Cellular Respiration

CELLULAR RESPIRATION:
Producing ATPs
DISCLAIMER:
Figures are courtesy of Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the topic, at least 80% of the students are able to:
 define cellular respiration;
 differentiate between aerobic, anaerobic respiration and fermentation;
 describe the structure of mitochondrion and its role in aerobic respiration;
 identify the stages of aerobic respiration and discuss the events occurring
in each stage;
 account for the ATPs produced in aerobic respiration and fermentation;

and
 cite some differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic aerobic

respiration in terms of ATP produced.
Concept 1:
Cellular respiration yields energy (ATP) by oxidizing organic
molecules
Concept 1:
Cellular respiration yields energy (ATP) by oxidizing organic
molecules
 catabolic reactions --- breakdown of complex molecules

into simpler ones to release stored energy
 aerobic respiration
 requires O2 as reactant
 anaerobic respiration
 use other reactants other than oxygen
 fermentation
 does not require oxygen
AEROBIC RESPIRATION:
Harvesting Energy With O2
Concept 2:
Aerobic pathway is the most efficient cellular respiration
 aerobic respiration is a step-by-step process

catalyzed by enzymes
 organic molecule (i.e. sugar) is oxidized to CO2
 oxygen is reduced to H2O
 electrons are transferred to electron carriers, i.e.

NAD+ and FAD
 oxygen is the final electron acceptor
Concept 2:
Aerobic pathway is the most efficient cellular respiration
 aerobic respiration is divided into 3 general stages

 Glycolyis
 Krebs cycle
 Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport

chain/chemiosmosis)
 substrate-level phosphorylation produces ATP by
transferring a phosphate group from a substrate to
ADP with the help of enzymes
 oxidative phosphorylation produces ATP by adding
inorganic phosphate to ADP using the energy from the
flow of electrons in the ETC
GLYCOLYSIS
Concept 3:
Glycolysis harvests ATP by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
 glyco (sugar) + lysis (splitting)

 occurring in the __________
Cytosol
 goal: glucose → pyruvate
 2 sub-phases
 energy investment phase

 energy payoff phase
ENERGY
INVESTMENT
PHASE
ENERGY
INVESTMENT
PHASE
ENERGY
PAYOFF
PHASE
ENERGY
PAYOFF
PHASE
In summary...
glucose + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+
2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 NADH

*net 2 ATP
More notes…
 Is CO2 produced in the process?
 NO
 Will glycolysis proceed in the absence of oxygen?

 YES
 What mechanism was used to produce ATP?

 SUBSTRATE-LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION
KREBS CYCLE
Concept 4:
Krebs cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of
organic molecules
 a.k.a citric acid cycle; tricarboxylic acid cycle

 occurring in the __________
matrix
 goal: pyruvate → CO2
 2 sub-stages
 pyruvate oxidation
 Krebs cycle proper
PYRUVATE
OXIDATION
In summary...
2 pyruvate + 2 ADP + 6 NAD+ + 2 FAD
6 CO2 + 2 ATP + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2

More notes…
 Is CO2 produced in the process?
 YES
 Will Krebs cycle proceed in the absence of oxygen?

◼ NO
 What mechanism was used to produce ATP?

 SUBSTRATE-LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN / CHEMIOSMOSIS
Concept 5:
During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron
transport to ATP synthesis
 Inner mitochondrial membrane

occurring in the ______________________
 involves protein complexes (I, II, III, IV) and ATP
synthase
 goal of ETC: create proton gradient
 goal of chemiosmosis: ATP synthesis
3i
In summary...
10 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 4 ADP + 6 O2
10 NAD+ + 2 FAD + 4 ATP + 6H2O
 1 NADH = 3 ATPs ; 10 NADH x 3 = 30 ATPs

 1 FADH2 = 2 ATPs ; 2 FADH x 2 = 4 ATPs
 glycolysis & citric acid cycle = 4 ATPs
TOTAL = 38 ATPs
FERMENTATION:
Harvesting Energy Without O2
Concept 6:
Fermentation enable cells to produce ATP without the use of
oxygen
 fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen
 goal: regenerate NAD+
 2 types
 alcohol fermentation: pyruvate → ethanol
 lactic acid fermentation: pyruvate → lactate
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
AND FERMENTATION:
A Comparison
CELLULAR RESPIRATION:
Producing ATPs
DISCLAIMER:
Figures are courtesy of Pearson Education, Inc.

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CELLULAR RESPIRATION:

 define cellular respiration;

 differentiate between aerobic, anaerobic respiration and fermentation;

 describe the structure of mitochondrion and its role in aerobic respiration;

 account for the ATPs produced in aerobic respiration and fermentation;

 cite some differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic aerobic

 catabolic reactions --- breakdown of complex molecules

 aerobic respiration is a step-by-step process

 electrons are transferred to electron carriers, i.e.

 aerobic respiration is divided into 3 general stages

 Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport

 glyco (sugar) + lysis (splitting)

 energy investment phase

glucose + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+

2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 NADH

 Will glycolysis proceed in the absence of oxygen?

 What mechanism was used to produce ATP?

 a.k.a citric acid cycle; tricarboxylic acid cycle

2 pyruvate + 2 ADP + 6 NAD+ + 2 FAD

6 CO2 + 2 ATP + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2

 Will Krebs cycle proceed in the absence of oxygen?

 What mechanism was used to produce ATP?

 Inner mitochondrial membrane

10 NAD+ + 2 FAD + 4 ATP + 6H2O

 1 NADH = 3 ATPs ; 10 NADH x 3 = 30 ATPs

 fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen

 goal: regenerate NAD+

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