The new current in impedance Zkk is (Ik+Iw). The

new equations for buses 1 to n are
    
1.0  Z11 I1  Z12 I2  ...  Z1k (Ik  Iw )  ...  Z1n In
    
1.0  Z21 I1  Z22 I2  ...  Z2k (Ik  Iw )  ...  Z2n In
    
1.0  Zn1 I1  Zn2 I2  ...  Znk (Ik  Iw )  ...  Znn In
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 For the added generator loop, we get
     
0  Zk1I1  Zk2 I2  ...  Zkk (Ik  Iw )  ...  ZknIn  ZgIw
In matrix form, we get

1.0 Z11 Z12… Z1k … Z1n Z1k I
1
1.0 Z21 Z22… Z2k … Z2n Z2k I2
=
…

…
…

1.0 Zn1 Zn2… Znk … Znn Znk I
n
0 Zk1 Zk 2… Zkk … Zkn Zw Iw

where Zw=Zkk+Zg. The last row is eliminated using

Kron’s reduction. The dimension remains as n.

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Type 3: Add a branch -

from an old bus k to 1.0
a new bus +
Z12 Z2k Zkn
Z11 Z22 Zkk Zb Znn
 1  2  k  n  n+1
I1 I2 Ik In In1

The new current in impedance Zkk is (Ik+In+1). The

new equations for buses 1 to n are
    
1.0  Z11 I1  Z12 I2  ...  Z1k (Ik  In1 )  ...  Z1n In
    
1.0  Z21 I1  Z22 I2  ...  Z2k (Ik  In 1 )  ...  Z2n In
    
1.0  Zn1 I1  Zn2 I2  ...  Znk (Ik  In 1 )  ...  Znn In
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 For the new bus, we get  
1.0  Zk1 I1  Zk 2 I2  ...  Zkk (Ik  In 1 )  ...
 
 ZknIn  Zb In1
In matrix form, we get

1.0 Z11 Z12… Z1k … Z1n Z1k I
1
1.0 Z21 Z22… Z2k … Z2n Z2k I2
=
…

…
…


1.0 Zn1 Zn2… Znk … Znn Znk I
n
1.0 Zk1 Zk 2… Zkk … Zkn Zw In 1
where Zw=Zkk+Zb. Kron’s reduction is not required.
The dimension increases to (n+1).

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Type 4: Add a
branch from an old -
bus j to an old bus k 1.0 
+ Iw
Z12 Z2j Zkn
Z11 Z22 Zjj Zb Zkk Znn
 1  2   k  n
I1 I2 Ij j Ik In

The new current in impedance Zjj is (Ij+Iw). The

new current in impedance Zkk is (Ik-Iw). The new
equations for buses 1 to n are
   
1.0  Z11I1  Z
 12I2  ...  Z1j(Ij  Iw )
 Z1k (Ik  Iw )  ...  Z1n In
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    
1.0  Z21I1  Z I
 22 2
 ...  Z2 j Ij  Iw )
(
 Z2k (Ik  Iw )  ...  Z2n In
   
1.0  Zn1I1  Zn2 I2  ...  Znj(Ij  Iw )
  
 Znk (Ik  Iw )  ...  Znn In
For the added loop, we get
     
0  Zj1I1  Zj2 I2  ...  Zjj(Ij  Iw )  Zjk (Ik  Iw )
   
 ...  ZjnIn  Zb Iw  [Zk1I1  Zk2 I2  ...
    
 Zkj(Ij  Iw )  Zkk (Ik  Iw )  ...  ZknIn]

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In matrix form, we get

… 
1.0 Z11 Z12 Z1n Z1j  Z1k I
…
1
1.0 Z21 Z22 Z2n Z2 j  Z2k I2
=
…
…


1.0 Zn1 Zn2 … Znn Znj  Znk I
n
0 Z j1  Zk1 Z j2  Zk2 … Z jn  Zkn Zv Iw

where Zv=Zjj+Zkk-2Zjk+Zb. The last row is

eliminated using Kron’s reduction. The dimension
remains as n.

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40
Example: For the network shown, use the step-by-
step building algorithm to form the bus impedance
matrix.
1 j0.6 2
Step 1. Add generator
G1 to bus 1.
j0.2
1 j0.2
+ +
Xbus = 1 [0.2] 3 1.0
1.0
- -

Step 2. Add generator G2 to bus 2.

1 2

1 0.2 0
Xbus =
2 0 0.2

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Step 3. Add the line from bus 1 to bus 2.

1 2
*
1 0.2 0 0.2
Xnew = 2 0 0.2  0.2
* 0.2  0.2 1.0

Apply Kron’s reduction to eliminate the last row

and column. We get

0.2
X2X 41X3  [0.2 -0.2]
 0.2

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 0.04  0.04
X2X 41X3 
 0.04 0.04
We get 1 2

1
1 0.16 0.04
Xbus  X1  X2X X3 =
4 2 0.04 0.16
Step 4. Finally, add the line from bus 1 to bus 3.
1 2 3
1 0.16 0.04 0.16
No Kron
Xbus = 2 0.04 0.16 0.04 reduction is
3 0.16 0.04 0.4 required.

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Example: Determine the positive-sequence bus-

impedance matrix for the four-bus test system
shown. 1 T 2 3
L1
G1 G2

L2 L3

4
T: X=0.08
G1: X1=0.40 X2=0.40 X0=0.15
G2: X1=0.50 X2=0.50 X0=0.25
L1: X1=0.40 X2=0.40 X0=0.80
L2: X1=0.30 X2=0.30 X0=0.60
L3: X1=0.20 X2=0.20 X0=0.40

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Positive-sequence network 4

1. Add G1 to bus 1. j0.3 j0.2

1
j0.08
Xbus = 1 [0.4]
1 2 j0.4 3
j0.4 j0.5
2. Add the transformer + +
from bus 1 to bus 2. 1.0 1.0
1 2 - N1 -

1 0.4 0.4
Xbus = 1 2 3
2 0.4 0.48
1 0.4 0.4 0.4
3. Add the line from X
bus =
2 0.4 0.48 0.48
bus 2 to bus 3.
3 0.4 0.48 0.88
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Step 4. Add generator G2 to bus 3.

1 2 3
*
0.4 0.4 1 0.4 0.4
2 0.4 0.48 0.48 0.48
Xnew =
3 0.4 0.48 0.88 0.88
* 0.4 0.48 0.88 1.38

Apply Kron’s reduction.

0.4
X2X 41X3  1
1.38 0.48 [0.4 0.48 0.88]
0.88

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 We get
0.1159 0.1391 0.2551
1
X2X X3  0.1391 0.1670 0.3061
4

0.2551 0.3061 0.5612

The new bus impedance matrix is

Xbus  X1  X2X 41X3

1 2 3
1 0.2841 0.2609 0.1449
Xbus = 2 0.2609 0.3130 0.1739
3 0.1449 0.1739 0.3188

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Step 5. Add the line from bus 2 to bus 4.

1 2 3 4
1 0.2841 0.2609 0.1449 0.2609
2 0.2609 0.3130 0.1739 0.3130
Xbus =
3 0.1449 0.1739 0.3188 0.1739
4 0.2609 0.3130 0.1739 0.6130
Step 6. Add the line from bus 3 to bus 4.
1 2 3 4
*
1 0.2841 0.2609 0.1449 0.2609 0.1159
2 0.2609 0.3130 0.1739 0.3130 0.1391
Xnew= 3 0.1449 0.1739 0.3188 0.1739  0.1449
4 0.2609 0.3130 0.1739 0.6130 0.4391
* 0.1159 0.1391  0.1449 0.4391 0.784

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 Apply Kron’s reduction. We get

1 2 3 4
1 0.2669 0.2403 0.1664 0.1959
2 0.2403 0.2884 0.1996 0.2351
X(bus
1)

3 0.1664 0.1996 0.2920 0.2551
4 0.1959 0.2351 0.2551 0.3671

Note: This is the positive-sequence bus-impedance

matrix for the four-bus test system.

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Negative- and Zero-Sequence Zbus

The same step-by-step algorithm can be applied to
build the negative-sequence and zero-sequence
bus impedance matrices.
The first branch to be added must be a generator
impedance. This is necessary in order to establish
the reference bus.
The negative-sequence and zero-sequence bus-
impedance matrices can also be described by a
rake equivalent circuit.

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45
Example: Find the zero-sequence bus-impedance
matrix for the four-bus test system.
4
Zero-sequence network
j0.6 j0.4
1. Add G1 to bus 1. 1 j0.08
1
2 j0.8 3
Xbus = 1 [0.15] j0.15 j0.25
2. Add the transformer N0
from bus 1 to bus 2.
1 2
Note: The impedance
is actually connected
1 0.15 0 from bus 2 to the
Xbus =
2 0 0.08 reference bus.

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3. Add the line from

1 2 3
bus 2 to bus 3.
1 0.15 0 0
Xbus = 2 0 0.08 0.08
3 0 0.08 0.88
Step 4. Add generator
G2 to bus 3. 1 2 3
*
0.15 0 1 0 0
2 0 0.08 0.08 0.08
Xnew =
3 0 0.08 0.88 0.88
* 0 0.08 0.88 1.13

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46
Apply Kron’s reduction. We get

0 0 0
1
X2X X3  0 0.0057 0.0623
4

0 0.0623 0.6853
The new bus impedance matrix is
1 2 3
1 0.15 0 0
Xbus = 2 0 0.0743 0.0177
3 0 0.0177 0.1947

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Step 5. Add the line from bus 2 to bus 4.

1 2 3 4
1 0.15 0 0 0
2 0 0.0743 0.0177 0.0743
Xbus =
3 0 0.0177 0.1947 0.0177
4 0 0.0743 0.0177 0.6743
Step 6. Add the line from bus 3 to bus 4.
1 2 3 4
*
1 0.15 0 0 0 0
2 0 0.0743 0.0177 0.0743 0.0566
Xnew= 3 0 0.0177 0.1946 0.0177  0.177
4 0 0.0743 0.0177 0.6743 0.6566
* 0 0.0566  0.177 0.6566 1.2336

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 Apply Kron’s reduction. We get

1 2 3 4
1 0.15 0 0 0
2 0 0.0717 0.0258 0.0442
X(bus
0)

3 0 0.0258 0.1693 0.1119
4 0 0.0442 0.1119 0.3248

Note: This is the zero-sequence bus-impedance

matrix for the four-bus test system.

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Positive-Sequence Zbus
(1) (1) …
The positive-sequence Z11 Z12 Z1(1n)
bus-impedance matrix 1) …
Z(21
1)
Z(22 Z(21n)
describes the positive- Z(bus
1)

…

sequence network.
Z(n11) Z(n12) … Z(nn
1)
- N1
1.0
+
(1)
Z12 Z(21k) Z(kn
1)
Rake
(1)
Z11 Z(22
1)
Z(kk1) Z(nn
1)
Equivalent
1 2 k n

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48
Negative-Sequence Zbus
(2) (2) …
The negative-sequence Z11 Z12 Z1(2n)
bus-impedance matrix 2) …
(2) Z(21
2)
Z(22 Z(22n)
describes the negative- Zbus 

…
sequence network.
Z(n21) Z(n22) … Z(nn
2)

N2

(2)
Z12 Z(22k) Z(kn2) Rake
(2)
Z11 Z(22
2)
Z(kk2) Z(nn
2)
Equivalent
1 2 k n

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Zero-Sequence Zbus
(0 ) (0 ) …
The zero-sequence Z11 Z12 Z1(0n)
bus-impedance matrix (0) 0) …
Z(21
0)
Z(22 Z(20n)
describes the zero- Zbus 
…

sequence network.
Z(n01) Z(n02) … Z(nn
0)

N0

(0)
Z12 Z(20k) Z(kn0) Rake
(0)
Z11 Z(22
0)
Z(kk0) Z(nn
0)
Equivalent
1 2 k n

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 Analysis of Shunt Faults
The bus-impedance matrices can be used for the
analysis of the following shunt faults:
1. Three-Phase Fault
2. Line-to-Line Fault
3. Single Line-to-Ground Fault
4. Double Line-to-Ground Fault
Since the bus-impedance matrix is a representation
of the power system as seen from the buses, only
bus faults can be investigated.

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Three-phase Fault at Bus k

The fault current is N1
 1
Ik  (1)
Zkk (1)
Z11 Z(22
1)
Z(kk1) Z(nn
1)

The voltage at 1 2 k n

any bus is
 Z
Vj  1.0  jk
Zkk  
 Vm  Vn
The current in any line is Imn 
zmn

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Example: Consider a three-phase fault at bus 4 of
the four-bus test system. Find all line currents.
The positive-sequence bus-impedance matrix is
1 2 3 4
1 0.2669 0.2403 0.1664 0.1959
2 0.2403 0.2884 0.1996 0.2351
X(bus
1)

3 0.1664 0.1996 0.2920 0.2551
4 0.1959 0.2351 0.2551 0.3671
The fault current is
 1 1
IF  (1)    j2.7241
Z44 j0.3671

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The bus voltages are

 Z
Vj  1.0  jk j=1,2,…n
Zkk
 0.1959
V1  1   0.4663
0.3671
 0.2351
V2  1   0.3595
0.3671
 0.2551
V3  1   0.3051
 0.3671
V4  0

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  
 Vm  Vn
The line currents are given by Imn 
zmn
 1  0.4663
IG1    j1.3344
j0.4
 1  0.3051
IG2    j1.3897
j0.5
 0.4663  0.3595
I12    j1.3342
j0.08
 0.3595  0.3051
I23    j0.1360
j0.4
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 0.3595  0
I24    j1.1984
j0.3
 0.3051  0
I34    j1.5257
j0.2
 4 
IF I34

j0.3 I24 j0.2
1 j0.08 j0.4 3

  2
 
j0.4 IG1 I12 I23 IG2 j0.5
+ +
1.0 1.0
- N1 -

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Line-to-Line Fault at Bus k
N1 N2

(1)
Z11 Z(22
1)
Z(kk1) Z(nn
1) (2)
Z11 Z(22
2)
Z(kk2) Z(nn
2)

1 2 k
 1
 n
Ia1n 2 k
Ia2

Sequence Fault Sequence Voltages at bus j

Currents 
 Va0  0
Ia0  0   (1)
  1 Va1  1  Ia1Zjk
Ia1  Ia2   
Z(kk1)  Z(kk2) Va2  Ia2Z(jk2)

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Example: Consider a line-to-line fault at bus 4 of

the four-bus test system. Find the phase currents
in lines L2 and L3.
The positive-sequence bus-impedance matrices is
1 2 3 4
1 0.2669 0.2403 0.1664 0.1959
2 0.2403 0.2884 0.1996 0.2351
X(bus
1)

3 0.1664 0.1996 0.2920 0.2551
4 0.1959 0.2351 0.2551 0.3671

(1) (2)
For this power system, Xbus  Xbus

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The sequence fault currents are

Ia0  0
  1 1
Ia1   Ia2  (1)    j1.362
Z44  Z(44
2)
j2(0.3671)
The sequence voltages in bus 4 are

Va0  4  0
  1)
Va1 4  1  Ia1Z(44
 1  ( j1.362)( j0.3671)  0.5
 
Va2  4   Ia2Z(44
2)
 0.5

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The sequence voltages in bus 2 are


Va0 2  0
  1)
Va12  1  Ia1Z(24  0.6798
  (2)
Va2 2  Ia2Z24  0.3202

The sequence voltages in bus 3 are


Va0 3  0
  1)
Va13  1  Ia1Z(34  0.6526
  (2)
Va2 3  Ia2Z34  0.3474

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The sequence currents in line L3 are

Ia0 L3  0
 0.653  0.5
Ia1L 3    j0.7628
j0.2
 0.347  0.5
Ia2 L3   j0.7628
j0.2
The phase currents in line L3 are
   
IaL3  Ia0 L3  Ia1L3  Ia2 L3  0
   
Ib L3  Ia0 L3  a2 Ia1L3  a Ia2 L3  1.3213
   
Ic L3  Ia0 L3  a Ia1L3  a2 Ia2 L3  1.3213

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The sequence currents in line L2 are


Ia0 L2  0
 0.68  0.5
Ia1L 2    j0.5992
j0.3
 0.32  0.5
Ia2 L 2   j0.5992
j0.3
The phase currents in line L2 are
   
IaL2  Ia0 L2  Ia1L2  Ia2 L2  0
   
Ib L2  Ia0 L2  a2 Ia1L2  a Ia2 L2  1.0378
   
Ic L2  Ia0 L2  a Ia1L2  a2 Ia2 L2  1.0378

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SLG Fault at Bus k N1
Sequence Fault Currents
  
Ia0  Ia1  Ia2 (1)
Z11 Z(22
1)
Z(kk1) Z(nn
1)

1 
 (0) (1) (2)
1 2 k
Ia1
n
Zkk  Zkk  Zkk N2
Sequence Voltages
(2)
at bus j Z11 Z(22
2)
Z(kk2) Z(nn
2)

  1 2 k  n
Va0  Ia0Z(jk0) N0
Ia2
 
Va1  1  Ia1Z(jk1)
  (0)
Va2  Ia2Z(jk2) Z11 Z(22
0)
Z(kk0) Z(nn
0)

1

2 k
Ia0 n

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Example: Consider a single line-to-ground fault at

bus 4 of the four-bus test system. Find the phase
currents in lines L2 and L3.
The sequence
  fault
 currents are
Ia0  Ia1  Ia2
1
 (0)   j0.9443
Z44  Z(441)
 Z(44
2)

The sequence voltages in bus 4 are

 
Va0  4  Ia0Z(44
0)
 0.3067
  (1)
Va1 4  1  Ia1Z44  0.6534
 
Va2  4  Ia2Z(44
2)
 0.3466

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The sequence voltages in bus 2 are
 
Va0 2  Ia0Z(24
0)
 0.0417
  (1)
Va12  1  Ia1Z24  0.778
 
Va2 2  Ia2Z(24
2)
 0.222

The sequence voltages in bus 3 are

 
Va0 3  Ia0Z(34
0)
 0.1057
  (1)
Va13  1  Ia1Z34  0.7591
 
Va2 3  Ia2Z(34
2)
 0.2409

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The sequence currents in line L2 are

  0.0417  0.3067
Ia0 L 2    j0.4417
j0.6
 0.778  0.6534
Ia1L 2    j0.4154
j0.3
  0.222  0.3466
Ia2 L 2    j0.4154
j0.3
Thephase currents
 in line L2
 are
I I  Ia1L2  Ia2 L2   j1.2725
aL2 a0 L2  
Ib L2  Ia0 L2  a2 Ia1L2  a Ia2 L2   j0.0262
   
Ic L2  Ia0 L2  a Ia1L2  a2 Ia2 L2   j0.0262

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 The sequence currents in line L3 are
  0.1057  0.3067
Ia0 L 3    j0.5026
j0.4
 0.7591  0.6534
Ia1L 3    j0.5289
j0.2
  0.2409  0.3466
Ia2 L3    j0.5289
j0.2
Thephase currents
 in line L3
 are
I I  Ia1L3  Ia2 L3   j1.5603
aL3 a0 L3  
Ib L3  Ia0 L3  a2 Ia1L3  a Ia2 L3  j0.0262
   
Ic L3  Ia0 L3  a Ia1L3  a2 Ia2 L3  j0.0262

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Double Line-to-Ground Fault at Bus k

N2
N1 N0

(1)
Z11 Z(kk1) Z(nn
1) (2)
Z11 Z(kk2) Z(nn
2) (0)
Z11 Z(kk0) Z(nn
0)

1 k n 1 k n 1 k  n
Ia1 Ia2 Ia0

Sequence Fault Currents

 1
Ia1 
Z(kk1)  (Z(kk2) // Z(kk0) )

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  Z(kk0) 
Ia2   Ia1
Z(kk0)  Z(kk2)
 Z(kk2) 
Ia0   Ia1
Z(kk0)  Z(kk2)
Sequence Voltages at bus j
 
Va0  Ia0Z(jk0)
 
Va1  1  Ia1Z(jk1)
 
Va2  Ia2Z(jk2)

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Example: Consider a double line-to-ground fault

at bus 4 of the four-bus test system. Find the
phase currents in lines L2 and L3.
Sequence Fault Currents
 1
Ia1    j1.8538
Z(kk1)  (Z(kk2) // Z(kk0) )
 Z(0) 
Ia2   (0) kk (2) Ia1  j0.8703
Z Z
  kk  kk
Ia0   Ia1  Ia2  j0.9835
The sequence voltages in bus 4 are
   
Va0  4  Va1 4  Va2  4  Ia0Z(44
0)
 0.3195

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The sequence voltages in bus 2 are
 
Va0 2   Ia0Z(24
0)
 0.0435
  (1)
Va12  1  Ia1Z24  0.5641
 
Va2 2   Ia2Z(24
2)
 0.2046

The sequence voltages in bus 3 are

 
Va0 3  Ia0Z(34
0)
 0.1101
  (1)
Va13  1  Ia1Z34  0.5271
 
Va2 3  Ia2Z(34
2)
 0.222

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The sequence currents in line L2 are

 0.0435  0.3195
Ia0 L 2   j0.46
j0.6
 0.5641  0.3195
Ia1L 2    j0.8155
j0.3
 0.2046  0.3195
Ia2 L2   j0.3828
j0.3
The phase
 currents
 in line L2are
I  Ia0 L2  Ia1L2  Ia2 L2  j0.0273
aL2
Ib L2  1.0378  j0.6764

Ic L2  1.0378  j0.6764

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 The sequence currents in line L3 are
 0.1101  0.3195
Ia0 L 3   j0.5235
j0.4
 0.5271  0.3195
Ia1L 3    j1.0383
j0.2
 0.222  0.3195
Ia2 L 3   j0.4874
j0.2
Thephase currentsin line L3
 are
IaL3  Ia0 L3  Ia1L3  Ia2 L3   j0.0273

Ib L3  1.3213  j0.799

Ic L3  1.3213  j0.799

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Reference: J. R. Neuenswander, Modern Power Systems, International

Textbook Co., New York, 1971
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