“Project Name”

Project Report
on
“ Name of Project”

Submitted by

All Students name with rol no

In partial fulfillment for the award of Diploma in

Electrical Engineering

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education Mumbai (M. S.)

Department of Electrical Engineering

Government Polytechnic, Nandurbar

Acadamic Year 2019 -2020

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RECOMMENDATION

The project report entitled “ Name of project”, submitted by ………….. is

recommended and forwarded for partial fulfillment of Diploma in Electrical Engineering
under Maharashtra State Board Of Technical Education ,Mumbai, for academic year of
2018-19.

Place: Nandurbar

Date: / /2019

Mr A.S.Jain Mr.S.M.PAWAR

Project Guide Head of Department

Department of Electrical Engg Department of Electrical Engg

Dr.S.D.Pable
Principal (G.P.Nandurbar)

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CERTIFICATE

The project report entitled “ …………”, submitted by ……………….. is recommended

and forwarded for partial fulfillment of degree of Diploma in Electrical Engineering under
Maharashtra State Board Of Technical Education ,Mumbai, for academic year of 2018-19.

INTERNAL EXAMINER (Guide) EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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ABSTRACT

From the late 19thcentury through the middle of the 20thcentury, DC to AC power
conversion was accomplished using rotary converters or motor ± generator sets .In the early
20thcentury, vaccum tubes and gas filled tubes begin to be used as switches in inverters
circuits. The most widely used type of tube was the thyratron. The orgins of electro
mechanical inverters explain the source of the term inverter. An inverter is an electrical
device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC) the converted AC can be
at any required voltage and frequency with the use of appropriate transformers, switching and
control circuits an inverter is essentially the opposite of a rectifier.An uninterruptible power
supply (UPS) uses batteries and an inverter to supply ac power whenmain power is not
available. When main power is restored, a rectifier is used to supply DC power to recharge
the batteries.
Now a days most of the inverters available in the market utilizes the PWM(Pulse
Width Modulation) technology. The inverters based on PWM technology are superior in
many factors compared to other inverters designed using conventional technologies. The
PWM based inverters generally use BGT in the output switching stage. In such cases the
inverters are generally termed as PWM inverters. The inverters based on PWM technology
has a lot of protection and control circuits compared to the traditional inverters.

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Government Polytechnic, Nandurbar

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
2021-22

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At this pleasing moment of having successfully completed our project on the topic
“ ”. We wish to convey our sincere thanks and gratitude to beloved
MR.S.M.PAWAR who permits us for this project.
It is a privilege for us to have been associated with our guide MR.S.M.PAWAR
[ H.O.D. of EE Department]. During a project work we have been greatly benefitted by their
valuable suggestions and ideas it is with a great pleasure that we express our deep sense of
gratitude to his for valuable guidance, constant encouragement patience throughout this
work. We also express our gratitude to for his constant encouragement, co-operation and
support. We are and also thankful to all teaching and non-teaching staff of Electrical
department who have contributed in their own way for making this project successfully.

We also thankful to our Friends who also help us in this project directly and/or
indirectly.
Finally we are also thankful to our parents to their blessing with us for succees

Name & Signature of students:

Name and roll no Signature………………….
Signature………………….
Signature………………….
Signature………………….
Signature………………….

Date:…………

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List of Table

Table no Name Page no

4.2 dfdfdsf 20

List of figure

Table no Name Page no

4.2 dfdfdsf 20

Abbreviation
R resistor
FET Field effect transistor

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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1. Introduction
1.1 why pwm used
1.2 Conventional Method
1.3 Adopted Method

2. Block Diagram
2.1 Schematic Outlay
2.2 Description

3. Power Supply
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Circuit Diagram
3.3 Description

4. Description of the circuit

4.1 Circuit diagram
4.2 Description

5. Component Description
5.1 Ic3524 Description
5.2 Ic7808 Description
5.3 Transistor 2N3055
5. 4 Transistor Bc337
5.5 Transistor Tip122
5.6 Diodes
5.7 Capacitor

6. PCB Layout

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7.Waveform

8 Conclusion

9.Reference

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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

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1.1 Introduction

An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current
(AC); the converted AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use of
appropriate transformers, switching, and control circuits. An inverter is essentially the
opposite of a rectifier. Static inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of
applications, from small switching power supplies in computers, to large electric utility high-
voltage direct current applications that transport bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to
supply AC power from DC sources such as solar panels or batteries. The electrical inverter is
a high-power electronic oscillator. It is so named because early mechanical AC to DC
converters were made to work in reverse, and thus were "inverted", to convert DC to
AC .Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of electric charge. Direct current is
produced by such sources as batteries, thermocouples, solar cells, an commutator. type
electric machines of the dynamo type. Direct current may flow in a conductor such as a wire,
but can also be through semiconductors, insulators, or even through a vacuum as in electron
or ion beams. The electric charge flows in a constant direction, distinguishing it from
alternating current (AC). A term formerly used for direct current was Galvanic current.

1.2 Why pwm used?

PWM or Pulse width Modulation is used to keep the output voltage of the inverter at the
rated voltage(110V AC / 220V AC) (depending on the country) irrespective of the output
load.In a conventional inverter the output voltage changes according to the changes in the
load.To nullify effect caused by the changing loads,the PWM inverter correct the output volt-
age according to the value of the load connected at the output.This is accomplished by chang-
ing the width of the switching frequency generated by the oscillator section. The AC voltage
at the output depend on the width of the switching pulse.The process is achieved by feed
backing a part of the inverter output to the PWM controller section (PWM controller
IC).Based on this feedback voltage the PWM controller will make necessary corrections in
the pulse width of the switching pulse generated at oscillator section.This change in the pulse

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width of the switching pulse will cancel the changes in the output voltage and the inverter
output will stay constant irrespective of the load variations.
1.3 Conventional Method

Silicon Carbide (SiC) BJT switch is attractive for inverters because it does not have the
thermal runaway and slow switching problems associated with Si BJTs. This paper
investigates the potentials of SiC BJT based PWM inverter for renewable energy resources.
The static and switching characteristics of SiC BJT are simulated using MATLAB.
Comparisons are carried out with a state-of-the-art Si IGBT with the emphasis on total
losses. The simulation results are verified with experimental data. It is found that SiC BJT
has much smaller conduction and switching losses than the Si IGBT. A prototype of
BITSiC1206 BJT inverter switched at 100 kHz has been developed by employing a novel
inverted sine carrier PWM technique. This method is compared with the conventional PWM
in terms of THD and switching losses. The proposed modulation technique is implemented
using a FPGA processor so that better resolution is achieved in the control of inverter output
voltage magnitude and it is verified experimentally.

1.4 Adopted Method

A novel solution for last generation power MOSFETs is proposed for the first time to reduce
commutation losses and easy the voltage and current control during hard switching
commutations. The proposed structure is easily applicable to any driver topology and it is
devoted to the realization of an hard-switched PWM inverter leg based on two power
mosfets. The bidirectional conduction capability of unipolar-channel-based power
components has been always considered ideal to reduce the conduction losses in inverter-leg
structure, particularly when the maximum mosfet conduction losses is less than the body-
diode one. Theoretical analysis and experimental results are given to prove the feasibility of
the proposed structure.

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Chapter 2
BLOCK DIAGRAM

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2.1 Block Diagram

Fig 2.1 b;ock diagram

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Fig 2.2 hfghgfhgfh

Some of the circuits used in the PWM inverter are explained below.
 Battery charging current sensor circuit
This circuit senses the charging current of the battery in order to keep the charging
current with in the rated value.A charging current lower or higher than the allowed
range can reduce battery life.

 Battery voltage sensing circuit

This circuit senses the battery voltage in order to charge the battery when the battery
is exhausted and to start trickle charging the battery when it is fully charged.

 AC mains sensing circuit

This circuit senses the availability of AC mains.When AC mains is available the in-

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verter will be in charging mode.When AC mains is not available the inverter will be
in battery mode.

 Low battery cut off circuit

This circuit shut downs the inverter when battery is exhausted.The inverter will be
started only after the battery is sufficiently.

 Change over circuit

Changeover circuit switches the inverter operation between charging mode and bat-
tery mode according to the availability of mains voltage.

 Overload sensing circuit

Over load monitors the output current of the inverter .If the output current increases
above the rated value ,it will send a signal to the Shut down circuit indicating that
there is an overload.

 Shut down circuit

Shutdown circuit closely monitors the inverter and shuts it down when any abnormal-
ity occurs.The out put from the various sensor circuits are the input to the inverter.

 PWM Controller circuit

PWM controller circuit regulate the output voltage of the inverter.Usually a single
PWM IC such are used for the purpose.The entire circuits needed for the PWM oper-
ation will be incorporated in such ICs.

 Battery charging circuit

Battery charging circuit controls the charging process of the battery.The output of AC
mains sensing circuit and Battery voltage sensor circuits are the inputs for the battery
charging circuit.

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 Oscillator circuit
Oscillator circuit generates the switching frequency.Generally the oscillator circuit
will be incorporated in the PWM IC itself.

 Driver circuit
Driver circuit drives the output section of the inverter according to the switching fre-
quency.Transistors or Specially designed driver ICs are employed in the driver cir-
cuit.The driver circuit is some what similar to a preamplifier.

 Output section
Output section drives the load.It consists of a step up transformer for stepping up the
battery voltage to the line voltage and an array of switching BJT devices for driving
the primary stepup transformer.The output voltage will be available at the secondary
of the step up transformer.

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Chapter 3
POWER SUPPLY

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3.1 DC power supply:

 An AC powered unregulated power supply usually uses a transformer to convert

the voltage from the wall outlet  (mains) to a different, nowadays usually lower,
voltage. If it is used to produce DC, a rectifier is used to convert alternating voltage
to a pulsating direct voltage, followed by a filter, comprising one or more capaci-
tors, resistors, and sometimes inductors, to filter out (smooth) most of the pulsation.
A small remaining unwanted alternating voltage component at mains or twice
mains power frequency (depending upon whether half- or full-wave rectification is
used)—ripple—is unavoidably superimposed on the direct output voltage.

 For purposes such as charging batteries the ripple is not a problem, and the sim-
plest unregulated mains-powered DC power supply circuit consists of a transformer
driving a single diode in series with a resistor.

 Before the introduction of solid-state electronics, equipment used valves (vacuum

tubes) which required high voltages; power supplies used step-up transformers, rec-
tifiers, and filters to generate one or more direct voltages of some hundreds of volts,
and a low alternating voltage for filaments. Only the most advanced equipment used
expensive and bulky regulated power supplies.

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3.2 Power supply circuit:

U1   LM7812 +12 VDC Voltage Regulator

BR1   4 amp bridge rectifier
T1   18 volt, 2 amp ac transformer
F1   2 amp slow-blow fuse
S1   SPST toggle switch
R1   330 ohm resistor
C1   3,000 uF electrolytic capacitor, 35 volt min.
C2   100 uF electrolytic capacitor, 35 volt min.
LED1   Light Emitting Diode
MISC.   fuse holder, heat sink for U1, binding posts, ac cord with plug, chassis

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Chapter 4
DESCRIPTION OF CIRCUIT

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4.1. Circuit diagram:

Fig: under the box with fig name

4.2 Working of the circuit:

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 Resistor R2 and capacitor C1 sets the frequency of the ICs internal oscillator. Preset
R1 can be used for fine tuning of the oscillator frequency. Pin 14 and pin 11 are the
emitter terminals of the internal driver transistor of the IC. The collector terminals of
the driver transistors (pin 13 and 12) are tied together and connected to the +8V rail
(output of the 7808). Two 50Hz pulse trains which are 180 degree out of phase are
available at pin 14 and 15 of the IC. These are the signals which drive the subsequent
transistor stages. When signal at pin 14 is high, transistor Q2 is switched on which in
turn makes transistor Q4, Q5, Q6 ON are current flows from the +12V source
(battery) connected at point a (marked with label a) through the upper half of the
transformer (T1) primary and sinks to ground through the transistors Q4, Q5 and Q6.
As a result a voltage is induced in the transformer secondary (due to electromagnetic
induction) and this voltage contributes to the upper half cycle of the 220V output
waveform. During this period pin 11 will be low and its succeeding stages will be
inactive. When 11 of the IC pin goes high Q3 gets switched ON and as result Q7, Q8
and Q9 will be also switched ON. Current flows from the +12V source (marked with
label a) through the lower half of the transformer primary and sinks to the ground
through transistors Q7, Q8, Q9 and the resultant voltage induced at the T2 secondary
contributes to the lower half cycle of the 220V output wave form.

 The output voltage regulation section of the inverter circuit works as follows. The
inverter output (output of T2) is tapped from point’s labelled b, c and supplied to the
primary of the transformer T2. The transformer T2 steps down this high voltage ,
bridge D5 rectifies it and this voltage ( will be proportional to the inverter’s output
voltage) is supplied to the pin1 (inverting input of the internal error amplifier of the
IC) through R8, R9, R16 and this voltage is compared with the internal reference
voltage. This error voltage will be proportional to the variation of the output voltage
from the desired value and the IC adjusts the duty cycle of the drive signals ( at pin 14
and 12) in order to bring back the output voltage to the desired value. Preset R9 can
be used for adjusting the inverters output voltage as it directly controls the amount of
voltage fed back from the inverter output to the error amplifier section.

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 IC2 and its associated components produce an 8V supply from the 12V source for
powering the IC and its related circuitries. Diodes D3 and D4 are freewheeling diodes
which protect the driver stage transistors from voltage spikes which are produced
when the transformer (T2) primaries are switched. R14 and R15 limit the base current
of Q4 and Q7 respectively. R12 and R13 are pulldown resistors for Q4 and Q7 which
prevents their accidental switch ON. C10 and C11 are meant for bypassing noise from
the inverter output. C8 is a filter capacitor for the voltage regulator IC 7808. R11
limits limits the current through the indicator LED D2.

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Chapter 5
COMPONENT DESRIPTION

5.1 IC 3524
SG3524 incorporates on a single monolithicchip all the function required for
theconstructionof regulating power suppies inverters or switching regulator

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They can also be used as the controlelement for high power-output applications. TheSG3524
family was designed for switching regulatorsof either polarity, transformer-coupled dcto-dc
converters, transformerless voltage doublersand polarity converter applicationsemploying
fixed-frequency, pulse-width modulationtechniques. The dual alternating outputs allows
either single-ended or push-pull applications.
Each device includes an on-ship reference, error amplifier, programmable oscillator, pulse-
steering flip flop, two uncommitted output transistors, a high-gaincomparatorandcurrent-
limitinganshut-downcircuitry.

5.2 Transistor 2N3055

The 2N3055 was designed for medium-current and high-power circuits. Commercially, it

was used in many linear power supplies, audio amplifiers and low frequency power convert-
ers. It was second sourced by other manufacturers; Texas Instruments listed a single-dif-

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fused mesa version of the device in an August 1967 datasheet.[7] One limitation was that its
frequency response was rather low (typically the unity-gain frequency was 1 MHz).
With changes to semiconductor manufacturing technology, the original process became eco-
nomically uncompetitive in the mid 1970s, and a similar device was created using epitax-
ial base technology.[1] The maximum voltage and current ratings of this device are the same
as the original, but it is not as immune from secondary breakdown; the power handling (safe
operating area) is limited at high voltage to a lower current than the original. [1] However, the
cut-off frequency is higher, allowing the newer type of 2N3055 to be more efficient at higher
frequencies. Also the higher frequency response has improved performance when used in au-
dio amplifiers.[1]
Although the original 2N3055 went into decline relative to epitaxial-base transistors because
of high manufacturing costs, the epitaxial-base version continued to be used in both linear
amplifiers and switching supplies.[1] Several versions of the 2N3055 remain in production; it
is used in audio power amplifiers delivering up to 40 W into an 8 ohm load[8] in a push–pull
output configuration.

5.3 IC 7808

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The 78xx (sometimes LM78xx) is a family of self-contained fixed linear voltage

regulator integrated circuits. The 78xx family is commonly used in electronic circuits
requiring a regulated power supply due to their ease-of-use and low cost. For ICs within the
family, the xx is replaced with two digits, indicating the output voltage (for example, the
7805 has a 5 volt output, while the 7812 produces 12 volts). The 78xx line are positive
voltage regulators: they produce a voltage that is positive relative to a common ground.
There is a related line of 79xx devices which are complementary negative voltage regulators.
78xx and 79xx ICs can be used in combination to provide positive and negative supply
voltages in the same circuit.
78xx ICs have three terminals and are commonly found in the TO220 form factor, although
smaller surface-mount and larger TO3 packages are available. These devices support an input
voltage anywhere from a couple of volts over the intended output voltage, up to a maximum
of 35 or 40 volts, and typically provide 1 or 1.5 amperes of current (though smaller or larger
packages may have a lower or higher current rating).

5.4 Rectifier

 Diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in a bridge circuit configuration

that provides the same polarity of output for either polarity of input. When used in its most

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common application, for conversion of an alternating current (AC) input into direct current a

(DC) output, it is known as a bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier provides full-wave
rectification from a two-wire AC input, resulting in lower cost and weight as compared to a
rectifier with a 3-wire input from a transformer with a center-tapped secondary winding.[1]
The essential feature of a diode bridge is that the polarity of the output is the same regardless
of the polarity at the input. The diode bridge circuit is also known as the Graetz circuit after
its inventor.

5 .5 Transistor bc337

Although smaller surface-mount and larger TO3 packages are available. These devices

support an input voltage anywhere from a couple of volts over the intended output voltage,

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up to a maximum of 35 or 40 volts, and typically provide 1 or 1.5 amperes of current (though

smaller or larger packages may have a lower or higher current rating).

5.6 Resistor

A resistor is passive two-terminal electrical component electrical resistance as a circuit

element. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the
resistor's terminals. Thus, the ratio of the voltage applied across a resistor's terminals to the
intensity of current through the circuit is called resistance. This relation is represented
by Ohm's law:

where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential difference
measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in
units of ohms. More specifically, Ohm's law states that the R in this relation is constant,
independent of the current. Resistors are common elements of electrical
networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical
resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made
of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome). Resistors are also implemented

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within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated

into hybrid and printed circuits.

5.7 Capacitor

A capacitor (originally known as condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical compo-

nentused to store energy in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely,
but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for ex-
ample, one common construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulat-
ing film. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical
devices.
When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric fieldde-
velops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative
charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is
characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of
the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them.
The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of conduc-
tor, hence capacitor conductors are often called "plates," referring to an early means of con-
struction. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage cur-
rent and also has an electric field strength limit, resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the
conductors and leads introduce an undesired inductance and resistance.

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5.8 Transistor tip 122

 The output pin from the IC will drive the base of a power transistor.
 The transistor I have specified to use is the TIP122. This transistor is described by the
Rapid Electronics catalogue as a “High Power silicon NPN transistor”.
 This transistor is rated at 5Amps, which means in theory at 12Volts you could power
60Watts worth of fans from this one circuit. This means several fans could be
connected across the output in parallel
 If more power is required a Tip141 transistor could be used, which is rated to a Max
of 10Amps (120 Watts at 12Volts)

The Tip122 transistor is supplied in a TO220 package, as illustrated below:

 

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Chapter 6
PCB LAYOUT

6.1 Circuit Diagram

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Fig: Pwm based inverter

6.2 PCB layout

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Fig: PCB of Pwm based inverter

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Chapter 7
WAVEFORM

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7.1 Waveform

Fig: Waveform of pwm inverter

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Chapter 8
CONCLUSION

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8.1 Conclusions:

Controlled power supply for electric drives is obtained usually by converting the mains ac
supply. A typical converter consists of power electronic circuits, employing switching
devices such as thyristors, transistors, GTOs, MOSFETSs, IGBTs and diodes as well as a
host of associated control and interfacing circuits. The conversion process allows fast control
of voltage, current or power to the motor via the gate circuits of the converter switches. In
this way, the required dynamic response requirements of high-performance ac motor drives
can be met.
This chapter provides a detailed survey of voltage-source PWM inverter drives with
emphasis on the modulators and control methods. The most common three-phase inverter
topology is that of a switch mode voltage source inverter. VS-inverters consist of two main
sections, a controller to set the operating frequency and a three-phase inverter to generate the
required sinusoidal three-phase voltage from a dc bus voltage.
The basic concepts of pulse width modulation are illustrated. PWM is the process of
modifying the width of the pulses in a pulse train in direct proportion to a small control
signal. The greater the control voltage, the wider the resulting pulses become. By using a
sinusoid of the desired frequency as control voltage for a PWM circuit, it is possible to
produce a high-power waveform whose average voltage varies sinusoidally in a manner
suitable for driving ac motors. Due to the significant flexibility in controlling the inverter
switches, a large number of switching algorithms were introduced and some of these have
gained wide acceptance and are fully developed.
Usually, the behavior of the power devices together with the reverse recovery diode is
described by ideal two-position switches. In practice, a dead-time interval is required to
prevent the “shoot-through” effect of a half-bridge during a change of the switching states.
Although the dead time is short, it causes deviations from the desired fundamental inverter
output voltage. Issues of the resulting phase voltage distortion due to the inverter non-
linearity as well as compensation methods are discussed in detail.

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REFERENCES

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[1] J. Richmond, S.-H. Ryu, M. Das, S. Krishnaswami, S. Hodge, Jr.,A. Agarwal, and J.
Palmour, ‚An overview of Cree silicon carbide power devices,‛ in Proc. Power Electron.

[2] A. K. Agarwal, S.-H. Ryu, J. Richmond, C. Capell, J. Palmour,S. Balachandran, T. P.

Chow, B. Geil, S. Bayne, C. Scozzie, and K. A. Jones, ‚Recent progress in SiC bipolar
junction transistors,‛ in Proc.Int. Symp. Power Semicond. Devices ICs, 2004, pp. 361–364.

[3] W.V. Muench and P. Hoeck, ‚Silicon carbide bipolar transistor‛,Solid-State Electronics,
1978,

[4] S. H. Ryu, A. K. Agarwal, R. Singh, and J. W. Palmour, ""1800 V NPN Bipolar Junction
Transistors in 4H-SiC"", IEEE Electron Device Letters, Vol. 22, pp.119 -120, March 2001.

[5] www.springerlink.com

[6] www.circui ttoday.com

[7] www.Electronic circuit.com

Government Polytechnic, Nandurbar (Dept of EE) Page 41