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Quality and Quantity of Propositions PDF

Categorical propositions assert or deny that members of one category (subject term) are included in another category (predicate term). There are two qualities of propositions - affirmative or negative. There are also two quantities - universal if referring to all members of the subject class, or particular if not referring to all. The four types of categorical propositions are: All S are P (universal affirmative), No S are P (universal negative), Some S are P (particular affirmative), Some S are not P (particular negative).

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Muhammad Shahriyar
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129 views1 page

Quality and Quantity of Propositions PDF

Categorical propositions assert or deny that members of one category (subject term) are included in another category (predicate term). There are two qualities of propositions - affirmative or negative. There are also two quantities - universal if referring to all members of the subject class, or particular if not referring to all. The four types of categorical propositions are: All S are P (universal affirmative), No S are P (universal negative), Some S are P (particular affirmative), Some S are not P (particular negative).

Uploaded by

Muhammad Shahriyar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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In logic, a categorical proposition, or categorical statement, is a proposition that

asserts or denies that all or some of the members of one category (the subject term) are
included in another (the predicate term).

Quality

The two possible qualities are affirmative and negative:

S is/are P – affirmative

S is/are not P – negative

Quantity

If the proposition refers to all members of the subject class, it is universal. If the
proposition does not employ all members of the subject class, it is particular.

All S-P – universal

Some S-P – particular

Singular propositions are a special case of universal.

An important consideration is the definition of the word some. In logic, some refers to
“one or more” (“at least one”), which could mean “all”. Therefore, the statement
“Some S are P” does not guarantee that the statement "Some S are not P" is also true.

Quality and Quantity

If the subject category is named S and the predicate category is named P, the types of
categorical propositions are:

• A – All S are P.
• E – No S are P.
• I – Some S are P.
• O – Some S are not P.

Letters A, E, I, O are taken from the words AFFIRMO (I assert), and NEGO (I deny).

Name Statement - Quantity Quality


A All S are P. - universal affirmative
E No S are P. - universal negative
I Some S are P. - particular affirmative
O Some S are not P. - particular negative

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