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    Lesson 3 (A) Social Structure in The 19th Century

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    1. In 19th century Philippines, society was structured into three classes. The highest class included Peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain) and friars who held powerful government positions. The middle class incorporated Spanish creoles, mestizos, and wealthy Filipinos. Indigenous Filipinos comprised the lowest class. 2. Education was limited according to class. Parochial schools taught religion and basics to native children but reinforced inferiority. Higher education was initially denied to Filipinos but gradually opened to the privileged middle class. 3. Friars opposed teaching Spanish, the official language, to preserve native ignorance and control. Overall, the social structure institutionalized discrimination that fueled growing

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    Lesson 3 (A) Social Structure in The 19th Century

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    1. In 19th century Philippines, society was structured into three classes. The highest class included Peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain) and friars who held powerful government positions. The middle class incorporated Spanish creoles, mestizos, and wealthy Filipinos. Indigenous Filipinos comprised the lowest class. 2. Education was limited according to class. Parochial schools taught religion and basics to native children but reinforced inferiority. Higher education was initially denied to Filipinos but gradually opened to the privileged middle class. 3. Friars opposed teaching Spanish, the official language, to preserve native ignorance and control. Overall, the social structure institutionalized discrimination that fueled growing

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    1. In 19th century Philippines, society was structured into three classes. The highest class included Peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain) and friars who held powerful government positions. The middle class incorporated Spanish creoles, mestizos, and wealthy Filipinos. Indigenous Filipinos comprised the lowest class. 2. Education was limited according to class. Parochial schools taught religion and basics to native children but reinforced inferiority. Higher education was initially denied to Filipinos but gradually opened to the privileged middle class. 3. Friars opposed teaching Spanish, the official language, to preserve native ignorance and control. Overall, the social structure institutionalized discrimination that fueled growing

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    42 views17 pages

    Lesson 3 (A) Social Structure in The 19th Century

    Uploaded by

    ella
    1. In 19th century Philippines, society was structured into three classes. The highest class included Peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain) and friars who held powerful government positions. The middle class incorporated Spanish creoles, mestizos, and wealthy Filipinos. Indigenous Filipinos comprised the lowest class. 2. Education was limited according to class. Parochial schools taught religion and basics to native children but reinforced inferiority. Higher education was initially denied to Filipinos but gradually opened to the privileged middle class. 3. Friars opposed teaching Spanish, the official language, to preserve native ignorance and control. Overall, the social structure institutionalized discrimination that fueled growing

    Copyright:

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    of 17

    Caraga state university

    Ampayon, Butuan City 8600, Philippines


    URL: www.carsu.edu.ph

    Lesson 3 (a)
    The Philippines in the 19th
    Century: Social Structure
    Glossary of Terms

    Peninsulares- they were pure Spaniards who were


    born in Spain but/and lived in the Philippines
    Insulares- also known as criollos in Spanish-held
    country in South America. They were pure Spaniards
    who were born in the Philippines. Some historians
    called them Filipinos
    Indio/s-refer to native Filipino
    Mestizos- were of mixed ancestry, example Chinese-
    Filipino, Spanish-Filipino
    The Filipino

    The term Filipino was used only in 1898 or after the


    Spanish rule. The use of the term Filipino in this
    discussion is only to refer the natives of the country
    in our context. But then again, it was used only after
    the Spanish rule.
    Filipino Social Structure

    The feudalism established by the Spanish colonial


    government in the Philippines in the 19th century resulted to
    master-slave relationship by the Spaniards. The Spanish
    government imposed and collected all forms of taxes and
    tributes from the native Filipinos and even required them to
    render polo y servicio or forced labor to the government and the
    Catholic church. Lands were owned by the wealthy Spanish
    officials, businessmen and even friars. The native Filipinos
    became tenants of their own land due to transfer of ownership.
    The photo above is the social pyramid. The level 1 is the
    Upper Class which enjoyed by the peninsulares or the Spaniards
    born in Spain. They held the most important government jobs,
    and made up the smallest number of the population. Also in the
    upper class is the group of friars who were members of any of
    certain religious orders of men, especially the three mendicant
    orders such as Augustinians (1565), Dominicans (1587), and
    Franciscans (1577). Because of the union of Church and State,
    these people in the upper class have the power and authority to
    rule over the native Filipinos.
    The level 2 is the Middle Class which include the insulares
    or Spaniards born in the Philippines, the Spanish (or European)
    and Chinese mestizos, and the principalia or the ruling class of
    native elites composed of the gobernadorcillo, cabeza de barangay,
    landowners, merchant and wealthy native families. The level 3
    or the lowest level is the Lower Class which placed only the
    native Filipinos known during that time as the indios.
    The social pyramid during Spanish colonial government
    manifested the superiority complex, and social tensions were
    prevalent as the lower class were victimized by the Upper class.
    However, racial discrimination came to be institutionalized
    which Rizal even experienced it inside the schools he attended.
    Members of the middle and lower classes were considered
    inferior by the upper class and unworthy of education and
    higher government positions. However, in the next chapter of
    Philippine history, these two social ranks were those who
    criticized the government and church and worked for to claim
    freedom from Spanish tyranny.
    Social Structure: Highest Class

    Highest class – the people that belong in this class include the Spaniards,
    peninsulares and the friars. They have the power and authority to rule over
    the Filipinos.
    ✓ The Spanish officials
    ✓ The Peninsulares
    (Spaniards who were born in Spain). They held the most important
    government jobs, and made up the smallest number of the population.
    Social Structure: Highest Class

    ✓ The Friars are members of any


    of certain religious orders of
    men, especially the four
    mendicant orders
    (Augustinians, Carmelites,
    Dominicans, and Franciscans).
    Social Structure: Middle Class

    1. Middle Class – the people that belongs into this class includes the
    natives, mestizos and the criollos (Insulares was the specific term given to criollos, a full-
    blooded Spaniards born in the colonies; Philippines or the Marianas)

    Natives – the pure Filipinos


    Social Structure: Middle Class

    The Mestizos are the Filipinos of mixed indigenous Filipino or


    European or Chinese ancestry.
    Social Structure: Lowest Class

    Lowest class – this class includes the Filipinos only.


    The Indios are the poor people having pure blood Filipino which ruled by
    the Spaniards.
    On Education

    ✓ The social pyramid manifested also the privileges and rights of the
    people according to their rank in the society. Thus, it affects their social
    relationship, economic development, and attainment of education.
    ✓ The first schools were the parochial schools opened by the missionaries
    in their parishes. In addition to religion, the Filipino native children in
    these schools were taught reading, writing, arithmetic and some
    vocational and practical arts subjects but most of the time centered on
    the teaching of fear of God and obedience to the friars.
    ✓ These schools were under the control of the friars up to the middle of the
    19th century. However, the primary education was not given attention
    despite the establishment of parochial schools in the towns of the
    provinces. Many of the Filipino native children attended these schools
    were not able to develop self-confidence in their ability to learn and only
    developed inferiority complex.
    On Education

    ✓ The separate colleges for boys and girls were also opened by the
    missionaries. These colleges were the equivalent of our high schools today.
    The subjects taught to the students included history, Latin, geography,
    mathematics and philosophy. Some of these colleges offered degree which is
    equivalent to present degrees in colleges
    ✓ Originally, these colleges were open only to the Spaniards and those with
    Spanish blood or the mestizos. It was only during the 19th century that these
    colleges began accepting native Filipinos. The university education was
    started in the Philippines during the early part of the 17th century. By the
    end of the 19th century, only the University of Santo Tomas remained as the
    higher education institution in the country.
    ✓ On 1853, the Educational Decree was implemented in the country which
    required the establishment of one elementary school for boys and one
    elementary school for girls in each town of the Philippine provinces. The
    decree also provided for the establishment of school for the training of
    teachers mostly girls with a mastery of the Spanish language as the medium
    of instruction in all schools but under the direction of the Jesuits.
    On Education

    ✓ The friars reacted negatively to the teaching of the Spanish language to


    native Filipinos. For the friars, the learning of Spanish language to Indios
    would lead to their knowledge and development of political and social
    awareness about the Spanish government. These friars suppressed the
    opportunity to learn and thus wanted the Filipino natives or Indios to
    remain ignorant.
    References

    https://dimasalanglaonglaan.wordpress.com/philippines-in-the-19th-
    century/
    • Garcia, C. & Cruz, C. (2005). Rizal and the Development of Filipino Nationalis:
    A Textbook on the Life, Works and Writings of our National Hero. Mandaluyong
    City: Books Atbp.Publishing Corp.
    • https://www.teacherph.com/history-system-education-philippines/ last
    retrieved December 27, 2020
    • https://www.slideshare.net/MsKrabbs19/rizal-in-the-19th-century-philippines
    last retrieved December 28, 2020

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