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    28 Control of Blood Sugar Levels-S

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    Aaliya Nagori
    This document discusses how hormones regulate blood glucose levels through feedback loops involving the pancreas, liver, and other cells. Insulin and glucagon levels fluctuate in response to blood glucose levels, with insulin promoting glucose uptake and glucagon stimulating glucose production. After a meal, insulin rises to facilitate glucose storage or cellular uptake, while low glucose triggers glucagon release to raise blood sugar levels.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    28 Control of Blood Sugar Levels-S

    Uploaded by

    Aaliya Nagori
    147 views5 pages
    This document discusses how hormones regulate blood glucose levels through feedback loops involving the pancreas, liver, and other cells. Insulin and glucagon levels fluctuate in response to blood glucose levels, with insulin promoting glucose uptake and glucagon stimulating glucose production. After a meal, insulin rises to facilitate glucose storage or cellular uptake, while low glucose triggers glucagon release to raise blood sugar levels.

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    This document discusses how hormones regulate blood glucose levels through feedback loops involving the pancreas, liver, and other cells. Insulin and glucagon levels fluctuate in response to blood glucose levels, with insulin promoting glucose uptake and glucagon stimulating glucose production. After a meal, insulin rises to facilitate glucose storage or cellular uptake, while low glucose triggers glucagon release to raise blood sugar levels.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    147 views5 pages

    28 Control of Blood Sugar Levels-S

    Uploaded by

    Aaliya Nagori
    This document discusses how hormones regulate blood glucose levels through feedback loops involving the pancreas, liver, and other cells. Insulin and glucagon levels fluctuate in response to blood glucose levels, with insulin promoting glucose uptake and glucagon stimulating glucose production. After a meal, insulin rises to facilitate glucose storage or cellular uptake, while low glucose triggers glucagon release to raise blood sugar levels.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The key takeaways are that blood glucose levels are regulated by the hormones insulin and glucagon, which work to keep glucose levels within a narrow range to prevent health issues. When glucose levels rise after eating, insulin helps move glucose into cells. When levels fall due to not eating, glucagon triggers the release of glucose from storage.

    The three molecules recorded in the graph of Model 1 are glucose, insulin, and glucagon. Glucose represents the level of blood sugar, insulin works to lower blood sugar levels, and glucagon works to raise blood sugar levels.

    According to Model 2, three organs/tissues that interact to regulate blood glucose levels are the pancreas, liver, and other cells in the body.

    Control of Blood Sugar Levels

    What hormones are involved in the homeostasis of blood sugar?

    Why?
    All living things use glucose as a source of energy. In vertebrates it is critical that the levels of glucose in
    the blood are consistent. Small fluctuations are fine, but if the glucose concentration in the blood gets too
    high, a coma could result. If the glucose concentration in the blood gets too low, the person could experi-
    ence seizures, go into a coma or die. In humans, hormone levels help regulate the glucose concentration in
    the blood and keep us in homeostasis.

    Model 1 – Hormonal Control of Glucose


    Insulin
    Relative Concentration in the Blood

    Glucagon
    Glucose

    Glucose baseline

    Insulin baseline
    Glucagon baseline

    Meal Eaten

    Time

      1. The relative blood concentrations of which three molecules are recorded in the graph of Model 1?

      2. Which molecule from Model 1 is found in the blood at the highest concentrations?

      3. Why do cells need glucose?


      4. According to the graph in Model 1, what happens to blood glucose levels after a meal has been
    eaten?

    Control of Blood Sugar Levels 1


      5. Refer to Model 1.
    a. As blood glucose levels increase above baseline, the level of which hormone also increases?

    b. As blood glucose levels begin to drop below baseline, the concentration of which hormone
    increases?

    c. As blood glucose returns to its baseline level, what happens to the levels of insulin and gluca-
    gon in the blood?

    Model 2 – Feedback Control of Blood Glucose


    Pancreas Liver
    ge
    Stora

    Use
    d Other cells

    Blood Blood
    glucose Cycle A glucose
    is too high. drops.

    Glucose
    Baseline blood Insulin
    glucose level. Glycogen
    Blood Glucagon
    glucose rises. Blood
    Cycle B glucose
    is too low.

    Pancreas
    Release
    Liver

    2 POGIL™ Activities for AP* Biology


      6. According to Model 2, what are three of the organs/tissues of the body that interact to regulate
    blood glucose levels?

      7. According to Model 2, where in the body do the insulin and glucagon originate?

      8. Refer to Model 2.
    a. What shape in the model represents glucose?

    b. Describe how glycogen is related to glucose.

    c. Which form of sugar, glucose or glycogen is stored in the liver for future use?

    Read This!
    Most cells in the body have insulin receptors. When insulin is present, the transfer of glucose into cells
    increases. This takes the glucose out of the bloodstream and puts it where it can be used, or in some cases
    stores it as glycogen. The glycogen can be converted back into glucose when it is needed. But glycogen
    cannot be used by cells directly as an energy source. Excess glucose that remains in the blood gets excreted
    out in urine.

      9. Refer to Model 2.
    a. In which cycle is glucose removed from the blood by storing it or moving it into cells to use
    for fuel?

    b. Which hormone, insulin or glucagon, helps glucose move into cells of the body?

    c. In which cycle is glucose added to the blood from storage areas?

    d. Which hormone, insulin or glucagon, helps turn glycogen into glucose?

    Control of Blood Sugar Levels 3


    10. In grammatically correct sentences, explain the role of insulin in maintaining glucose levels after
    a large meal.

    11. In grammatically correct sentences, explain the role of glucagon in maintaining glucose levels
    when the organism is hungry.

    12. For each of the cycles in Model 2 identify the stimulus and response for the feedback loops and
    indicate whether the feedback loop is positive or negative feedback.

    Stimulus Response Positive or Negative?

    Cycle A

    Cycle B

    13. Predict the levels of glucose, glucagon, and insulin in a person who has:
    a. Skipped a meal.

    b. Just run 5 miles.


    c. Just ate a large dinner.


    4 POGIL™ Activities for AP* Biology


    Extension Questions
    14. In the past, diabetes mellitis was diagnosed by tasting the urine of the patient. What evidence for
    diabetes were the doctors looking for?

    15. In Type I diabetes, the Beta cells of the pancreas produce little to no insulin. What effect does
    this have on an organism’s ability to regulate blood glucose levels?

    16. Type I diabetics must eat frequent small meals. Explain why this is necessary using what you have
    learned about blood glucose regulation.

    17. Other symptoms of Type I diabetes are increased thirst and frequent urination. Explain these
    symptoms using what you have learned in this activity as well as your knowledge of osmosis and
    diffusion.

    18. Type II diabetes shares many of the same symptoms as Type I diabetes. Using your textbook and/
    or a computer, research the cause of this type of diabetes.

    Control of Blood Sugar Levels 5

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