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Lecture 1 PDF

This document provides an overview of communication systems from the Department of Electrical Engineering at a university. It outlines the aims and objectives of understanding basics of analog modulation techniques like AM, FM, digital modulation techniques like PSK, and components of communication systems like transmitters, receivers, and channels. It also compares analog and digital communication systems and provides a brief chronology of important developments in the field.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
109 views43 pages

Lecture 1 PDF

This document provides an overview of communication systems from the Department of Electrical Engineering at a university. It outlines the aims and objectives of understanding basics of analog modulation techniques like AM, FM, digital modulation techniques like PSK, and components of communication systems like transmitters, receivers, and channels. It also compares analog and digital communication systems and provides a brief chronology of important developments in the field.

Uploaded by

1saiful
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Department of Electrical Engineering

University College of Engineering & Technology

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Aims and Objectives
2

By the end of the course, you would have understood:


 Basics of Electronics Communication Systems

 Basics of Modulation and Coding

AM, DSBSC, VSB, SSB, FM, PM, Narrow band


 Analog Modulation FM, PLL Demodulators, and FLL Loops

 Digital Modulation ASK, FSK, PSK, QPSK, QAM, and M-ary QAM.

 Pulse Modulation PAM, PPM, and PWM

PCM and its derivatives, Quantising Noise,

 Sampling Theorem and Signal Reconstructions


 Multiplexing
Time and Frequency Division multiplexing systems,
Introduction
3

What
is
Signal

Examples
Introduction
4

Example
Signals in an Electrical Circuit
R

vs + i C vc
-

Current Voltage
flowing in the across the
Resistor Capacitor
iR(t) Vc(t)
Introduction
5

What
is
System?

Input signal Output signal


System
x(t) y(t)
Introduction

What Communication is the transfer of information


is from one place to another.
Communication?

This should be done


- as efficiently as possible
- with as much fidelity/reliability as possible
- as securely as possible

Communication System: Components/subsystems act together


to accomplish information transfer/exchange.
Introduction

5 Basic Components
Every communication system has 5 basic requirements
•Data Source (where the data originates)
•Transmitter (device used to transmit data)
•Transmission Medium (cables or non cable)
•Receiver (device used to receive data)
•Destination (where the data will be placed)
Elements of a Communication Systems

Input Output
message message

Input Output
Transducer Transducer
Transmitter Channel Receiver
Example
5 Basic Components
Input Transducer: The message produced by a source must be
converted by a transducer to a form suitable for the
particular type of communication system.
Example: In electrical communications, speech
waves are converted by a microphone to voltage
variation.

Transmitter: The transmitter processes the input signal to produce a


signal suits to the characteristics of the transmission
channel.
Signal processing for transmission almost always involves
modulation and may also include coding. In addition to
modulation, other functions performed by the transmitter
are amplification, filtering and coupling the modulated
signal to the channel.
5 Basic Components
Channel: The channel can have different forms: The atmosphere (or free
space), coaxial cable, fiber optic, waveguide, etc.
The signal undergoes some amount of degradation from noise,
interference and distortion

Receiver:
The receiver’s function is to extract the desired signal from the
received signal at the channel output and to convert it to a form
suitable for the output transducer.
Other functions performed by the receiver: amplification (the
received signal may be extremely weak), demodulation and
filtering.
Output Transducer:
Converts the electric signal at its input into the form
desired by the system user.
Example: Loudspeaker, personal computer (PC), tape
recorders.
Transmission Direction

Simplex: One direction only


Half Duplex Transmission

half duplex: Both


directions but only
one direction at a
time
Full Duplex Transmission

full duplex: send


and receive both
directions at
once
Fundamental Limitation

Technological Problems
Hardware availability, Economic Factors,
Governmental regulations, and so on

Physical Limitations,
Bandwidth and Noise.
Taking both limitations into account, Shannon (1948) stated that the rate
of information transmission cannot exceed the channel capacity.

C = B log 2 (1+ S/N)


ANALOG AND DIGITAL

Data (Information) can be analog or digital. The term


analog data refers to information that is continuous;
digital data refers to information that has discrete
states.
Figure Comparison of analog and digital signals
In communication systems, we commonly
use periodic analog signals and
non-periodic digital signals.
PERIODIC ANALOG SIGNALS

Periodic analog signals can be classified as


simple or composite.

A simple periodic analog signal, a sine wave,


cannot be decomposed into simpler signals.

A composite periodic analog signal is composed


of multiple sine waves.
Sine Wave
Wavelength
Time and Frequency Domain
Composite Signals
Bandwidth
Figure A sine wave
Figure Two signals with the same phase and frequency,
but different amplitudes
Frequency and period are the inverse of
each other.
Figure Two signals with the same amplitude and phase,
but different frequencies
Table Units of period and frequency
Example

The period of a signal is 100 ms. What is its


frequency in kilohertz?

Solution
First we change 100 ms to seconds, and then we
calculate the frequency from the period (1 Hz = 10−3
kHz).
Frequency is the rate of change with
respect to time.

Change in a short span of time


means high frequency.

Change over a long span of


time means low frequency.
If a signal does not change at all, its
frequency is zero.
If a signal changes instantaneously, its
frequency is infinite.
Phase describes the position of the
waveform relative to time 0.
Figure Three sine waves with the same amplitude and frequency,
but different phases
Example

A sine wave is offset 1/6 cycle with respect to time 0.


What is its phase in degrees and radians?

Solution
We know that 1 complete cycle is 360°. Therefore,
1/6 cycle is
Figure Wavelength and period
Figure The time-domain and frequency-domain plots of a sine wave
A complete sine wave in the time domain
can be represented by one single spike in
the frequency domain.
Time and frequency domains
Time and frequency domains (continued)
Time and frequency domains (continued)
Example

The frequency domain is more compact and useful


when we are dealing with more than one sine wave.
For example, Next Figure shows three sine waves,
each with different amplitude and frequency. All can
be represented by three spikes in the frequency
domain.
Figure The time domain and frequency domain of three sine waves
A single-frequency sine wave is not useful
in communication systems;
we need to send a composite signal, a
signal made of many simple sine waves.
Analog and Digital Communication Systems

There are many kinds of information sources, which can be


categorized into two distinct message categories, analog and
digital.

an analog communication system should deliver this


waveform with a specified degree of fidelity.

a digital communication system should deliver data


with a specified degree of accuracy in a specified amount of
time.
Digital Vs Analog Communication Systems

Digital Communication System Analog Communication System


Advantage : Disadvantages :
 inexpensive digital circuits
 privacy preserved (data encryption)  expensive analog components : L&C
 can merge different data (voice, video and  no privacy
data) and transmit over a common digital  can not merge data from diff. sources
transmission system  no error correction capability
 error correction by coding

Disadvantages : Advantages :

 larger bandwidth  smaller bandwidth


 synchronization problem is relatively  synchronization problem is relatively
difficult easier
Brief Chronology of Communication Systems

 1844 Telegraph:
 1876 Telephony:
 1904 Radio:
 1923-1938 Television:
 1936 Armstrong’s case of FM radio
 1938-1945 World War II Radar and microwave systems
 1948-1950 Information Theory and coding. C. E.
Shannon
 1962 Satellite communications begins with Telstar I.
 1962-1966 High Speed digital communication
 1972 Motorola develops cellular telephone.

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