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Enzymes Slides

This document discusses enzymes, including their definition as protein catalysts, examples of enzyme reactions, and how they function according to the lock and key hypothesis. It explains that enzymes lower the activation energy of reactions and catalyze specific reactions through complementary binding of substrates to their active sites. The effects of temperature and pH on enzyme activity are also summarized, noting that enzymes work optimally within a range before becoming inactivated by heat or pH changes that alter their 3D structure.

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Saketh V
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434 views21 pages

Enzymes Slides

This document discusses enzymes, including their definition as protein catalysts, examples of enzyme reactions, and how they function according to the lock and key hypothesis. It explains that enzymes lower the activation energy of reactions and catalyze specific reactions through complementary binding of substrates to their active sites. The effects of temperature and pH on enzyme activity are also summarized, noting that enzymes work optimally within a range before becoming inactivated by heat or pH changes that alter their 3D structure.

Uploaded by

Saketh V
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=tI69A
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 Definitionof Enzymes
 Characteristics
 Examples of Enzyme Reactions
 Enzymes are protein in nature
 Function as biological catalysts
 Alter / speed up chemical reactions
 Remain chemically unchanged at the
end of reaction
Enzymes:
 Speed up chemical reactions
 Required in minute amounts
 Highly specific in their action
• Each chemical reaction inside a cell is catalyzed
only by one unique enzyme.
• Specificity due to its 3-dimensional shape
Digestion
 Starch + Amylase  Maltose
Location: pH:

 Proteins+ Trypsin  Polypeptide


Location: pH:

 Fats+ Lipase  Fatty acids + Glycerol


Location: pH:
 explain enzyme action in terms of the
‘lock and key’ hypothesis
 explain the mode of action of enzymes in
terms of an active site, enzyme-substrate
complex, lowering of activation energy
and enzyme specificity
 Activation energy = energy level that
reactants must overcome before a
reaction can occur
 Enzymes lower the activation energy
 Lock & Key Hypothesis:
• Explains enzymes specificity
• Reactions depend on enzymes’ active site
 Lock & Key Hypothesis:

1. Each enzyme has a specific 3D shape,


which contains an active site
substrate

active site

enzyme
2. Only substrates with a 3D shape
complementary to that of the active site
can fit into the enzyme
3. Forms enzyme-substrate complex

substrate binds to active site


of enzyme

enzyme-substrate complex
4. Chemical reaction occurs
5. Substrate converted into products

Chemical reaction occurs while


substrate is attached to the
enzyme
6. Products detach from enzyme’s active
site
7. Enzyme remains unchanged
products

Products leaving active site of


enzyme
 Change in 3D shape of enzyme’s active
site
 Irreversible 
 Substrate can no longer bind to enzyme’s
active site
 Causes:
• Heat
• Extreme pH
 investigate and explain the effects of
temperature on the rate of enzyme
catalysed reactions
 investigate and explain the effects of pH
on the rate of enzyme catalysed reactions
 Atlow temp: Enzymes are less active
(reversible state)
• Lower Kinetic Energy
• Low chance of collision between enzyme & substrate

 As temp increases,
KE increases &
more collisions happen

 Increaserate of formation
of enzyme-substrate complex
 Every 10oC increase in temperature
doubles reaction rate
 Up to the optimum temperature
 Optimum Temperature
• Point at which enzyme is “most active”;
• Highest KE  more effective collisions
• so most no of ESC formed
• Thus, the rate of reaction is the highest
 Mostenzymes’ optimum temperature is
around 36 – 45oC
 Beyond Optimum temperature:
• High heat
• Breaks bonds in structure of protein
• 3D shape of active site changes
• Enzyme starts to denature
• Lesser enzyme-substrate complex formed
• Lower rate of reaction
• Fewer products formed
Rate of reaction is the highest

As the temperature increase,


The rate of reaction decrease
As the temperature increase,
the rate of reaction also increase.

At Temperature D,
No enzyme activity.
At low Temperature Enzyme is denatured L

Inactivated
 Different enzymes have different
optimum pHs, at which they are most
active
 Extreme changes in pH denature the
enzyme and cause it to lose its function

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