ST.

MARY’S COLLEGE OF MARINDUQUE

Boac, Marinduque

Integrated Basic Education Department

SY 2020-2021

I. Title
Subject General Chemistry 1 Quarter First Module 2
#
Level 12 Duration Day
Topic 1. Isotopes Code (STEM_GC11AMIc-e-19)
2. Formulas and names of (STEM_GC11AMIc-e-21)
compounds (STEM_GC11AMIPIc-c-23)

II. Objectives
1. Recognize common isotopes and their uses.
2. Represent compounds using chemical formulas, structural formulas and models.
3. Name compounds given their formula and write formula given the name of the compound.

III. Discussion/ Broadening of Concepts

In this lesson you will learn more about isotopes and their uses and writing and naming
chemical formulas. In each topic you are provided with activities that will deepen your understanding in
learning the concepts presented.
In most cases atoms of a given element do not have the same mass. Atoms that have the
same atomic number but different mass numbers are called isotopes. This also means that the atoms
of an element have the same number of protons and have different number of neutrons. For example,
there are three isotopes of hydrogen. One, simply known as hydrogen, has one proton and no
neutrons. The deuterium isotope has one proton and one neutron, and tritium has one proton and two
neutrons. The accepted way to denote the atomic number and mass number of an atom of element X is
a follows:

(mass number) A
X
( atomic number) Z

Thus, for the isotopes of hydrogen, we write

As another example, consider two common isotopes of uranium with mass numbers of 235 and 238,
respectively:

The first isotope is used in nuclear reactors and atomic bombs, whereas the second isotope lacks the
properties necessary for these applications. With the exception of hydrogen, isotopes of elements are
identified by their mass numbers. Thus, these two isotopes are called uranium-235 (pronounced
“uranium two thirty-five”) and uranium-238 (pronounced “uranium two thirty-eight”).

Some examples of isotopes and their uses:

C-14 used in archaeological dating
U -238 is used for dating rocks
Fe- 59 and Fe -55 are used to study the absorption of iron

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Sodium chloride containing sodium -24 can be injected into the bloodstream to study blood
circulation
A thallium -201 compound injected into the bloodstream will concentrate in normal heart muscle but
will not remain in damaged tissue.
Technetium -99 m is used for locating brain tumors and damaged heart cells
Radium-226 and cobalt -60 are used in cancer therapy
Iodine -131 measuring of thyroid activity and treatment of thyroid disorders
Americium -241 smoke detectors

The chemical properties of an element are determined primarily by the protons and electrons in
its atoms; neutrons do not take part in chemical changes under normal conditions. Therefore, isotopes
of the same element have similar chemistries, forming the same types of compounds and displaying
similar reactivities.

Activity 1: Isotopes and their Uses

Directions: Do a research on some of the isotopes and their uses. Make a brochure of it.

Writing Formulas of Compounds

In the study of the properties and compositions of compounds, it is important that we know the
chemical formulas of these substances. A chemical formula is a representation in writing of a chemical
element or compound of a substance. It gives the following information about the compounds formed:
a. the elements that compose the compounds;
b. the type of interaction that exists between the atoms in the compound;
c. the type of compound formed;
d. the number of atoms of each element present; and
e. the oxidation numbers of the elements.

Molecular Models
Molecules are too small for us to observe directly. An effective means of visualizing them is by the use
of molecular models. Two standard types of molecular models are currently in use: ball-and-stick
models and space-filling models (Figure 2.11). In ball-and-stick model kits, the atoms are wooden or
plastic balls with holes in them. Sticks or springs are used to represent chemical bonds. The angles
they form between atoms approximate the bond angles in actual molecules. With exception of the H
atom, the balls are all the same size and each type of atom is represented by a specific color.

In space-filling models, atoms are represented by truncated balls held together by snap fasteners, so
that the bonds are not visible. The balls are proportional in size to atoms. The first step toward building

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a molecular model is writing the structural formula, which shows how atoms are bonded to one
another in a molecule. For example, it is known that each of the two H atoms is bonded to an O atom in
the water molecule. Therefore, the structural formula of water is H – O – H. A line connecting the two
atomic symbols represents a chemical bond.
Ball-and stick models show the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms clearly, and they are
fairly easy to construct. However, the balls are not proportional to the size of atoms. Furthermore, the
sticks greatly exaggerate the space between atoms in a molecule. Space-filling models are more
accurate because they show the variation in atomic size.

Activity 2. Model Mo, Show Mo!

Do a research of molecular models of atoms. Construct your own model of an atom using one of the
types of molecular models. Take a picture of your model and post it in your FB account. Be creative
and resourceful in making your own model. Use materials which can be found in your locality.

Writing FORMULAS of COMPOUNDS

All chemicals in nature are composed of compounds. These chemicals may be simple or
complex. In order to understand these compounds, you need to understand first the constituents of
compounds. A chemical formula represents symbol and subscripts. It is a method of short-hand
writing for a name of a compound. The symbol in the chemical formula represents the name of the
atom in a compound while the subscript represents the number of atoms in the chemical formula.

In writing chemical formula, it is important that you know the oxidation number of an element.
The oxidation number or valence number is the charge of an atom for how many electrons could an
atom gain or lose. An atom that tends to gain electron has a negative (-) oxidation number, while an
atom that tends to lose electron has a positive oxidation number. Metals tend to lose electron that is
why metals has positive oxidation number. On the other hand, non-metals tend to gain electron, and
therefore with negative oxidation number.
Chemical Formula – a symbolic way of representing the composition of a substance using symbols of
the elements and subscripts to represent the appropriate number of atoms of each kind.
The following general procedures may be followed in writing the formula of a compound:
1. The symbol/formula of the ion with positive oxidation number is written first followed by the
symbol/formula of ions with negative oxidation number.
2. Balance the charges. The criss-cross method can help. The oxidation number of the positive ion
becomes the subscript of the negative ion. If the subscript is 1, it is not written. If the subscript of the
radical is greater than 1, the radical is enclosed in the parenthesis and the subscript is written outside
the parenthesis. The signs of the oxidation numbers are not written.
(Note: The teacher will show the criss-cross method for the given examples).

Observe how the above procedures are applied to the following examples:
a. Sodium chloride (NaCl)
b. Ferric oxide (Fe2O3)
c. Potassium nitrate (KNO3)
d. Magnesium phosphate - Mg3(PO4)2
3. If the oxidation numbers or charges of the positive and the negative ions are equal, these are
cancelled.
a. Magnesium oxide
b. aluminum phosphate

4. All subscript should be simplified or reduced to the lowest ratio.

a. Sulfur trioxide
b. Calcium silicate

Exercise 1.
Complete the table below by writing the formula of the compounds to be formed by each combination.
After, write the name given the formulas of the following compounds.

Cl - O 2- NO3 - SO4 2- PO4 3-

K+ 1 2 3 4 5

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 Mg 2+ 6 7 8 9 10

Name Name
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.
Naming of Compounds
Some substances are familiar to us by their common or commercial names. We know baking
soda but only few knows that its chemical name is sodium bicarbonate. We often heard of milk of
magnesia but we seldom hear its chemical name – magnesium hydroxide.

I. IONIC COMPOUNDS
a. Binary Compounds
A binary compound consists of two elements. This kind of compound can be formed by non-
metals and metals or two non-metals.

1. Binary Compounds of Metals and Non-metals

a) Metals with fixed oxidation number – those metals in group 1,2, 13
1. Give the name of the metal first, followed by the stem of the nonmetal and add
the ending –ide.
NaCl – sodium chloride KBr – Potassium bromide
MgH2 – magnesium hydride ZnI2 – Zinc iodide *
Al2S3 – aluminum sulfide

b) Metals with variable oxidation number. Two methods of naming compound may be employed:
1. Old or Classical system
From Latin name of metal, drop - um, add –ous for lower oxidation number or – ic from
higher oxidation number followed by the stem of name of nonmetal plus ending of –ide.

CuCl – cuprous chloride

CuCl2 – cupric chloride
Sn2+O2- = Sn2O2 = SnO - stannous oxide
Sn4+O2- = Sn2O4 = SnO2 – stannic oxide
ii) New/ Stock System – name the metal followed by its oxidation no. written in Roman numeral
and enclosed in parenthesis followed by the stem of nonmetal plus ending –ide
CuCl = Copper (I) Chloride (read as Copper- one chloride or Copper – one ion-chloride)
CuCl2= Copper (II) Chloride
SnO = Tin (II) oxide
SnO2 = Tin (IV) oxide
Metal Ox.# Stock System Classical System
Chromium +2 Chromium (II) Chromous
+3 Chromium (III) Chromic
Cobalt +2 Cobalt (II) Cobaltous
+3 Cobalt (III) Cobaltic
Copper +1 Copper (I) Cuprous
+2 Copper (II) Cupric
Iron +2 Iron (II) Ferrous
+3 Iron (III) Ferric
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 Mercury +1 Mercury (I) Mercurous
+2 Mercury (II) Mercuric
Lead +2 Lead (II) Plumbous
+4 Lead (IV) Plumbic
Gold +1 Gold (I) Aurous
+3 Gold (III) Auric
Thallium +1 Thallium (I) Thallous
+3 Thallium (III) Thallic
Tin +2 Tin (II) Stannous
+4 Tin (IV) Stannic

Exercise 2.
A. Write the chemical formula of the following.
No. Cation Anion Chemical Formula Chemical Name
1 Mn 3+
O 2-

2 Ca2+ Br -
3 Ba2+ F-
4 K+ N3-
5 H+ P3-

B. Write the name of the following compounds.

No. Chemical Formula Chemical Name
1 CaBr2
2 Mg3N2
3 Al2S3
4 KCl
5 Na2O

C. Write the formula of the following names of compounds.

No. Chemical Name Chemical Formula
1 Calcium Bromide
2 Gold (III) Sulfide
3 Aluminum Oxide
4 Titanium (II) Oxide
5 Potassium Oxide

B. Ternary Compounds of Metals and Polyatomic Ions

A polyatomic ion is a group of atom that carries an electric charge. This is due to the need of
the electron to complete its stability. Generally, polyatomic ions are bonded by covalent bonds. When
these polyatomic ions combine with a metal – this is called polyatomic compound – a ternary
compound. A ternary compound is a type of compound consists of three or more atoms in a
compound.

Name the metals followed by the name of the polyatomic ion.

Some/Common Polyatomic Ions
Symbol Name Symbol Name
OH - hydroxide ion Cr2O7 2- Dichromate
NH4+ ammonium ion MnO4- Permanganate
NO2- Nitrite ClO - Hypochlorite

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 NO3- nitrate ClO2- Chlorite
SO3 2- sulfite ClO3- Chlorate
SO4 2- sulfate ClO4- Perchlorate
C2H3O2 acetate ion HCO3- Bicarbonate
CrO4 2- chromate CN - Cyanide
PO3 3- phosphite C2O4 2- Oxalate
PO4 3- Phosphate HSO3 - Bisulfite
CO3 2- Carbonate HSO4 - bisulfate
Example:
Ca (OH)2 – Ca2 OH - = Calcium hydroxide
Fe (OH)2 = ferrous hydroxide
= iron (II) hydroxide
Fe (OH)3 = ferric hydroxide
= iron (III) hydroxide
2+ -
Ag NO3 = Ag(NO3)2 = Silver Nitrate
Ag2+ ClO3 - = Ag(ClO3)2 = Silver Chlorate
Ba2+ PO3 3- = Ba3(PO3)2 = Barium Phosphite
Exercise 3.
A. Write the chemical formula of the following.
No. Cation Anion Chemical Formula Chemical Name
1 Be 2+ OH -
2 Fe 2+ ClO3 -
3 K+ NO2 -
4 K+ MnO4 -
5 Cu 2+ SO4 2-
B. Write the name of the following compounds.
No. Chemical Formula Chemical Name
1 Ba(ClO3)2
2 Hg(NO3)2
3 K2SO4
4 Al(CN)3
5 ZnC2O4 2-

C. Write the formula of the following names of compounds.

No. Chemical Name Chemical Formula
1 Magnesium Carbonate
2 Calcium Chlorate
3 Potassium Bromate
4 Nickel (II) Aluminate
5 Potassium Permanganate

IONIC COMPOUNDS may consist of more than two elements.They may contain oxoanions or negative
ions which consist of the element oxygen with other nonmetals. Oxoanions either end in suffixes –ate
or –ite depending on the number of oxygen atom that combined with nonmetal. Specifically, the suffix –
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ate denotes the anion with the greater number of oxygen atoms while the –ite suffix denotes the anion
with fewer number of oxygen atoms.

Oxoanion Name Oxoanion Name

SbO4 3- Antimonate IO3 - Iodate
SbO3 3- Antimonite IO2 - Iodite
HSO3 - Bisulfite NO3 - Nitrate
HSO4 - Bisulfate NO2 - Nitrite
BrO3 - Bromate PO4 3- Phosphate
BrO2 - Bromite PO3 3- Phosphite
ClO3 - Chlorate SO4 2- Sulfate
ClO2 - Chlorite SO3 2- Sulfite

Several oxoanions may exist for a given non-metal. To distinguish one from the other, prefixes of per-
and hypo- may be attached to the other oxoanion name. The prefix per- is given to the oxoanion with
the greatest number of oxygen atoms while the prefix hypo- is given to the oxoanion with the least
number of oxygen atoms.
Eg. Oxygen and chlorine
ClO4 - - perchlorate (greatest no. of O atoms)
-
ClO3 - chlorate
ClO2 - - chlorite
-
ClO - hypochlorite (least no. of O atoms)
Oxygen and Iodine
IO4 - - periodate
IO3 - - iodate
IO2 - - iodite
IO - - hypoiodite
When oxoanions combine with metals, the name of the metal is written first followed by the name of the
oxoanion.
Eg. A. Ionic compounds with suffixes –ate and –ite
K2SO4 - potassium sulfate
K2SO3 -
potassium sulfite
NaNO3 sodium nitrate
NaNO2 sodium nitrite
B. Ionic compounds with prefixes per- and hypo-
KClO4 potassium perchlorate
Ca (BrO4)2 calcium perbromate
Ca (ClO)2 calcium hypochlorite
Al (BrO)3 aluminum hypobromate

II. COVALENT COMPOUNDS (Binary Compounds of Two Non-Metals : Molecular

Compounds)
For covalent compound containing two non-metals, the name of the positive ion is written first followed
by the name of the negative ion ending in ide.
If no subscript in each ion this means that it is one (1). For the first ion no prefix is required but the
second ion a prefix is always necessary. In cases that the positive ion contained more than 1, prefix is
used to denote the number of positive ions.
Use Greek prefixes for (both positive and negative) nonmetals with positive and negative oxidation
numbers in the compound.

Prefix Eq. No. Prefix Eq. No.

Mono 1 Hexa 6
Di 2 Hepta 7
Tri 3 Octa 8
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 Tetra 4 Nona 9
Pent 5 Deca 10

Example:
CO - Carbon Monoxide SF6 - Sulfur Hexafluoride
CO2 - Carbon Dioxide N2O3 - Dinitrogen Trioxide
P2O5 - Diphosphorous Pentoxide CCl4 - Carbon Tetrachloride
Exercise 4
A. Name the following compounds.
1. NO ____________________________
2. SO2 ____________________________
3. P2O3 ____________________________
4. PCl5 ____________________________
5. I6Cl (g) ____________________________
6. NCl3 ____________________________
7. NI3 ____________________________
8. IF5 ____________________________
9. SeF4 ____________________________
10. CCl4 ____________________________

B. Write the chemical formulas of the following.

1. Carbon disulfide ____________________________
2. Dinitrogen trioxide ____________________________
3. Sulfur trioxide ____________________________
4. Oxygen Difluoride ____________________________
5. Triboron dinitride ___________________________

III. ACIDS
An acid can be described as a substance that yields hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.
1. Binary Acids: Hydrogen and a Non-metal
A Hydrogen element and a non-metal combination is considered a binary compound. A
Hydrogen element may combine to a more electronegative atom.
Prefix the word hydro- to the stem of the nonmetal and add –ic acid.
Example:
H+ Br - = HBr (g) = hydrobromic acid
H+ N3- = H3N (g) = hydronitric acid
H+ F - = HF (g) = hydrofluoric acid
Exercise 5
A. Write the formula of the following.
No. Cation Anion Chemical Formula Chemical Name
1 H+ Se 2-
2 H+ P 3-
3 H+ Te 2-
4 H+ Cl -
5 H+ I-

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2. Oxyacids: Hydrogen + polyatomic ions
Oxyacids are acids that contain hydrogen, oxygen, and another element (the central element)
When a Hydrogen element combines with a polyatomic ion, an Acid is formed. This acid is composed
of three or more elements.
Name the stem of the central atom in the polyatomic ion. Drop -ate and change to –ic, and drop –ite
and change to –ous and attach the name acid.
Example:
H+ + C2O4 2- - H2C2O4 - Oxalic Acid
H+ + CO3 2- - H2CO3 - Carbonic Acid
H+ + ClO3 - - HClO3 - Chloric Acid
H+ + ClO4 - - HClO4 - Perchloric Acid
H+ + NO2 - - HNO2 - Nitrous Acid
H+ + SO3 2- - H2SO3 - Sulfurous Acid
H+ + ClO2 - - HClO2 - Chlorous Acid
Exercise 6
A. Write the formula of the following.
No. Cation Anion Chemical Formula Chemical Name
1 H+ AlO2 -
2 H+ BrO3 -
3 H+ CNO -
4 H+ SnO2 2-
5 H+ AsO3 3-

B. Write the chemical formulas and name of the following compounds.

No. Chemical Name Chemical Formula
1 Sulfuric acid
2 Boric acid
3 Phosphorous acid
4 Hypochlorous acid
5 Bromic acid

IV. Bases – have OH group at the end of the compound.

Name the metal followed by the word hydroxide
NaOH - sodium hydroxide
Mg(OH)2 - magnesium hydroxide
Fe(OH)3 - ferric hydroxide

V. Hydrates – compounds that have a specific number of H2O molecules attached to them.
Na2CO3 . 10H2O - sodium carbonate decahydrate
MgSO4 . 7H2O - magnesium sulfate heptahydrate
CuSO4 . 5H2O - copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate
Enrichment Activity
1. Fill in the following table with the formula of the compounds by combining each cation with each
anion. The formula of aluminum nitrate is provided as an example.
Cl - NO3 - SO4 2- PO4 3-
H+ 1 2 3 4

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 Ag + 5 6 7 8
Ba 2+ 9 10 11 12
3+
Al 13 14 Al (NO3)3 15 16
+
NH4 17 18 19 20
Name of the given compounds
1. ____________________________________ 11. ______________________________________
2. ____________________________________ 12. ______________________________________
3. ____________________________________ 13. ______________________________________
4. ____________________________________ 14. ______________________________________
5. ____________________________________ 15. ______________________________________
6. ____________________________________ 16. ______________________________________
7. ____________________________________ 17. ______________________________________
8. ____________________________________ 18. ______________________________________
9. ____________________________________ 19. ______________________________________
10. ___________________________________ 20. ______________________________________

2. Fill in the blanks in the following table.

Cation Anion Formula Name

Magnesium bicarbonate

SrCl2

Fe 3+ NO2 -

Manganese (II) chlorate

SnBr4

Co 2+ PO4 3-

Hg2 2+ I–

Cu2CO3

Lithium Nitride

Al 3+ S 2-

3. Write the formula for each of the given compounds

a. Potassium nitrate ___________________________ f. Cuprous sulfide
_____________________
b. Zinc chromate ______________________________ g. Lead (II) acetate
____________________
c. Ferric ferrocyanide __________________________ h. Barium carbonate
___________________
d. Chromium (III) chloride _______________________ i. Diphosphorous pentasulfide ___________

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e. Ammonium molybdate _______________________ j. Sodium perchlorate
__________________

References:
Chang, R. and Overby, J. (2011) General Chemistry: The Essential Concepts. 6th Ed. New York: The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Mingi, R. and Merlin, M. (2020) General Chemistry 1

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