Road Restraint Risk Assessment Process (RRRAP)

V3.1

User Guide
Issue 4

Task Reference: 565477

Project Sponsor: Phil Owen

Report Date: June 2020

The companies from the supply chain contributing to this report are:

• Mott MacDonald Ltd

• WSP

Issue and Revision Record

Rev Description
Trial Initial issue for trialling by external designers
Issue 1 rev 0 General update
Issue 1 Rev 1 Abbreviations and Definitions added
Fig 1-1 updated to remove ref to HA database.
Para 1.9 general comment re Error messages added.
Para 5.2.5 and 5.2.6 relating to culverts and large bodies of water added.
Para 5.3.3 and figs 5.3.3 (a), (b), and (c) relating to earthworks having multiple gradients added.
Para 5.9.1 added guidance on min length of VRS to prevent direct impact with end of parapet, subsequent
Paras renumbered.
Additional guidance on Point of no Recovery added including new figs Figs 5.14 (c) and 15(c), old figs
renumbered accordingly.
Para 5.17.2 added note re verges.
Issue 1 Rev 2 Precis of what the RRRAP covers and does not cover added
Error messages – further information added
Further information and guidance on the following
8.8.1 Comms cabinets and equipment to allow for maintenance workers;
8.9.1 Crib walls and smooth faced walls
8.10.5 how parapet risk calculated; 8.10.7 specifying parapet working width,
8.10.8 pedestrian restraints; 8.10.9 ref to IAN 91, Structural Collision Loading and Collapse
8.12.1 Utility poles with stays; 8.12.2 Pylons and need to consider implication of pylon or cables falling
8.15.5 and 8.16.4 If H1 or H4a required on embankment
8.16.5 Slip roads in the vicinity of nosings;
Issue 2 Rev 0 Feedback: contact details changed.
Error messages – further information added.
Helps: and guidance relating to offset from Psb altered; additional guidance given on AADT for link and slip
roads.
Fig 1-2 Basic Features of the RRRAP spreadsheet and their significance – blue cell which is returned for
some hazards in the Collation of Data together with a description (referring user to TD 19 or RRRAP
Guidance Manual) added.
Chainage: additional guidance how RRRAP handles chainage given.
Hazard in front of safety barrier: guidance given
Hardshoulder width: guidance on inputs given

500 Drainage: added help for Culvert entry

600 Earthworks: helps and guidance modified to accord with falling/rising nomenclature; critical height
criteria and input requirements clarified and examples given; guidance and help on multiple slopes
clarified; guidance on retaining walls supporting an embankment added;
1200 Traffic Signs and Signals and 1500 Motorway Comms: helps updated including with references to
collision loading and designs to BD 51 added, also need to TAA approval or TD 19 requirements to be
followed; help giving definition of a small post and reference to EN 12767 National Annexe; better help on
set-back requirements added; guidance relating to Tolerable results deleted as no longer required;
additional guidance on passively safe signs and gantries; drop downs for signs and gantries expanded;
added guidance section on steps and handrails; additional guidance on maintenance workers.
1600 Retaining Walls: added reference to ISL levels for vertical walls.
1700-400 Structures and Parapets: updated help diagrams and examples of inputs and outputs; added
note about how RRRAP calculates parapet risk; added text relating to cost of low working width parapets;
the need to ensure that pedestrian restraints to not interfere with action of parapets; added a reference
and Help related to EN 1991-1-7 Actions on Structures: Accidental Actions.
2500 Special Structures: added section on Police Ramps; added guidance on environmental barriers.
OHs - Poles and Pylons: added to guidance on utility poles and pylons and need to consider potential
consequences if brought down.
OHs - Trees: added guidance on measuring girth of a tree.
OHs - Water: clarified help on determining point of no recovery and new help added.
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 OHs - Railways: added guidance on likelihood of hazard being reached; clarified and simplified helps
especially relating to point of no recovery where adjacent to road;
OH’s - Roads: added guidance on likelihood of hazard being reached; clarified and simplified helps
especially relating to point of no recovery where adjacent to road;
Collation of Hazards, Detailed Results: updated screenshots; procedure help minor clarification to
wording. Set-back and Barrier Types & Containment Levels helps updated.
Options testing: improved help; deletion of sections that no longer apply.
Barrier and Option Costs: improved and corrected guidance and figures used.
Appendix 4-1: updated to accord with latest MCHW Notes for Guidance template.
Saving and retaining a copy of the RRRAP: new paragraph added.
Issue 3 Rev 0 Updated and amended all sections, diagrams and examples to reflect the introduction of the web based
RRRAP.
Precis of what the RRRAP covers and does not cover added.
New section added ‘Records’.
Section ‘Point of Entry worksheet’ revised to ‘Record Status’ – all content updated for website.
Section ‘Data Entry- Basic (Common) Details’ revised to ‘Data Entry - Common Details’ – all content
updated for website.
AADT and speed limit factors clarified.
Error messages – further information added.
Section 2.7 – blue cell which is returned for some hazards in the Collation of Data together with a
description (referring user appropriate documentation) added.
Definition of Point of No Recovery (PNR) clarified and distances from Psb for PNR for adjacent road (8.16),
railways (8.15, 8.10) and water hazards (8.14) altered; guidance and examples updated accordingly.
Helps and guidance added / changed / improved throughout the document
Issue 4 Rev 0 Updated to reflect the introduction of CD 377 and other related new standards.

This document is issued for the party which commissioned We accept no responsibility for the consequences of this
it and for specific purposes connected with the above- document being relied upon by any other party, or being
captioned project only. It should not be relied upon by any used for any other purpose, or containing any error or
other party or used for any other purpose omission which is due to an error or omission in data
supplied to us by other parties
This document contains confidential information and
proprietary intellectual property. It should not be shown to
other parties without consent from us and from the party
which commissioned it.

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List of Contents

1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Scope ............................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 A précis of what the RRRAP covers and does not cover .................................................... 1
1.2.1 The RRRAP covers ............................................................................................................ 1
1.2.1.1 Road type, speed and AADT ............................................................................................. 1
1.2.1.2 Temporary VRS ................................................................................................................ 1
1.2.1.3 Gantries and Railway parapets ......................................................................................... 2
1.2.2 Inappropriate Circumstances ........................................................................................... 2
1.2.2.1 Central reserves ............................................................................................................... 2
1.2.2.2 Roundabouts and junction areas ...................................................................................... 2
1.2.2.3 Laybys and Emergency Areas (EA) .................................................................................... 2
1.2.3 The RRRAP does not cover provision of the following ....................................................... 3
1.3 Feedback ......................................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Abbreviations and Definitions .......................................................................................... 3
2 Overview of the RRRAP ......................................................................................... 5
2.1 Software used and Version number of the RRRAP ............................................................ 5
2.2 Accessing and using the RRRAP web application............................................................... 5
2.2.1 GDPR ............................................................................................................................... 6
2.2.2 Resetting your password .................................................................................................. 6
2.3 A Quick Guide to getting started with RRRAP ................................................................... 7
2.4 Key areas of the RRRAP web application .......................................................................... 8
2.4.1 Home Page....................................................................................................................... 8
2.4.2 Records Page ................................................................................................................... 8
2.4.3 Create New Record .......................................................................................................... 8
2.4.4 Current Open Record ....................................................................................................... 8
2.4.5 Help ................................................................................................................................. 8
2.4.6 My Account ...................................................................................................................... 8
2.4.7 Feedback ......................................................................................................................... 9
2.4.8 Logout ............................................................................................................................. 9
2.4.9 Navigation........................................................................................................................ 9
2.4.10 Common features on summary tables – paging and ordering ......................................... 10
2.4.11 Data Entry ...................................................................................................................... 11

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2.4.12 RRRAP Online Help......................................................................................................... 12
2.5 Arrangement of pages within an open RRRAP record ..................................................... 13
2.6 How Permanent Hazards have been Categorized within the Various Worksheets ........... 15
2.7 Colour coding of results on Collation page...................................................................... 15
2.8 Temporary Hazards and Calculation of Risk and Benefit Cost for Temporary VRS ........... 16
2.9 How the RRRAP works.................................................................................................... 16
2.9.1 Risk ................................................................................................................................ 16
2.9.2 Likelihood ...................................................................................................................... 16
2.9.3 Consequences ................................................................................................................ 16
2.9.4 Total risk ........................................................................................................................ 17
2.9.5 Thresholds used ............................................................................................................. 17
2.10 Error and Warning messages .......................................................................................... 20
2.10.1 Data Entry ...................................................................................................................... 20
2.10.2 Record / Hazard Import .................................................................................................. 20
2.10.3 Calculating Risk .............................................................................................................. 22
2.10.3.1 Error Messages – Common Details ................................................................................. 22
2.10.3.2 Error Messages – Full Chainage Definition ...................................................................... 22
2.10.3.3 Error Messages – Hazard Categories .............................................................................. 23
2.10.3.4 Error Messages – Hazards .............................................................................................. 23
2.10.3.5 Warning Messages ......................................................................................................... 23
2.10.3.6 Tall Hazards.................................................................................................................... 24
2.10.4 Hazard located too close to barrier ................................................................................ 24
2.10.5 Hazard located in front of barrier ................................................................................... 25
2.10.6 Hazards where alternative VRS working width is available.............................................. 27
2.10.7 Connection Problems ..................................................................................................... 28
2.10.8 Web Application Error .................................................................................................... 29
2.11 Relaxations and Departures from Standard .................................................................... 29
3 Records ............................................................................................................... 31
3.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................... 31
3.2 Organisation records ...................................................................................................... 31
3.3 Record Locks and Read-Only Records ............................................................................. 32
3.4 Take Ownership ............................................................................................................. 32
3.5 Copy Record................................................................................................................... 32
3.6 Delete Record ................................................................................................................ 33
3.7 Create New Record ........................................................................................................ 33

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3.7.1 Create Record Notes ...................................................................................................... 34
3.8 Import RRRAP Record .................................................................................................... 34
4 Record Status ...................................................................................................... 35
4.1 Record Last Updated ...................................................................................................... 35
4.2 RRRAP Record – Declarations ......................................................................................... 36
4.3 Record Status Page ........................................................................................................ 36
4.4 RRRAP Record Export ..................................................................................................... 36
5 Data Entry - Common Details .............................................................................. 38
5.1 Basic Details ................................................................................................................... 39
5.2 Reason for Design .......................................................................................................... 39
5.3 Section Details ............................................................................................................... 40
5.4 Section Details - Chainage .............................................................................................. 41
5.5 Section Details – Hard shoulder width ............................................................................ 42
5.5.1 Motorways..................................................................................................................... 42
5.5.2 Smart Motorways .......................................................................................................... 42
5.5.3 All Purpose Roads .......................................................................................................... 43
5.5.4 Slip and Link Roads......................................................................................................... 43
5.5.5 All cases ......................................................................................................................... 43
5.6 Section Details - Environmental Considerations.............................................................. 43
5.7 Traffic Information and Scheme Duration ....................................................................... 44
5.7.1 AADT, LGV and MGV ...................................................................................................... 44
5.8 Scheme Duration & Barrier Costs ................................................................................... 44
5.9 Common Details Import from CSV (previously exported from Web Version of RRRAP) ... 46
6 Barrier Option Costs ............................................................................................ 47
6.1 Default Costs.................................................................................................................. 48
7 Data Entry - Hazards Overview ............................................................................ 50
7.1 Edit Category Configuration ........................................................................................... 51
7.2 Hazard Categories .......................................................................................................... 52
7.2.1 Within Highway Hazards ................................................................................................ 52
7.2.2 Hazards where Others could be affected ........................................................................ 52
7.3 Hazard Data Entry Completed ........................................................................................ 53
7.4 Saving a Copy ................................................................................................................. 53
7.5 Upper and lower limits to the number of hazards .......................................................... 53
8 Data Entry - Detailed Data on each Hazard .......................................................... 54
8.1 General Notes ................................................................................................................ 54
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8.1.1 Unique ID reference number.......................................................................................... 54
8.1.2 Aggressiveness ............................................................................................................... 54
8.1.3 Dimensions .................................................................................................................... 54
8.1.4 Hazard Data Entry Pages ................................................................................................ 54
8.1.5 Hazard Copy................................................................................................................... 55
8.1.6 Saving Hazards ............................................................................................................... 55
8.1.7 Drop down listings and Helps ......................................................................................... 57
8.1.8 What to do if an existing hazard lies in front of the normal VRS location ........................ 58
8.1.9 Hazard Import from CSV (CSV exported from Web Version of the RRRAP) ...................... 58
8.1.10 Hazard Import from CSV (CSV generated from the RRRAP v1.3 Excel Spreadsheet) ........ 59
8.2 Hard shoulder and Verge widths .................................................................................... 60
8.2.1 Substandard verges........................................................................................................ 62
8.3 300 Fencing and 500 Drainage ....................................................................................... 63
8.3.1 Checking VRS requirement when fenceline / hazard offset changes significantly ............ 64
8.3.2 Drainage item at angle to the carriageway ..................................................................... 64
8.3.3 Data entry for culverts ................................................................................................... 65
8.3.4 Data entry for larger bodies of water, e.g. river, lake, lagoon, etc. .................................. 65
8.4 600 Earthworks .............................................................................................................. 66
8.4.1 Length of profile............................................................................................................. 67
8.4.2 Earthworks - Splitting into sections, Slope Gradient and Critical Height .......................... 69
8.4.3 Viaduct – Parapet and Earthworks Input ........................................................................ 70
8.4.4 Splayed Wingwall – Parapet and Earthworks Input ......................................................... 70
8.4.5 Parallel Wingwall – Parapet and Earthworks Input ......................................................... 71
8.4.6 Parallel Wingwall – Parapet and At-Grade Earthworks Input .......................................... 71
8.4.7 Dealing with lengths that are nominally at-grade ........................................................... 72
8.4.8 Critical height of slope.................................................................................................... 72
8.4.9 Earthworks profile having multiple slope gradients ........................................................ 74
8.4.10 Strengthened Slopes ...................................................................................................... 76
8.4.11 Retaining walls supporting an embankment or sidelong ground ..................................... 76
8.5 1100 Kerbs ..................................................................................................................... 77
8.6 1200 Traffic Signs and Signals ......................................................................................... 78
8.6.1 Gantries ......................................................................................................................... 79
8.6.2 Use of Passively Safe Supports for signs or Gantries ....................................................... 79
8.6.3 Results for Gantries ........................................................................................................ 80
8.6.4 Standard Posts with widened base section for housing electrical equipment.................. 81

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8.7 1300 Lighting Columns ................................................................................................... 82
8.7.1 High Masts ..................................................................................................................... 82
8.7.2 Spacing of columns ........................................................................................................ 82
8.7.3 Passively safe columns ................................................................................................... 83
8.8 1500 Motorway Communications ........................................................................... 84
8.8.1 Results for Comms Cabinets and Equipment .................................................................. 86
8.8.2 Results for Gantries ........................................................................................................ 86
8.8.3 Steps .............................................................................................................................. 86
8.9 1600 Retaining Walls...................................................................................................... 87
8.9.1 Smooth Face Walls ......................................................................................................... 88
8.10 1700 - 400 Structures and Parapets ................................................................................ 89
8.10.1 Minimum length of VRS to prevent direct impact with approach end of parapet ............ 91
8.10.2 Selecting protected road or railway hazard Id ................................................................ 91
8.10.3 Minimum length of VRS at overbridges with piers adjacent abutments .......................... 92
8.10.4 Guidance on inputting data for Parapets ........................................................................ 93
8.10.5 Parapet details on a Viaduct or other long structure ...................................................... 96
8.10.6 Note about how the RRRAP calculates Parapet risk ........................................................ 97
8.10.7 Parapet Working Width.................................................................................................. 97
8.10.8 Pedestrian Restraints ..................................................................................................... 98
8.10.9 Structural Collision Loading and Collapse ....................................................................... 98
8.10.10 Example layout and corresponding inputs for Earthworks, Parapet and Road and Rail ... 99
8.11 2500 Special Structures ................................................................................................ 107
8.11.1 Reinforced soil slopes................................................................................................... 107
8.11.2 Police Access Ramps .................................................................................................... 108
8.11.3 Environmental Barrier .................................................................................................. 109
8.12 Poles or Pylons ............................................................................................................. 110
8.12.1 Utility Poles .................................................................................................................. 110
8.12.2 Pylons .......................................................................................................................... 111
8.13 Trees ............................................................................................................................ 112
8.14 Water .......................................................................................................................... 113
8.14.1 Point of No Recovery for Adjacent Water situations ..................................................... 113
8.15 Other Hazards – Railways ............................................................................................. 114
8.15.1 Likelihood of reaching the hazard ................................................................................. 115
8.15.2 Examples of ‘Point of No Recovery’ .............................................................................. 121
8.15.3 CD 377 requirements and DfT assessments relating to Railways ................................... 122

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8.15.4 Additional note regarding parallel road / rail situations ................................................ 122
8.15.5 If H1 or H4a containment is required on embankments................................................ 122
8.16 Other Hazards – Roads ................................................................................................. 123
8.16.1 Point of no recovery for adjacent road situation........................................................... 127
8.16.2 Likelihood of reaching the hazard ................................................................................. 128
8.16.3 Note regarding parallel road situations ........................................................................ 129
8.16.4 If H1 or H4a containment is required on embankments................................................ 129
8.16.5 Slip Roads in the vicinity of Nosings .............................................................................. 129
8.17 Other Hazards Buildings and also Other Hazards – Chemical or Fuel ............................. 131
9 Collation of Data on Hazards, Calculation of Risk and Detailed Results .............. 132
9.1 Hazard Collation........................................................................................................... 132
9.2 Overview of Collation of Data on Hazards .................................................................... 133
9.3 View and Edit Hazards .................................................................................................. 134
9.4 Calculation of Risk ........................................................................................................ 136
9.4.1 Procedure Help ............................................................................................................ 136
9.4.2 Risk Calculation Issues .................................................................................................. 138
9.4.3 Risk Calculation Results ................................................................................................ 139
9.5 Generating Detailed Results ......................................................................................... 142
9.5.1 Comparing Detailed Results ......................................................................................... 143
9.5.2 Detailed Results Report ................................................................................................ 143
9.5.3 Example of Detailed Results output on a single carriageway......................................... 145
9.6 Hazard Groupings......................................................................................................... 146
9.6.1 Hazards with Secondary Knock-on effect ...................................................................... 146
9.7 Snapshot Report .......................................................................................................... 146
9.8 Calculation of Risk – Option Testing and Selection ........................................................ 148
10 The Designer must Check and Ensure ................................................................ 149
11 VRS Summary .................................................................................................... 150
11.1 Assessment of Results .................................................................................................. 150
11.2 VRS Summary Report ................................................................................................... 151
11.3 Full Report ................................................................................................................... 151
12 Restraint Summary (Specification Appendix 4/1)............................................... 152
12.1 Generating the Restraint Summary Report ................................................................... 152
13 Temporary Hazards ........................................................................................... 153
14 Saving and retaining a copy of the RRRAP ......................................................... 158

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List of Figures

Figure 2-1 RRRAP Login Page ............................................................................................................. 6

Figure 2-2 Password Reset request page............................................................................................ 6
Figure 2-3 Password Reset page ........................................................................................................ 7
Figure 2-4 Web application navigation............................................................................................... 9
Figure 2-5 Summary table that is paged and can be sorted .............................................................. 10
Figure 2-6 Web application data entry ............................................................................................. 11
Figure 2-7 Data Entry Validation Warning ........................................................................................ 12
Figure 2-8 Open RRRAP Record and available sub-tabs .................................................................... 13
Figure 2-9 Overview of the RRRAP ................................................................................................... 14
Figure 2-10 Relationship between Offset of Hazard and VRS, and length of VRS .............................. 17
Figure 2-11 Positional information required by RRRAP in order to calculate VRS requirements ........ 18
Figure 2-12 Influence of rate of convergence / divergence of hazard to Psb on VRS requirement
calculation ................................................................................................................................ 19
Figure 2-13 Data Entry Warning Message ........................................................................................ 20
Figure 2-14 Invalid Hazard after Import indicator............................................................................. 21
Figure 2-15 Hazard located too close to barrier warning on Collation page ...................................... 24
Figure 2-16 Hazard located too close to barrier warning on view hazard page ................................. 25
Figure 2-17 Hazard located in front of barrier on Collation page ...................................................... 26
Figure 2-18 Hazard with VRS working width highlight ...................................................................... 27
Figure 2-19 Accept Working Widths ................................................................................................. 27
Figure 2-20 Hazard with VRS working width accepted highlight ....................................................... 28
Figure 2-21 Connection Issue ........................................................................................................... 29
Figure 2-22 Web Application Error ................................................................................................... 29
Figure 2-23 Relaxation / Departure required ................................................................................... 30
Figure 3-1 Records tab ..................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 4-1 Record Status tab ............................................................................................................ 35
Figure 5-1 Common Details tab ....................................................................................................... 38
Figure 5-2 Common Details – Basic Details ...................................................................................... 39
Figure 5-3 Common Details – Reason for Design .............................................................................. 40
Figure 5-4 Common Details – Section Details ................................................................................... 41
Figure 5-5 Section Details – Hard shoulder width ............................................................................. 42
Figure 5-6 Common Details – Traffic Information............................................................................. 44
Figure 5-7 Common Details – Scheme Duration & Barrier Costs ....................................................... 45
Figure 5-8 Scheme Duration & Barrier Costs – Non-default lifetime and discount rate ..................... 45
Figure 5-9 Common Details – Non-default safety barrier and parapet costs ..................................... 45
Figure 5-10 Importing a common details CSV file ............................................................................. 46
Figure 6-1 Create Barrier Option Cost page ...................................................................................... 47
Figure 7-1 Hazards Overview ........................................................................................................... 50
Figure 7-2 Edit Category Configuration ............................................................................................ 51
Figure 8-1 Fencing Hazard Data Entry Summary Page ...................................................................... 55
Figure 8-2 Using ‘Save and Next’ when entering hazard data ........................................................... 56
Figure 8-3 Common Hazard Fields ................................................................................................... 57
Figure 8-4 Enter Hard shoulder / hardstrip width and Verge width details ....................................... 62
Figure 8-5 Fencing and Drainage data entry ..................................................................................... 63
Figure 8-6 Drainage item that is at an angle to the carriageway ....................................................... 64
Figure 8-7 Input details for different culvert configurations ............................................................. 65
Figure 8-8 Earthwork data entry ...................................................................................................... 66

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Figure 8-9 Earthwork data entry – non-editable fields ..................................................................... 66
Figure 8-10 Length of Earthwork...................................................................................................... 68
Figure 8-11 Earthworks - Splitting into sections and nomenclature .................................................. 69
Figure 8-12 Earthworks – Slope Gradient and Critical Height............................................................ 69
Figure 8-13 Viaduct – Parapet and Earthworks Input ....................................................................... 70
Figure 8-14 Splayed Wingwall – Parapet and Earthworks Input ........................................................ 70
Figure 8-15 Parallel Wingwall – Parapet and Earthworks Input ........................................................ 71
Figure 8-16 Parallel Wingwall – Parapet and At-Grade Earthworks Input ......................................... 71
Figure 8-17 Multiple Slopes ............................................................................................................. 75
Figure 8-18 Kerbs and Edge of Pavement Details ............................................................................. 77
Figure 8-19 Traffic Signs and Signals data entry ............................................................................... 78
Figure 8-20 Typical outputs for gantries and MS3/MS4 signs, and gantries ...................................... 80
Figure 8-21 Requirements at Gantries ............................................................................................. 80
Figure 8-22 Passively Safe and Small Posts help ............................................................................... 81
Figure 8-23 Road Lighting Columns data entry ................................................................................. 82
Figure 8-24 Motorway Communications (above ground) data entry ................................................ 85
Figure 8-25 Retaining Walls data entry ............................................................................................ 87
Figure 8-26 Crib Wall ....................................................................................................................... 88
Figure 8-27 Gabion Wall .................................................................................................................. 88
Figure 8-28 Structures and Parapets data entry ............................................................................... 90
Figure 8-29 Parapets data entry and road/rail hazard protected ID .................................................. 92
Figure 8-30 Parapet, Earthworks and Railway Inputs at Underbridge with Parallel Wingwalls (Road
Inputs broadly similar) .............................................................................................................. 93
Figure 8-31 Parapet, Earthworks and Road Inputs at Underbridge with Splayed Wingwalls (Railway
input broadly similar) ............................................................................................................... 94
Figure 8-32 Parapet, Earthworks and Road Inputs at Underbridge when road is at-grade (Railway
input broadly similar) ............................................................................................................... 95
Figure 8-33 Parapet, Earthworks and Road/Rail inputs on a Viaduct or other long structure ............ 96
Figure 8-34 Adjacent Road crossing at-grade and or at around 90 degrees ...................................... 99
Figure 8-35 Adjacent Road crossing under the road ....................................................................... 100
Figure 8-36 Adjacent Railway crossing under Road ........................................................................ 102
Figure 8-37 Adjacent Railway and Road crossing under Viaduct ..................................................... 103
Figure 8-38 Extract from Collation of Data relating to the situations shown in the previous examples
............................................................................................................................................... 105
Figure 8-39 Extract from VRS Summary relating to the situations shown in the previous examples 106
Figure 8-40 Special Structures data entry....................................................................................... 107
Figure 8-41 Strengthened Slopes ................................................................................................... 108
Figure 8-42 Police Access Ramps ................................................................................................... 108
Figure 8-43 Environmental Barrier example ................................................................................... 109
Figure 8-44 Telegraph Poles / Pylons data entry ............................................................................ 110
Figure 8-45 Trees details................................................................................................................ 112
Figure 8-46 Water data entry......................................................................................................... 113
Figure 8-47 Point of No Recovery for Adjacent Water situation ..................................................... 113
Figure 8-48 Record data entry ....................................................................................................... 114
Figure 8-49 Viaduct with Railway and Road crossing under the Road ............................................. 116
Figure 8-50 Railway crossing under Road at structure with parallel wingwalls................................ 117
Figure 8-51 Railway crossing under Road at structure with splayed wingwalls ............................... 118
Figure 8-52 Railway crossing under Road where at-grade and or at 90 degrees ............................. 118
Figure 8-53 Offset and Point of No Recovery for Adjacent Rail for Various Typical Scenarios .......... 119
Figure 8-54 Point of No Recovery for Parallel Road/ Rail situation ................................................. 120
Figure 8-55 Road data entry .......................................................................................................... 123
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Figure 8-56 Viaduct with Road and Railway crossing under the Road ............................................. 124
Figure 8-57 Road crossing under Road at structure with parallel wingwalls.................................... 125
Figure 8-58 Road crossing under Road at structure with splayed wingwalls ................................... 126
Figure 8-59 Road crossing under Road where at-grade and or at 90 degrees ................................. 126
Figure 8-60 Offset and Point of No Recovery for Adjacent Road for Various Typical Cross-Section
Scenarios ................................................................................................................................ 127
Figure 8-61 Point of No Recovery for Parallel Road situation - Typical plan .................................... 128
Figure 8-62 Adjacent Road Hazard Marking ................................................................................... 129
Figure 8-63 When a Slip Road is viewed as a Hazard, and when it isn’t. ......................................... 130
Figure 8-64 Building data entry ...................................................................................................... 131
Figure 9-1 Collation & Reports page .............................................................................................. 132
Figure 9-2 Collation & Reports page before calculating risk............................................................ 133
Figure 9-3 Edit a hazard via the ‘Collation and Report’ page........................................................... 135
Figure 9-4 Risk Calculation Issues page .......................................................................................... 139
Figure 9-5 Hazards and their protection requirements................................................................... 140
Figure 9-6 Typical output for Sign on Gantry .................................................................................. 140
Figure 9-7 Risk results for Police Ramps and Crib Walls .................................................................. 141
Figure 9-8 Risk results for Public Building ....................................................................................... 141
Figure 9-9 Risk result for Public Building hazard after changing barrier containment ..................... 142
Figure 9-10 Generating Detailed Results for a hazard..................................................................... 142
Figure 9-11 Public Building hazard detailed result with default N2 barrier containment................. 143
Figure 9-12 Public Building hazard detailed result with altered H1 barrier containment................. 144
Figure 9-13 Parapet hazard detailed result .................................................................................... 144
Figure 9-14 Detailed results for a hazard on a single carriageway .................................................. 145
Figure 9-15 Hazard with secondary knock-on effect ....................................................................... 146
Figure 9-16 Snapshot Report page ................................................................................................. 147
Figure 9-17 Viewing a hazards details from the Collation & Results page ....................................... 148
Figure 11-1 VRS Summary page ..................................................................................................... 150
Figure 12-1 Appendix 4-1 Restraint Summary ................................................................................ 152
Figure 13-1 Temporary Works ....................................................................................................... 153
Figure 13-2 Temporary Works Questions ....................................................................................... 153
Figure 13-3 Temporary Works details (1) ....................................................................................... 156
Figure 13-4 Temporary Works details (2) ....................................................................................... 157
Figure 13-5 Temporary Works details (3) ....................................................................................... 157
Figure 13-6 Temporary Works report export.................................................................................. 158

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1 Introduction
1.1 Scope

This manual is intended to provide guidance and help to enable the Designer to navigate through the
RRRAP in an efficient and effective way, so that appropriate decisions regarding provision of Vehicle
Restraint Systems are made and documented. The guidance will also give the Designer a basic
understanding of the mechanics of the RRRAP and how altering parameters such as location of
hazard and VRS, length of VRS, etc affect the risk and benefit cost levels.

This manual is to be read in conjunction with CD 377 which contains some mandatory requirements
and, in Chapter 2, general requirements and guidance on Risk and its Mitigation.

A list of abbreviations and definitions can be found in 1.4.

1.2 A précis of what the RRRAP covers and does not cover

1.2.1 The RRRAP covers

The RRRAP covers and enables an assessment to be made, based on risk, as to whether a vehicle
restraint system (VRS) is warranted to prevent the occupants of an errant vehicle from hitting near
side or offside hazards and the length of need in advance in the following situations.

1.2.1.1 Road type, speed and AADT

RRRAP supports Motorways, All Purpose Roads and Other Classified Roads having a speed limit of 50
mph or greater and AADT of 5,000 or greater in the following situations:
• Motorways
o Motorway (D2M, D3M, D4M)– near side (N/S) verge and off-side (O/S) but only
where central reserve is wider than 10 m.
o Motorway Slips and Link Roads – N/S and O/S verges
o Smart Motorway modules covering D3M-HSR, D4M-HSR, D5M-HSR and D4M-ALR,
D5M-ALR.
• All Purpose Roads and Expressways (D2AP, D3AP, D2-E, D3-E and single) - N/S verge and O/S
but, on dual carriageways, O/S only where central reserve is wider than 10 m.
• Other Classified Roads (D2, D3, Single) - N/S verge and O/S but, on dual carriageways, O/S
only where central reserve is wider than 10 m.
• For single carriageways the RRRAP calculates need for and the length of VRS beyond the
hazard as well as that in advance.

Guidance is given in CD 377 Appendix A on how designers might deal with roads that are low flow
(i.e. < 5,000 AADT) and or low speed (i.e. < 50 mph).

1.2.1.2 Temporary VRS

Temporary VRS requirements are covered in a different way to permanent hazards. The RRRAP
contains a specific section for Temporary VRS requirements in which designers are required to
complete a series of standard questions relating to the temporary circumstances. This allows the
design thought process to be formally documented and recorded in a consistent manner.

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The RRRAP calculation process is based on permanent situations and, although the RRRAP can be
used as a guide to the temporary requirements in some circumstances, due to the wide variety of
situations, scenarios and durations of deployment the RRRAP, it will only be a guide.

1.2.1.3 Gantries and Railway parapets

The RRRAP will give an indication only of the requirements for VRS provision at gantries and at
Railway parapets. For gantries reference must be made to CD 377 section 3 and CD 365.
For railway parapets reference must be made to section 4 of CD 377 to confirm the containment
level requirements.

1.2.2 Inappropriate Circumstances

The RRRAP does not allow or may not be appropriate for a direct assessment for the following
circumstances.

In such circumstance’s designers should use the Hazard ‘Comment’ field to describe the process they
have gone through in determining the provision of VRS and their conclusions.

1.2.2.1 Central reserves

The requirements for these detailed in CD 377 and its National Application Annexes. Note that for
wide central reserves (i.e. those over 10 m in width) of both motorways and other roads, there may
be a need to assess the protection of hazards such as lighting columns, street signs, trees, etc that
are present. This can be done by selecting the offside verge option. Note that this option assumes
that crossover incidents are not possible due to the width and does not make any assessment of
crossover incidents within the calculation.

1.2.2.2 Roundabouts and junction areas

Generally, the RRRAP is not suitable for use at a roundabout or a junction. At a roundabout it could
potentially be used by running the RRRAP as a Motorway Slip or Link road and using the N/S for
hazards on the outer ring of the roundabout and O/S for the inner ring. This is not ideal and may at
best only be a rough guide to VRS requirements. A safety barrier may not be appropriate at a
roundabout and may cause more of a hazard than was there without it, due to the angle at which
vehicles may impact the barrier. Other solutions such as passively safe furniture may be
appropriate. Engineering judgement will need to be used in these circumstances. The RRRAP will
indicate the VRS requirements on the approach to the junction and therefore will assist the designer
in coming to an appropriate solution.

1.2.2.3 Laybys and Emergency Areas (EA)

Provision for hazards that lie to the rear of a layby or EA. It is recommended that data is input as
though the layby or EA is not there, i.e. with verge at standard width, hazards at the back of the
layby or EA at their actual offset from Psb. The RRRAP will indicate whether VRS is required to
protect the hazards based on the level of risk to motorists on the carriageway, not on the level of
risk to users of the layby or ERA per se.

The RRRAP will calculate and show the set-back of the VRS based on its standard 1.2 m dimension
(or 0.6 m if there is a hardshoulder or hardstrip). Having calculated the risk in the Collation and
Reports tab, if the RRRAP shows that a VRS is required to protect a hazard at the rear of the layby or
EA, the designer will then need to change the set-back of the VRS to its actual location relative to the
back of the layby or EA and press ‘Calculate Risk’ again, so that the programme calculates correctly.

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The designer will need to form an opinion as to whether the provision that the RRRAP shows as
necessary to give an adequate level of risk for motorists on the carriageway is adequate for users of
the layby or EA as well and, if he considers it necessary, include additional VRS and or a pedestrian
restraint to the rear of the layby or EA. Background to the decision process made in respect of the
provision should be made in the Hazard ‘Comment’ field.

1.2.3 The RRRAP does not cover provision of the following

• Pedestrian Restraint Systems

• Vehicle Arrester Beds
• Anti-Glare screens

The requirements for provision of these Restraint Systems are given in sections 8, 11 and 12 of CD
377.

The RRRAP does not calculate the difference in risk between Impact Severity Levels (ISL). Impact
severity level A affords a greater level of safety for the occupant of an errant car than level B, and
level B greater than level C.

1.3 Feedback

We would welcome feedback on the following items.

• The content and usefulness of the Guidance and where it could be improved, e.g. where
additional examples may be of benefit
• Problems encountered in understanding the RRRAP or the Guidance
• Instances where the RRRAP has returned unexpected answers, e.g. unusually long length of
provision, or no provision where some VRS would have been expected
• Situations where the RRRAP has been unable to provide a solution
• Areas where you consider that training would be of benefit

To send feedback, you have to be logged into the RRRAP website. For details on how to submit
feedback, see section 2.4.7.

1.4 Abbreviations and Definitions

Reference should be made to the list of Terms and Definitions contained in of CD 377. A list of
additional abbreviations and definitions used in the RRRAP is given below.

ALR All Lane Running (as used with a Smart Motorway scenario)
CDM Construction (Design and Management) Regulations
DBFO Design Build Finance Operate
EMAC Enhanced Managing Agent Contractor
EA Emergency Area (e.g. as used in Smart Motorways All Lane Running)
HS File Health and Safety File required under CDM 2015
HSR Hard Shoulder Running (as used with a Smart Motorway/controlled Motorway
scenario)
ISL Impact Severity Level (refer to CD 377 section 3 for further details)

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MA Managing Agent
MAC Managing Agent Contractor
MM Managed Motorway
TAA Technical Approval Authority
TMC Term Maintenance Contractor

Acceptable Where the term ‘Acceptable’ or ‘Acc’ has been used in the text, this is equivalent to
the term ‘Broadly Acceptable’.

N/A or Not applicable – either because that the term does not apply in the situation or,
‘See in the case of hazards such as Gantries, that the outcome of the RRRAP must be
CD 377’ checked against the requirements in CD 377 or reference made to another Standard,
the RRRAP Guidance Manual or to the TAA as there are factors that the RRRAP cannot
take account of in determining appropriate level of VRS.

PFI Private Finance Initiative

PPP Public Private Partnership

Point of No Recovery –
The Point of No Recovery is the point at which the driver has no chance of getting the
vehicle back on the carriageway and, unless he hits or is diverted by an intervening
hazard, is going to end up on (in) the adjacent road, railway, water hazard, etc. This
point may be the top of the road embankment slope or for example the top of the
cutting to the railway or bank of a water hazard if the road is at grade. An assessment
of the likelihood of reaching the adjacent hazard by virtue of the intervening
topography (hence the need for site visit) is entered in the appropriate field in the
RRRAP. The likelihood of reaching the hazard may change significantly over its length.
If this is the case, the inputs need to be split into sections so that the likelihood of
reaching is accurately reflected along the length. Refer to Paragraphs 5.3.2, 5.3.3 and
5.14 (Other Hazards Railways) and 5.15 (Other Hazards – Roads) and the following.

Psb The point from which set-back is measured. (Refer to CD 127 for definition and to IAN
161 Smart Motorways.

CSV A comma separated value (CSV) file is used for the digital storage of data structured in
a tabular fashion. Each line in the CSV file corresponds to a row in the table. Within a
line, fields are separated by commas, each field belonging to one table column.

4
2 Overview of the RRRAP
The Road Restraint Risk Assessment Process (RRRAP) is used to record adjacent carriageway features
and assist designers in determining the need for a vehicle restraint and associated performance
requirements for each site/scheme in its proposed layout. It allows for optimisation or refinement of
solutions using a selection of design mitigation measures: i.e. removal, re-positioning, reduction in
aggressiveness of the roadside feature, trade-off between these and reduced land take / offset /
hazard redesign, or implementation of roadside feature protection.

2.1 Software used and Version number of the RRRAP

The RRRAP is an online web-based application. An important function of the RRRAP is that of
providing an audit trail for the Designer and Overseeing Organisation. The RRRAP requires the
Designer to input information that is ancillary to the process of hazard identification and risk
mitigation to provide background details for the audit trail.

Highways England may from time to time make available a revised version of the RRRAP, e.g. when
there are improvements in its functionality, or changes in some of the parameters used within the
RRRAP process.

The RRRAP website will indicate if a new version is available. The latest version of RRRAP should be
used each time that a new project or section within the project is started.

Existing projects will be able to continue using the existing version of RRRAP that the project was
started on until that part of the project is finished.

2.2 Accessing and using the RRRAP web application

To be able to access and fully use the RRRAP web application you must have the following enabled in
your browser:
• JavaScript
• Pop-ups allowed for the RRRAP site. Depending on your browser settings you may have to
grant permission to display pop-up dialogs for this site.

Some corporate firewalls may block certain features used by the application. If you experience any
problems, please check with your local IT support that full access is configured.

The RRRAP site uses Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) to encrypt and secure all internet traffic from your
browser to RRRAP.

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Figure 2-1 RRRAP Login Page

2.2.1 GDPR

On first time login to RRRAP, a GDPR privacy notice will be displayed. Clicking the Accept button will
accept the privacy notice and display the RRRAP Home tab.

Clicking the Decline button will decline the privacy notice and automatically log you out of RRRAP
and the Logout page will be displayed.

2.2.2 Resetting your password

If you have forgotten your password the RRRAP login page contains a link to a password reset page.

Figure 2-2 Password Reset request page

Enter your username and email address and click the submit button. A page will be displayed to
confirm that an email has been sent to you.

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Within the email is a link to reset your password. Clicking the link will display a reset password page
in your browser. The reset email link is only valid for a limited time. If you exceed this time limit you
will have submit another password reset request.

Figure 2-3 Password Reset page

Enter your new password, and then re-type your new password. See Section 2.4.6 for more details
on valid password rules. Click the submit button to save your new password.

Once your new password has been saved, a password change success page will be displayed. This
page has a link back to the RRRAP login page.

2.3 A Quick Guide to getting started with RRRAP

Previously, RRRAP was based on an Excel document. This web-based version is its replacement. An
individual Excel file is now replaced by an individual RRRAP record.

• To create a new RRRAP record:

1. Click the ‘Create New Record’ tab
2. Enter the name for the record (think of this being equivalent to the name of a file)
3. Select from the “Is this record related to Highways England funded work?” dropdown
either Yes or No – depending on the work being undertaken. The purpose of this field is
to allow the Highways England to measure how many RRRAP records are being used by
its suppliers.
4. Enter the name of the project – this should be the name of the real world project the
record is related to.
5. If desired, an optional text description can be entered to better identify / describe the
record.
6. Click the ‘Create’ button and your new record will be created and opened. In the top
row of tabs there is now a tab representing the open record (displaying details of the
record). A second row of tabs appears underneath and represents the different parts of
the RRRAP record.
7. When a record is created / opened the record status page is always displayed. From
here, use the tabs to navigate through the different parts of the RRRAP record, e.g.
Common Details, Hazards Overview, Collation and Reports, etc.

• To close an open record, click the icon visible when moving the mouse over the top right
corner of the tab representing the open record.
• To open an existing record, click the ‘Records’ tab in the top row of tabs. A table will list all
your records. Click on a row in the table to open a record.

7
2.4 Key areas of the RRRAP web application

2.4.1 Home Page

When you log in to the RRRAP web application, you are always presented with the RRRAP home
page. From here you can:

• View the latest news concerning RRRAP

• View ‘Getting Started’ introductory help
• Access RRRAP support contact details

2.4.2 Records Page

The records page allows you to locate and access all RRRAP records currently in use by your
organisation. See section 3 for more details.

2.4.3 Create New Record

You can create a new RRRAP record by clicking on the ‘Create New Record’ tab that is available if no
record is currently open. See section 3.7 for more details on creating a new RRRAP record.

2.4.4 Current Open Record

Once a RRRAP record has been opened (see section 3) or created (see section 3.7) the ‘Create New
Record’ tab is replaced with the open record tab.

The open record tab is populated with the RRRAP record you currently have open (see section 2.5).
The name of the tab is a combination of details from the record, including project name, record
name, and the records road sub-type, verge and chainage details.

Only one RRRAP record can be open at any one time.

2.4.5 Help

Clicking the ‘Help’ link in the top right corner (available on every page) provides access to document
downloads and useful links, a key to basic features, an overview of the RRRAP process and a list of
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ).

2.4.6 My Account

At the top right of every page in the RRRAP is the ‘My Account’ link (see Figure 2-4). Click this link to
display your account details page. On this page are links that allow you to update some of your
account details.

Also shown in your account page are the contact details of your organisation’s main RRRAP contact.
Should you have any RRRAP/CD 377 questions, this is the person you should try to contact first,
before contacting the RRRAP support team (details available on the Home page).

Update details
Here, you can update some of your personal details, including forename, surname, job title, email
address, and phone number.

8
Change password
You should change your password when you first receive your RRRAP account details.

To change your password, you must first enter your old password, and then enter your new
password twice.

All RRRAP account passwords must adhere to the following conditions:

• Contain at least one numeric character

• Contain at least one upper case character
• Contain at least one lower case character
• Finally, all passwords must be between 6 and 12 characters in length

2.4.7 Feedback

To send feedback on the RRRAP, the guidance document, or to report any problems encountered in
understanding the RRRAP or the Guidance, click the Feedback link available at the top right-hand
corner of the page. This assumes you have appropriate email client software pre-installed. Clicking
the link will launch a new email window with the email address and subject line ‘RRRAP Feedback’
pre-populated.

If you have problems with this mechanism, you can go to the RRRAP Home page and send your
comments to the email address listed for ‘RRRAP Support Issues’. Please remember to use the
subject line ‘RRRAP Feedback’.

2.4.8 Logout

Once you have finished working with RRRAP, don’t forget to Logout. Simply click the ‘Logout’ link
and you will be logged out of the RRRAP web application. Logging out will also immediately remove
any lock you have on any currently open RRRAP record.

If you do not logout of RRRAP properly and go on to close your web browser, you may not be able to
log back into RRRAP for up to 15 minutes. This is because you are still logged into the RRRAP web
application. After this time has elapsed, you will be able to log into the RRRAP as normal.

2.4.9 Navigation

The main ways to navigate round the RRRAP site and access its features include:

Figure 2-4 Web application navigation

9
“Breadcrumbs” provide a visual indication of which page is being viewed and its location within the
site hierarchy. The breadcrumb trail is constructed of various hyperlinks allowing the end user to
jump back to higher level sections.

2.4.10 Common features on summary tables – paging and ordering

There are many summary pages in the RRRAP that present lists of items, e.g. user records, all fencing
hazards, etc. The items are presented in a paged table that can also be sorted (see Figure 2-5).

Columns that can be highlighted by moving mouse over

them can be clicked to re-sort the order of the table
content (ascending or descending)

If there are a lot of hazards entered, the list of hazards

will be split into different pages. Links here will allow you
to navigate between these different pages.

Figure 2-5 Summary table that is paged and can be sorted

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2.4.11 Data Entry

Various data entry controls are used by the RRRAP:

Text field

Drop down

Text area

Non-editable field

Radio buttons
Checkboxes

Figure 2-6 Web application data entry

• Text field – used to enter a short amount of text or numerical values

• Text area – used to enter more than just a few words of text
• Drop down – list of items to choose from
• Radio button – simple choice
• Checkbox – Either ticked or not ticked
• Non-editable field - These fields have a grey background and the value displayed cannot be
changed
• Mandatory field - Some fields when entering data are mandatory. All mandatory fields must
be completed on a form before it can be saved. A mandatory text field or drop-down is
highlighted with a light red background colour. Mandatory radio buttons will be highlighted
with a warning icon if not populated when saving data. Examples of mandatory field can be
seen in the above diagram Figure 2-6 (Start chainage of Hazard & Nature of Hazard).

As you enter data and you move between fields on the form (either via use of the mouse or
keyboard shortcuts) the content of the form is re-validated. If there are problems validating the
content of fields, e.g. value out of range, entered text instead of a number, field missing a
mandatory value, etc; then a warning icon is displayed next to the field. Moving the mouse over this
icon will display a warning message that will hint at the problem with the field. An example is shown
below (Figure 2-7).

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Figure 2-7 Data Entry Validation Warning

2.4.12 RRRAP Online Help

The RRRAP provides multiple access points to online help.

Clicking the ‘Help’ link in the top right corner (available on every page) provides access to useful
links, a key to basic features, an overview of the RRRAP process and a list of Frequently Asked
Questions (FAQ).

Clicking will display dialogs with context sensitive help – providing details about the current page
or even information about specific hazard fields. Note – depending on your browser you may have
to grant permission to display pop-up dialogs for this site.

Clicking in the page title bar will display information aimed at helping new users navigate
through the different parts of the RRRAP process.

Moving your mouse over will display a tooltip that contains additional descriptive text for record
declarations in the Record Status page.

Clicking in the collation page will display a dialog that contains additional VRS and hazard details
for a particular hazard in the Collation and Reports page. Note – depending on your browser you
may have to grant permission to display pop-up dialogs for this site.

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 2.5 Arrangement of pages within an open RRRAP record

Once you have opened a record, a set of tabs will provide access to the different parts of the record
where the information about the site and its hazards can be entered.

Open record details. These include:

Project name | Record name | Road sub-type | Verge assessed | Start/Stop Chainage

Record status Run risk calculation,

and Enter non-standard
barrier costs view results,
information generate reports

Common Details Hazard data entry – hazards Final Restraint Summary details
data entry based on MCHW categories based on requirements of
and ‘Other’ Hazards Specification Appendix 4/1

Figure 2-8 Open RRRAP Record and available sub-tabs

Figure 2-9Included in the next page, Figure 2-9 indicates how the web pages within the RRRAP inter-
relate and gives an overview of the process.

Note that the ‘Record Status’ tab gives basic information about the RRRAP record. This includes the
version number of the RRRAP the record was created with and the date that version of the RRRAP
was released, the time data in the record was last updated, and the status level of the RRRAP record.

13
 START HERE Log into Add details of These are generally hazards within
RRRAP site project and section HAZARD ENTRY the Highway boundary under
being assessed PAGES categories e.g.
• 300 Fencing
• 500 Drainage
Hazards based on • 600 Earthworks
Create RRRAP Common Details MCHW categories • 1200 Signs
record • 1300 Lighting columns etc
Includes verge and hardshoulder /
Alter record hardstrip width information
status

These are generally outside or may

Record Status Hazards Overview Add details of Other Hazards
cross the highway e.g.
Hazards, type and
location, etc • Other Road
Sign off • River
declarations
Collation and • Railway
Reports • Public Meeting Place etc
Temporary
Key to colour coding Hazards
Run risk calculation to perform Mainly based on question and answer
Information page initial risk assessment and review Snapshot Report VRS Summary format. Only available if ‘Reason for
results. Design’ in Common Details includes
Data entry page
Modify factors e.g. ‘Temporary Works’.
• Location
Temporary Hazards Full Record VRS Summary
• Aggressiveness Report Report
data entry page • Form of Hazard Complete VRS
requirements for
Action/Activity To: schedule data
• Mitigate risk
Results Report • Optimise benefit cost
• Decide on VRS provision Restraint Restraint
Summary Summary
Output page Detailed Results Report
Report

Figure 2-9 Overview of the RRRAP

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2.6 How Permanent Hazards have been Categorized within the Various Worksheets

In the ‘Hazards Overview’ tab, the listing of all the Hazards typically likely to be found within the
Highway and the individual pages for entering details of these Hazards are arranged around the
MCHW Series numbers.

The hazards have been categorised in this way as it is considered that most design drawings will have
been arranged around this numbering system, rather than being composite drawings that would
show most or all of the hazard features. It is expected that it will speed up input of the data relating
to each hazard.

Hazards that may affect ‘Others’ and which are typically outside the Highway boundary do not
generally fall into the MCHW numbering regime. Details of these Hazards are entered in a separate
series of pages e.g. Roads.

2.7 Colour coding of results on Collation page

After calculating risk for hazards several extra values are populated.

Is the risk without VRS acceptable?

Yes - no VRS is required

No - a VRS is required to protect this hazard

Level of risk with optimum length VRS

Acceptable - Risk is in the broadly acceptable region

Tolerable - Risk is in the tolerable region

Unacceptable - Risk is in the unacceptable region

There is a special case where the hazard has mandatory requirements. In this case, the RRRAP gives a
Containment Level based on the risk to vehicle occupants only and the Designer must refer to the
indicated Standard, e.g. CD 377, as appropriate and ensure that the level of provision that they
specify is appropriate for this hazard. The designer must detail the factors that they have considered
in the Comments field of the hazard.

Is risk without VRS acceptable?

No - a VRS is required to protect this hazard

Level of risk with optimum length VRS

Refer to CD 377 - The name of the document or guide that should be

referred to for guidance

15
Another example of Level of risk with optimum length VRS includes:

Must be agreed with TAA

This can affect Gantries, e.g. for 1200 and 1500 hazard types. The Designer must detail the factors
they have considered and the outcome of TAA agreements in the “Comment” field of individual
hazards.

2.8 Temporary Hazards and Calculation of Risk and Benefit Cost for Temporary VRS

The RRRAP will calculate risk and benefit cost levels for permanent safety barrier provision. At
present, due to the complexities of the risk and cost benefit analysis for temporary situations,
temporary safety barrier provision has not been modelled within the RRRAP. Instead, the Designer is
required to respond to a series of questions that prompt the designer to identify the various factors
that he needs to consider, weigh up and take account of in deciding whether a temporary Road
Restraint System is warranted. See section 13 for more details on how to enter temporary hazards
into the RRRAP.

2.9 How the RRRAP works

General guidance on the RRRAP and how it works is given in CD 377. The guidance below is in
addition to that and describes the basic mechanism of the RRRAP and some of the factors that
influence the outcome.

2.9.1 Risk

Risk is assessed by looking at a combination of likelihood (see section 2.9.2) and consequences (see
section 2.9.3) and is expressed in equivalent fatalities per 100 million vehicle km.
1 fatal = 10 serious = 100 slight injuries.

2.9.2 Likelihood

(a) Probability of vehicle leaving road – this is based on road type, local factors such as alignment,
traffic flow and type, accident history, junction location, etc.

(b) Probability of errant vehicle reaching object – this is affected by hazard location, topography,
speed and type of vehicle, etc.

2.9.3 Consequences

(a) Effect on occupants of errant vehicle if it reaches the hazard – this is influenced by speed of
errant vehicle, Aggressiveness of hazard, % LGV / MGVs

(b) Effect on Others e.g. using adjacent road or railway or occupying a building

Aggressiveness of the hazard is based on research, Stats 19 and engineering judgement and the
aggressiveness value is automatically assigned by the RRRAP. Note that costs relating to the hazard
itself or consequences arising due to the failure of the hazard are not included in the RRRAP risk
calculation.

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2.9.4 Total risk

Total Risk is the summation of

Risk to vehicle occupants in Cars +
Risk to LGVs (> 3.5 Tonnes) +
Risk to MGVs (> 1.5 Tonnes) +
Risk to Others

2.9.5 Thresholds used

The accident frequency is non-linear; the risk per vehicle changes with flow. At low flows the risk per
vehicle is high, but the benefit / cost of providing a barrier will be low. At higher flows, the risk per
vehicle is lower but, because overall there will be more accidents than on a low flow road, the
benefit / cost is higher.

The thresholds used in the RRRAP are also curved. They are set such that the need for a VRS is
independent of the flow on the road. The risk posed by a hazard having an aggressiveness of, say, 1.5
will be unacceptable over a range of offsets, the risk becoming acceptable if sufficiently far from the
running lane of the carriageway, or when protected by a safety barrier. Different hazards will have
different aggressiveness and will give rise to unacceptable levels of risk over different ranges of
offsets.

Heavy vehicles may breach N2 containment safety barriers. H1 or H4A containment level may be
needed where one or more of the following conditions holds:
(a) High run-off rate and
(b) High proportion of heavy vehicles and
(c) Hazard is aggressive and
(d) ‘Others’ involved

RRRAP calculates If the VRS set-back is increased

chance of errant (dotted line), the VRS length
vehicle hitting end of required to prevent vehicles
hazard (and the VRS getting behind it decreases.
if required) based on Also the hazard posed by the
range of angles. VRS itself decreases. Width of
hazard
Width of
hazard

Offset
Offset
VRS

Psb Psb
back
back

Set-
Set-

Length in advance Length in advance

The greater the offset of hazard and or the greater its width, the longer the length in advance required to
The greater of the offset of hazard and or the greater its width, the longer the length in advance
prevent vehicles that come off the carriageway at a shallow angle reaching it. At small offset, some
required to prevent vehicles that come off the carriageway at a shallow angle reaching it. At small
vehicles may pass behind a narrow hazard; at larger offsets topography has a bigger influence. Many
offset, some vehicles may pass behind a narrow hazard; at larger offsets topography has a bigger
errant vehicles may not reach a distant hazard as the driver has more chance to take corrective action,
influence. Many errant vehicles may not reach a distant hazard as the driver has more chance to
longer in which to slow, etc.
take corrective action, longer in which to slow, etc.

Figure 2-10 Relationship between Offset of Hazard and VRS, and length of VRS

17
The RRRAP works out whether the level of risk is acceptable, tolerable, or unacceptable with a
certain containment level(s) and length(s) of VRS in advance of the hazard and, for single
carriageway roads, where vehicles can approach the hazard from either direction, the length
beyond. The Designer can use this information to determine the required containment level and
length of need (i.e. the total length of safety barrier required in advance, alongside and beyond the
hazard to give an acceptable level of risk.

RRRAP calculates length Width of

VRS to protect end of hazard Fig a. Positional information required
hazard for hazard such as a sign that is
broadly at 90 degrees or parallel to
Offset
the carriageway
Psb
Length
Start
chainage

D
RRRAP calculates length A
VRS to protect end of B C
hazard at each of A, B, C,
E
D
Psb
Offset, length and chainage are input at each point where alignment Fig b. Positional information
changes significantly, i.e. at points A, B, C, D, E, etc. If VRS required at B required for linear hazards such as
but not A, Designers will need to judge whether they need to input a fenceline or adjacent road or
intermediate point between A and B in order to ensure length in advance railway
of B is sufficient to protect A as well.

1st input 2nd input Fig c. Positional information

Width
required hazard such as a water
feature that is at an angle to the
Offset Width Offset
Offset carriageway
start Offset end
end start
Start Start
Length Length
chainage chainage

Figure 2-11 Positional information required by RRRAP in order to calculate VRS requirements

Note that this diagram gives typical details; further particulars are contained within each of the
relevant sections.

At present the RRRAP cannot interpolate to ascertain whether VRS would be required at
intermediate locations, the Designer should therefore review the information that he is inputting to
ensure that the start point (and end point) of VRS requirement is being picked up properly by the
RRRAP. The following figure illustrates the point.

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 A If RRRAP indicates VRS
is required at A, then C
length in advance of A Fig (a) Linear Hazard
Here, if RRRAP indicates no plus length between AB converging / diverging
VRS at A but VRS req’d at B, it will protect B.
rapidly on road
is likely that length of VRS
shown in advance of B will be B Here as BC diverges rapidly, it is unlikely that the whole
sufficient to protect whole of BC will require protection, especially if A doesn’t
length AB as alignment is require it. The designer can enter an intermediate point
rapidly converging on road. into RRRAP to determine the extent of VRS required.
Psb

Here, if RRRAP indicates no VRS at A but VRS req’d at Fig (b) Linear Hazard
B, it is unlikely that length of VRS shown in advance of B converging / diverging
will be sufficient to protect whole length AB as alignment slowly on road
is only converging on road at a slow rate. In this instance,
the Designer should check requirements at one or more
intermediate points between AB to ensure adequate
A length of VRS is adopted. C
B

Psb

Figure 2-12 Influence of rate of convergence / divergence of hazard to Psb on VRS requirement
calculation

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2.10 Error and Warning messages

This section describes the various error / warning messages that may be returned at the various
stages of the RRRAP.

2.10.1 Data Entry

When entering data into the RRRAP and as you move between fields on a page the content is re-
validated. If there are problems validating the content of fields, e.g. value out of range, entered text
instead of a number, field missing a mandatory value, etc; then a warning icon is displayed next to
the field. Moving the mouse over this icon will display a warning message that will hint at the
problem with the field. An example is shown below.

Figure 2-13 Data Entry Warning Message

All mandatory field data on a page must be entered before the page can be saved.

2.10.2 Record / Hazard Import

When importing either a RRRAP record (see section 3.8) or a CSV file (see section 1.4 for description
of a CSV) with hazard data (see section 8.1.9) for an individual hazard category, any issues
encountered will be displayed after the import process has completed.

There are two types of issue message that can appear:

• Error messages – For importing individual CSV files (e.g. hazard import, see section 8.1.9)
these messages will stop the import from proceeding any further. For RRRAP record import
(see section 3.8), only the affected file within the RRRAP record ZIP file (e.g. fencing hazard
file) will be ignored, and the import process will try to import the rest of the files in the ZIP
that define the RRRAP record.
• Warning messages. These indicate import issues for individual hazards. These issues may
need to be resolved before the risk calculation can be run.

Error messages can include:

• File size too large (2Mb for RRRAP records, 1Mb for individual CSV’s)
• Unexpected file type (ZIP for RRRAP record import, CSV for individual hazard import)
• ZIP missing files (the ZIP for RRRAP record import is missing CSV files for either hazards or
common details)
• Invalid RRRAP version (only affects RRRAP record ZIP files)
• Unexpected number of columns in CSV import file
• Hazard has no start chainage
• Parse error (this occurs when the wrong format of data is encountered, e.g. text is found
where a number is expected)

20
Warning messages can include:
• Drop-down values that have not been populated (reported for both mandatory and non-
mandatory fields)
• Drop-down text could not be matched to those options currently available for that field
• Error(s) validating new hazard.

‘Error(s) validating new hazard’ can occur if an imported hazard fails the standard validation applied
before saving a hazard. Validation commonly fails if mandatory fields are incomplete. The new
hazard is still saved but is marked as invalid. Invalid hazards are indicated on the hazard view pages
and the ‘Collation & Reports’ tab with the icon next to the Hazard Id.

Invalid hazard.
Edit to fix.

Invalid hazard.
Edit to fix.

Figure 2-14 Invalid Hazard after Import indicator

The risk calculation will not run while there are invalid hazards in the record.

To remove the invalid hazard marker, edit the hazard and fix any fields with highlighted issues. Once
the hazard has been saved, the invalid hazard marker should disappear.

21
 The Parapet hazard 1700.0002 is marked as
invalid as on import it did not have a value for
the field Protected ID. Once this field has been
populated and the hazard saved, the invalid
hazard marker will be removed from the list
tables.

2.10.3 Calculating Risk

Any issues when calculating risk will be displayed on the Risk Calculation Issue page. There are three
types of message that can appear:

• Error messages – these will stop the risk calculation from proceeding any further. For the
risk calculation to complete, these issues must be resolved.
• Warning messages – these indicate issues for individual hazards. Some issues stop risk
being calculated for an individual hazard (e.g. hazard in front of barrier). Other issues such as
when hazard is too close to barrier don’t stop risk being calculated.
• Tall hazard message – these relate to hazards that could give rise to a significant secondary
incident should they be impacted (see below). You are then asked to select either ‘Yes’ or
‘No’ if you accept or reject the calculated risk level. The question does not have to be
answered here, but can be answered by editing the hazard via the Collation tab (see section
9.3).

2.10.3.1 Error Messages – Common Details

These can include:

• Mandatory fields in Common details have not been completed.

• In Common Details ‘Scheme Duration and Barrier Costs’, non-default safety barrier and
parapet costs are being used but have not all been specified.

2.10.3.2 Error Messages – Full Chainage Definition

These can include:

• Full section chainage must be entered for Earthwork hazards

• Full section chainage must be entered for Verge hazards
• Full section chainage must be entered for Kerb hazards

These messages will be reported if the start and end chainages for Verge, Earthwork, or Kerbs do not
match the start and end chainages for the Section (as entered in Common Details).

22
2.10.3.3 Error Messages – Hazard Categories

The following error message will appear for hazard categories that have been set as being present in
the record (by editing Category Configuration on ‘Hazards Overview’ tab) but have not been marked
as Completed:

• Hazards are required for hazard type ‘X' - but the hazard type is not marked as Completed
(Edit Category Configuration on Hazards Overview tab).

X can be any of the hazard categories listed in the ‘Hazards Overview’ tab.

To mark a hazard category as complete (i.e. all hazard data has been entered for that category),
navigate to the ‘Hazards Overview’ tab and click the Edit Category Configuration button. Make the
necessary changes and click the save button. For more details on category configuration see section
7.1.

2.10.3.4 Error Messages – Hazards

These can include:

• An Earthwork hazard cannot have zero length

• Hazard has validation issues (due to issues during hazard import).
• Hazards start chainage outside the section ‘from’ / ‘to’ chainage as defined in Common
Details.

2.10.3.5 Warning Messages

These can include:

• End of long object - object is located in front of barrier. Note: this has prevented risk from
being calculated for this hazard.
• Object is located in front of barrier. Note: this has prevented risk from being calculated for
this hazard.
• End of long object - object is located within working width of barrier. The correction may be
to move the hazard, change the working width class, barrier working width, set-back of
barrier from Psb, or a combination of these. It may also be advisable to split the hazard into
two parts. In this calculation run the effect of the barrier will be overestimated. You may
need to apply for a Departure from Standard if the hazard is to remain within the working
width. Please refer to CD 377.
• Object is located within working width of barrier. The correction to apply may be to move
the hazard, change the working width class, barrier working width, set-back of barrier from
Psb, or a combination of these. In this calculation run the effect of the barrier will be
overestimated. You may need to apply for a Departure from Standard if the hazard is to
remain within the working width. Please refer to CD 377.
• The object has an invalid working width. The working width value is less than that expected
for the current working width class. This may be due to the risk calculation updating the
working width value to show the maximum working width available as the object is located
within the working width of VRS.

For more details concerning objects located within the working width of the barrier see section
2.10.4, and for objects located in front of the barrier see section 2.10.5.
23
2.10.3.6 Tall Hazards

The tall hazard message is:

• This hazard could give rise to a secondary incident should it be impacted. The calculated risk
level does not cover the secondary risk. If you consider the risk level of a secondary incident
to be significant, you may wish to consider moving the hazard, or use a higher level of
containment, or both.

For more information on tall hazards that can give rise to a significant secondary incident see section
9.6.1.

2.10.4 Hazard located too close to barrier

If the hazard is located too close to the safety barrier, a warning message will be displayed (as
highlighted in the previous section) on the Risk Calculation Issue page:

• Object is located within working width of barrier. The correction to apply may be to move
the hazard, change the working width class, barrier working width, set-back of barrier from
Psb, or a combination of these. In this calculation run the effect of the barrier will be
overestimated. You may need to apply for a Departure from Standard if the hazard is to
remain within the working width. Please refer to CD 377.

The risk calculation is completed for hazards that have this issue. When returning to the list of
hazards in the ‘Collation & Reports’ tab, a highlight will be visible for hazards that have this issue.

This highlighting will remain if the

hazard remains within the working
width of the barrier. It will disappear if
the data is corrected.

Figure 2-15 Hazard located too close to barrier warning on Collation page

When viewing and editing hazards through the ‘Collation & Reports’ tab this highlight is also visible,
along with an additional highlight on the Barrier Working Width field (see Figure 2-16).

24
 This highlighting will remain if the
hazard remains within the working
width of the barrier. It will
disappear if the data is corrected.

This entry is highlighted and indicates the actual

working width available given the offsets of barrier
and hazard and barrier working width class.

Figure 2-16 Hazard located too close to barrier warning on view hazard page

If the warning has been caused by a mistype in the appropriate data entry page, the data entry
should be corrected and the risk calculation re-run.

If there was no mistype, you may wish to alter the VRS Working Width Class, VRS Working Width,
Set-back of VRS from Psb, or a combination of these. If the offset of the item is changed or the VRS
Working Width Class is changed in order to rectify the problem, the calculated value in VRS Working
Width column (highlighted red) MUST also be deleted, otherwise RRRAP will not re-calculate the
new working width, and the object will still be reported as within working width.

2.10.5 Hazard located in front of barrier

If the hazard is located in front of the safety barrier, a warning message will be displayed on the Risk
Calculation Issues page:

• Object is located in front of barrier. Note: this has prevented risk from being calculated for
this hazard.

This issue will cause the risk calculation to stop evaluating this hazard (and move on to the next
hazard). When viewing the hazard via the Collation page, because no calculated risk values have
been generated, none are visible (see Figure 2-17).

25
 No risk results
are available
Figure 2-17 Hazard located in front of barrier on Collation page

The error might have been caused by a mistype of data, in which case it should be corrected on the
appropriate data entry page and the risk calculation re-run.

It might though be the case that the hazard is an existing one for which the designer needs to check
whether VRS protection is warranted.

If this is the case, then the set-back of the barrier for the hazard (edit the hazard via the ‘Collation &
Reports’ tab) should be manually altered to be the same as the offset of the hazard and the risk
calculation should be re-run to ascertain the risk level and VRS requirements. If no VRS is required
for that particular hazard and there is no VRS requirement for any other hazard nearby, then the
hazard may remain. If however, the hazard requires protection, then the programme will highlight
the entry as detailed in section 2.10.4, and the actual barrier working width will be shown as 0.01 m,
(rather than 0.00, as programme would consider a zero here a problem).

Note that there may be another hazard or hazards nearby for which a safety barrier is required even
though a safety barrier is not required for the hazard in question. This situation would be likely to
result in the hazard in question being behind the safety barrier required for the other hazards, which
is likely to be unacceptable. In most cases it would be necessary to move the hazard to lie outside
the safety barrier working width. Please refer to CD 377 and the following which give further details
and guidance.

26
2.10.6 Hazards where alternative VRS working width is available

When a new hazard is created the VRS gets a default working width of W2.

Safety barriers with smaller working widths are generally more expensive than those with larger
working widths. It is therefore important that the Designer checks and specifies the greatest working
width class that can practicably be achieved in the circumstances. The Designer should take into
account the requirements of set-back of the safety barrier, the location of the hazard and of other
hazards adjacent to it, and the minimum distances to top or toe of slope (CD 377 Figures 3.19, 3.28
and 3.29).

To help highlight which hazards have a potential alternative VRS working width, when risk is
calculated for the hazard, if an alternative VRS working width class is possible, RRRAP will highlight
the working width class cell in tables (see Figure 2-18). The Designer should check and specify the
greatest VRS working width class that can practicably be achieved for each of these hazards.

Figure 2-18 Hazard with VRS working width highlight

Where a VRS working width class has been highlighted as having an alternative and the Designer
wishes to accept the current VRS working width class, on the collation page click the Accept Working
Widths button. The Accept Working Width page lists the Hazards where an alternative VRS working
width is available.

Figure 2-19 Accept Working Widths

27
If you wish to indicate the current VRS working width class is acceptable rather than using any
alternative, click the check-box to accept the current VRS working width class. To save any changes
to this page, click the Save button.

If you accept the current VRS working width class, the highlight on the VRS working width class cell in
tables will change to indicate the current VRS working width has been accepted (cell is highlighted in
blue).

Figure 2-20 Hazard with VRS working width accepted highlight

Note – if you change any of the following fields associated with a Hazard then the alternative VRS
working width class and any acceptance will be cleared (and removed from the table cells). The
designer will need to re-run the risk calculation to observe any changes and if necessary, re-accept
the current working width class:
• Offset of Hazard from Psb
• VRS Working Width Class
• VRS Working Width (m)
• VRS Set-back (m)

Also, the alternative VRS working width class and any acceptance will be cleared if you change the
nature of an existing 1700 Structure / Parapet hazard.

2.10.7 Connection Problems

If there are any connection issues from your PC to the RRRAP server while using the site, a
connection error message will be displayed (an example of one is shown in Figure 2-21).

Connection issue Id

28
Figure 2-21 Connection Issue

Before raising any issues with the RRRAP Support, please make sure the problem is not with your
internet connection.
• Can you access other external internet sites?
• Have you made sure any corporate firewall or internet filter your organisation uses has been
updated to allow access and use of the RRRAP website. Failure to do this may cause
connection errors and stop parts of the site working correctly.

If the problem persists, please contact the RRRAP Support. The email address is listed on the RRRAP
home page. When reporting the issue, please include the following information:
• Connection issue Id (see Figure 2-21 for example)
• Time problem occurred
• A clear description of what actions you were performing at the time
• The name of any RRRAP record that was open when the problem occurred

2.10.8 Web Application Error

If there is a problem with the RRRAP web application, you may see a screen similar to that shown in
Figure 2-22.

Error message

Figure 2-22 Web Application Error

If this occurs, please make a copy of the specific error message text.

Send any problems like this to the RRRAP Support. The email address is listed on the RRRAP home
page. When reporting an issue, please include the following information:
• The details described above from the error page
• Time problem occurred
• A clear description of what actions you were performing at the time
• The name of any RRRAP record that was open when the problem occurred

2.11 Relaxations and Departures from Standard

If a Relaxation or a Departure from Standard is required, edit the hazard via the ‘Collation & Reports’
tab and then update the ‘Relaxation / Departure required?’ field. By default, this field has the value
‘None’. The drop-down for this field can be changed to ‘Relaxation’ or ‘Departure’.

29
Figure 2-23 Relaxation / Departure required

Where the decision relating to a Relaxation is devolved onto the Designer, the Designer should
ensure that the completed RRRAP record contains sufficient information to enable the Overseeing
Organisation to review the decision made and options investigated should the need arise at some
future date.

Designers should ensure that the completed RRRAP record contains the required information in
sufficient detail to allow the Overseeing Organisation to form an opinion as to the acceptability of a
Departure or Relaxation, and that the preferred option is compared against options that would meet
full Standards. The Hazard ‘Comment’ field can be used to record the justification for the Departure
or Relaxation.

A full RRRAP report should form part of the application for a Departure from Standard.

30
3 Records
3.1 Overview

The Records tab is the access point to locating, opening, copying deleting, and importing RRRAP
records.

Import RRRAP record

Figure 3-1 Records tab

When you first visit this tab, it will list the records that are registered against your user account
(generally those records that you have created). If you have a lot of records, then the list may stretch
over multiple pages. You can either click the page number links at the top/bottom of the table to
access different pages of the list, or you can click on the column headers of the table (only those that
highlight when you move the mouse into the header) and this will re-order the list of records
accordingly.

To open a record, click on a row in the table. The record will be opened and the ‘Record Status’ tab
will be displayed. If a record is already open when you try to open another record you will be asked if
you wish to stay with your currently open record or if you wish to close it and open the selected
record.

A RRRAP record ZIP archive that has been previously exported from the RRRAP web application (see
section 4.4) can be imported into the RRRAP web application by clicking the Import RRRAP Record
icon at the top right of the page (shown in Figure 3-1). For more details see section 3.8.

3.2 Organisation records

As a user, your account in the RRRAP is associated with an Organisation and an area within that
organisation. As well as being able to open and edit your own records, you can open and edit records
of other users that belong to the same organisation as you do.

To view the records belonging to other users in your organisation, click the show “Organisation
Records” radio button. This will update the page to show all the records for users that belong to your
organisation. You can filter this list further by selecting an organisation area from the additional
dropdown.

31
3.3 Record Locks and Read-Only Records

If you open a RRRAP record, you will automatically lock the record for editing (assuming no other
user already has the record open). Lock information shown on the ‘Records’ tab includes:

Record is locked for editing by you

(greyed out lock icon) Record is locked for editing by another user - moving the mouse over the
icon will display the name of the user with the record lock.

If a record is locked by another user and you then open that record, it will be opened in a read only
mode. You will be able to view all the details of the record and generate reports, but will not be
allowed to create, edit or delete any data associated with the record.

You can also open a record in read-only mode directly without placing an edit lock on the record by
clicking the icon in the records table (instead of clicking elsewhere on the row in the table).

3.4 Take Ownership

When viewing records that belong to users within your organisation, an additional column is
displayed that allows you to take ownership of a record. This can be useful if a colleague is off sick or
going on holiday and you are taking over responsibility for a record. By taking ownership of the
record, the record will now appear when viewing the list of your records.

To take ownership of a record click . A dialog will be displayed asking if you are sure you wish to
take ownership of the record. Clicking Ok will complete the process.

You cannot take ownership of a record that you are already the owner of, or a record that is
currently locked for edit by a different user.

3.5 Copy Record

To copy a RRRAP record, click the icon in the appropriate row of the records list. A dialog will be
displayed to check that you really want to copy this particular record. If you click the Ok button, a
page similar to creating a new record is displayed. The details are populated with the details of the
record being copied. These should be changed as is required for the new record.

Note: The ‘Record Name’ and the ‘Project Name’ in combination have to be unique within your
organisation, e.g. you can use the same ‘Project Name’ for multiple RRRAP records so long as the
‘Record Name’ is different in each record.

The record copy process duplicates the following information in a RRRAP record:
• Common Details
• Option Costs
• Hazards Overview (category selection and completion)
• All individual hazards (not including any calculated risk values)

To ensure that this new record is processed correctly, the record copy process does not duplicate:
32
 • Sign off information
• Results of on page calculations for non-editable fields
• Results of risk calculations
• Generated detailed results
• Restraint summary details (appendix 4/1)
• Temporary Hazards

3.6 Delete Record

Each organisation has a finite amount of space on the RRRAP database, so old / completed RRRAP
records will have to be deleted off the system from time to time. This will release record ‘slots’ for
re-use.

To delete a RRRAP record, click the icon in the appropriate row of the records list. A dialog will be
displayed to check that you really want to delete this particular record. Before deleting a RRRAP
record you should have exported a copy of the RRRAP record data and printed off a full RRRAP
report. An exported RRRAP record can be re-imported back into the RRRAP web application (see
section 3.8).

Once the record is deleted all its associated data will be lost and cannot be retrieved.

You cannot delete a record if you do not have ownership of the record or another user currently has
the record locked for editing.

3.7 Create New Record

You can create a new RRRAP record by either clicking the Create New Record button on the ‘Records’
tab, or if no record is currently open, click directly on the ‘Create New Record’ tab that is available.

When creating a new RRRAP record there are four fields:

• ‘Record Name’ – name of RRRAP record - think equivalent to the name of a file on your
computer (maximum 60 characters, including spaces)
• ‘Is this record related to Highways England funded work?’ - Select either Yes or No
depending on if the work is for a Highways England funded project.
• ‘Project Name’ – name of the real world project the record is related to (maximum 60
characters, including spaces)
• ‘Description’ – an optional text description of the record (maximum 255 characters, including
spaces)

All but the ‘Description’ field are mandatory and must be completed before saving.

An important point to note is that the ‘Record Name’ and the ‘Project Name’ in combination have to
be unique within your organisation, e.g. you can use the same ‘Project Name’ for multiple RRRAP
records so long as the ‘Record Name’ is different in each record.

33
3.7.1 Create Record Notes

If when creating a new RRRAP record your organisation has no free record slots then an appropriate
error message will be displayed. In the first instance you should identify old and / or complete RRRAP
records that can be deleted, otherwise contact your organisation’s RRRAP representative.

If you create a new record while you have one already open, once you click the ‘Create’ button (after
entering the new record name, project name, etc.), you will be prompted if you wish to close your
currently open record and open your new record. If you click the button to open the record, then
your new record will be opened and the record you had open will be closed. If you decide to keep
your existing record open, the new record is not opened, but can be accessed via the Records tab.

3.8 Import RRRAP Record

The following steps describe how to import a RRRAP record ZIP archive that has been previously
exported from the RRRAP web application. For instructions on exporting a RRRAP record ZIP archive,
see section 4.4.

Currently, an exported RRRAP record will contain:

• All common details
• The data entered for each of the hazard category types (not including any calculated risk
values)

To import a RRRAP record ZIP file follow these steps:

1. Via the Records tab, click the import RRRAP record button (located at the top right).
2. The first of two record import pages is displayed. Enter the details for a new RRRAP record. A
new RRRAP record must be created to import the RRRAP record data into. For more
information on these fields see section 3.7 Create New Record.
3. Once all details of the new record have been entered, click the Next button.
4. The second record import page is displayed. Using the browse button on this page, specify
the ZIP file to import from your local file system.
5. Click the upload button.
6. On upload, there are several possible outcomes:
• There is a fatal error with the zip (too big, missing individual CSV files, etc). This will
stop the import from completing. Error messages will be displayed to try and help
identify issues.
• There are no fatal errors with the zip. A new RRRAP record is created, and issues
with individual CSV files (if there are any) are listed.
7. Click the ‘Open New Record’ button to open the new record with the imported content.

During RRRAP record import, CSV files within the ZIP are imported one at a time and are considered
in isolation. If one CSV file fails to import due to a fatal error, this error will be reported in the results
of the import process but will not stop the attempted import of the other CSV files in the RRRAP
record ZIP archive.

Warnings reported as part of the import process may indicate fields that require attention. Where
appropriate, take action to fix these issues before attempting to perform the risk calculation.

34
4 Record Status
Export RRRAP record
(see section 4.4)

Figure 4-1 Record Status tab

The top part of this page presents a brief summary overview of the RRRAP record.

• Record status – the current status of the RRRAP record

• Last updated – when details of the record were last updated (see section 4.1)
• Record locked by – the name of the user who currently has the record locked for editing
• Record created by RRRRAP version – The version of the RRRAP used to create the record and
the date that version of the RRRAP was made available
• Record description – an optional description of the record to provide more detail

The bottom part of the page presents a set of declarations that should be signed off at different
points during the lifetime of the record (see section 4.2).

The record status can be altered by clicking the ‘Alter Record Status’ button (see section 4.3).

The RRRAP record can be exported by clicking the Export RRRAP Record icon at the top right of the
page (see section 4.4).

4.1 Record Last Updated

The last updated date/time value will be updated when most data entry / manipulation events
occur.

The following features of the RRRAP will NOT affect the last updated time:
• Opening or closing a RRRAP record
35
 • Altering the record status
• Exporting a RRRAP record
• Generating a PDF report

4.2 RRRAP Record – Declarations

There are several declarations that should be signed off by an appropriate user for particular aspects
of the RRRAP record, e.g. commencement of design, indicating that CD 377 and supporting guidance
has been read by the designer, that a site visit has taken place, etc. The designer could be the Design
Manager responsible for the team carrying out site surveys and the design and the RRRAP process.

The application imposes no restriction on which users sign off these declarations and when the sign
off should take place. Only those users with the authority should sign-off parts of the RRRAP in line
with their own company’s procedures.

Some of the declarations require a date to be entered (commencement of design, when site visit
occurred). Either click the Calendar image next to the entry field to display a calendar to pick a date
or enter a date manually in the format ‘dd/mm/yyyy’. For the declarations that do not require a
date, the date will be taken from the current time when the Sign off button is clicked.

4.3 Record Status Page

Each RRRAP record has an assigned status. The following table describes the meaning of each status.

Status Level Description

Live Record created and ready for data entry
On hold Design currently on hold
Abandoned Scheme/Design abandoned or indefinitely postponed
Prelim. design Preliminary/Feasibility Design
Detailed design Data entry phase for detailed design
Complete Design complete pending check and approval
Checked Design is complete and checked
Approved Design is complete, checked and approved
Archive Inputs and outputs downloaded and saved
Closed Design closed

Users should use the status alongside their own company’s procedures to manage and monitor the
progress of each RRRAP record.

4.4 RRRAP Record Export

The following steps describe how to export the raw hazard data that has been entered into the
record as a RRRAP record ZIP archive. For instructions on importing a RRRAP record ZIP archive, see
section 3.8.

The raw data exported includes:

• All common details
• The data entered for each of the hazard category types (not including any calculated risk
values)

36
The record export does not export:
• Sign off details
• Option costs
• Hazard overview details (i.e. if a hazard category type is expected or has its data entry
completed)
• Temporary hazards
• Restraint summary details for inclusion in Appendix 4/1.

The above information is captured in the full report (see section 11.3) and restraint summary report
(see section 12.1) which can also be archived off the system.

It is recommended that you should use this export facility to back up your hazard data at key stages
in the design process.

The export consists of a ZIP file containing CSV files. Within the ZIP file, the common details will be
contained in a folder called 'Common Details' and all the hazards will be in a folder called 'Hazards'.
Each hazard category will have an individual CSV file.

To export a RRRAP record ZIP file follow these steps:

1. Via the ‘Record Status’ tab, click the export RRRAP record button (located at the top
right).
2. To export a RRRAP record a filename (for the generated ZIP file) has to be provided. By
default the name of the export file is the record name (x) plus the name of the project (y)
and the date, i.e. x_y_dd_mm_yyyy.zip
3. Click ‘Export Record’ to generate the export file.
4. Once the export file has been generated, a dialog will be displayed by your browser. At this
point you can save the file to an appropriate location on your computer.

37
5 Data Entry - Common Details
This tab records key details of the project for which the assessment of Road Restraint System
requirements is being undertaken. The page is split into four sub-sections:

• Basic Details
• Reason for Design
• Section Details & Traffic Information
• Scheme Duration & Barrier Costs

To enter Common Details, click the ‘Edit’ button.

Figure 5-1 Common Details tab

Important Note – Saving Common Details

To save values entered for Common Details click the ‘Save’ button. Please note that Common Details
cannot be saved until all required mandatory fields have been completed across all Common Details
sub-tabs. Any sub-tab that has incomplete mandatory fields will be highlighted with the indicator.

It is also important to note that, whilst the mandatory fields are the minimum that must be
completed before the Common Details can be saved, and only completing these can be useful if for
instance a quick trial is being carried out, it is essential that data is entered in all the other fields so
that a complete auditable record is maintained for the final design.

38
5.1 Basic Details

This section is used to record overall details of the Project. It records details such as: Project name;
Designer and contract details; etc.

Figure 5-2 Common Details – Basic Details

Also included in the Basic Details tab are the Record Details, i.e. Record name, Project name, Record
Description, etc. These values can be edited while editing the other Common Details values.

5.2 Reason for Design

This section is used to record details of why the Project it is being done. It records details such as:
reason why the works are being done, e.g. upgrade or improvement to an existing carriageway or
replacement of existing Restraint System; etc.

39
Figure 5-3 Common Details – Reason for Design

If you answer ‘Yes’ to Assess existing parapets, you will be prompted to fill in an additional set of
‘Yes’ / ‘No’ questions.

If none of the supplied reasons for the design are appropriate, then use the ‘Other Details’ text area
at the bottom of the page to enter the reason for the design.

Important Note – Temporary Works

If you select ‘Yes’ for ‘Temporary Works’, an additional Temporary Works tab will be displayed (once
the Common Details are saved). Note that temporary hazards are dealt with differently to other
hazards.

5.3 Section Details

This section is used to record details of the particular Section of the road that is under consideration,
e.g. type of road; the road’s location in terms of junction names or numbers, which side of the
carriageway is being looked at, and start and end chainages of the section being assessed; etc.

A road that has a length of Slip Road and a length of Mainline will need to be split into two Sections,
as the traffic flows and cross section, alignment and hence run-off and accident characteristics of the
Slip and Mainline will be different.

40
 Response in the road classification field affects drop down for road sub-
type and speed limit.

Local chainage to be established

so that VRS details can be
referenced back to a known
feature for future reference.

Section label may use

chart node points.

Ensure that terms used are

not ambiguous, and will be
understood by later designers.

See text below

Figure 5-4 Common Details – Section Details

Note that if you are assessing a motorway with 5 or more lanes, use the D4M category.

The RRRAP is normally used for assessing the near side verge (N/S verge) of a single or dual
carriageway. It can be used for assessing the offside (O/S verge) of a slip or link road, which are
essentially one-way roads. It can also be used for assessing whether hazards that are present in a
wide central reserve (i.e. one that is more than 10 m wide) warrant protection by selecting the
offside verge option. Note that this option assumesTask
that crossover incidents are not possible due to
Project
Management
the width and does not make any assessment of crossover incidents within the calculation.
Various Staff &
5.4 Section Details - Chainage Grades

The RRRAP can cater for Sections that are both increasing and decreasing in chainage order.

If say a section of road is being assessed with increasing chainage in the northbound direction from,
say, ch 0 m to ch 1200 m, then for hazards in the northbound verge the chainage will run from ch 0
to 1200, whilst for hazards in the southbound verge, the chainage will run from ch 1200 to ch 0. Each
direction would require a separate RRRAP record.

41
In order that the RRRAP is meaningful and identifiable to maintenance and highway authorities years
after a design has been completed it is essential that the local chainage that has been adopted for a
design is referenced back to some known features e.g. node points or chart points or to a permanent
structure such as a bridge. This should be captured via design drawings.

As a minimum the length of section of carriageway being assessed should include data for at least
100m in advance of the first hazard and 50m following the final hazard being assessed.

5.5 Section Details – Hard shoulder width

Figure 5-5 Section Details – Hard shoulder width

More details on defining hard shoulder widths can be found in section 8.2.

5.5.1 Motorways

For a Motorway, a standard nearside (n/s) full width hard shoulder is 3.3 m.

Where the hard shoulder is locally less than 3.0 m, it would normally be hatched and signed as
having no hard shoulder in accordance with CD 127. If the n/s hard shoulder is generally full width,
but locally is less than 3.0 m in width over lengths of less than 100 m, for the purposes of the RRRAP,
indicate that the hard shoulder is >= 3 m in width.

Where the n/s hard shoulder is less than 3.0 m wide over a length greater or equal to 100 m then
indicate that the road has a hard shoulder between 0.6 m and 3.0 m. Enter the actual hard shoulder
widths in Width of adjacent Hardshoulder / Hardstrip (A) field in the Verge Widths hazards section.

For the offside (o/s), i.e. the central reserve, the Width of adjacent Hardshoulder / Hardstrip (A) &
(B) fields should both be zero.

5.5.2 Smart Motorways

For All Lane Running (ALR) Sections, follow the help and guidance given in section 8.2. For Hard
Shoulder Running (HSR) sections, again follow the help and guidance in section 8.2, running two
separate RRRAPs: one with standard running, i.e. with hardshoulder in place and permanent speed
limit; and the second with HSR and the proposed speed limit for this scenario. The outputs from the
two scenarios can be compared and the VRS requirement for each hazard for the worst case
selected.

For the offside (o/s), i.e. the central reserve, the Width of adjacent Hardshoulder / Hardstrip (A) &
(B) fields should both be zero.

42
5.5.3 All Purpose Roads

For a Single or Dual All Purpose road, the standard n/s hardstrip width is 1.0 m. The drop downs are
Hard strip >= 0.6 m and Hard strip < 0.6 m. If the hardstrip is generally full width, but locally is less
than 0.6 m in width over lengths of less than 100 m, for the purposes of the RRRAP, indicate that the
Hard strip >= 0.6 m.

Where the hardstrip is less than 0.6 m wide over a length greater or equal to 100 m then indicate
that the Hardstrip < 0.6 m.

For the offside (o/s), the Width of adjacent Hardshoulder / Hardstrip (A) field= h/s width, typically
0.7 m or 1.0 m, Width of adjacent Hardshoulder / Hardstrip (B) field = zero.

5.5.4 Slip and Link Roads

For a Slip Road or a Link Road where the standard n/s hard shoulder is 3.3 m, follow the guidance for
a Motorway. For a Slip Road or Link Road where the standard hard shoulder is 2.8 m or standard
hardstrip is 1.0 m in width, then indicate that the road had a hard strip/shoulder 0.6 m to 3.0m.

For the offside (o/s), the Width of adjacent Hardshoulder / Hardstrip (A) field= h/s width, typically
0.7 m or 1.0 m, Width of adjacent Hardshoulder / Hardstrip (B) field = zero.

5.5.5 All cases

The RRRAP defaults to a 0.6 m VRS set-back where full width n/s hard shoulder (>=3.0 m) or
hardstrip (>=0.6 m) has been indicated, otherwise it defaults to 1.2 m set-back. The Risk calculations
are pre-formed on the basis of the indicated hard shoulder width and the default set-back.

Should the local highway geometry not be sufficient for the default set-back values, it is possible,
having run the RRRAP Risk Calculation, to overwrite the set-back values manually by editing hazards
via the ‘Collation & Reports’ tab and to then recalculate the risk levels. If doing this, it is
recommended that you generate detailed results for the hazard under investigation and either a
snapshot or full report. This acts both as a record of previous values and to facilitate comparison.

In some circumstances, it is possible that only Tolerable results will be returned, and it will not be
possible to get an Acceptable level of risk. This is due to the way in which the equations and
thresholds within the RRRAP operate. Where it is not possible to obtain an Acceptable level of risk, a
Departure from Standard must be applied for accompanied by a RRRAP report and a summary of
what the Designer has looked at (see section 2.11).

5.6 Section Details - Environmental Considerations

If Environmental considerations are likely to influence the decision on provision of VRS, e.g. snow
build up on some forms of VRS may influence type to be specified, or the RRRAP indicates protection
is required for a localised one off hazard on a low risk site within an Area of Outstanding Natural
Beauty and the Designer considers that VRS should not be provided, then background to the
Environmental issue(s) and how that has influenced the decision should be given in the ‘Comment’
field relating to the hazard. The response entered is purely used for audit purposes and the
calculation is not affected in any way.

43
5.7 Traffic Information and Scheme Duration

The lower part of the page, shown below, requires traffic information details for the Section. These
details are used by the RRRAP to calculate the run-off frequency and in the benefit / cost calculations
and must be entered. The percentage of large vehicles (LGVs), i.e. those over 3.5 tonnes, and, to a
lesser extent, of medium vehicles (MGVs), i.e. those over 1.5 tonnes and less than or equal to 3.5
tonnes, will affect the benefit / cost ratios and, especially where Others may be involved, the
Containment Level of the VRS.

See next section

relating to use of the
default figures

Figure 5-6 Common Details – Traffic Information

The page calculates default values for accident frequency and details are reported in the non-
editable (grey) fields. Accident frequency is accidents per year per kilometre (1 fatal = 10 serious =
100 slight injuries). The default value takes into account the type of road and its AADT flow.

5.7.1 AADT, LGV and MGV

The AADT and percentage LGV and MGV values entered should be based on the predicted flow 5
years after the expected start of works date. If the LGV and MGV values are unknown, for instance
because it is a new road, then the default values can be entered by clicking on the ‘Reset to default
percentages’ button. For Motorway Link and Slip Roads, the 1-way AADT should be entered as they
are in effect one-way roads.

5.8 Scheme Duration & Barrier Costs

This section records the details of the scheme duration and whether default or non-default cost
values are used for VRS.

44
Figure 5-7 Common Details – Scheme Duration & Barrier Costs

The start year is for expected tender or start of works rather than design date.

The default VRS lifetime is normally 20 years. If this value is not suitable (e.g. DBFO schemes may be
30 years), answering ‘No’ to this question will display an additional field (see Figure 5-8) to enter a
VRS lifetime (which must be a minimum of 20 years).

The default Discount (i.e. inflation) Rate of 3.0% is used over the VRS lifetime. If a different value is
required, answer ‘No’ to this question and an additional field will be displayed (see Figure 5-8).

View details of
default safety barrier
and parapet costs

Enter non-
default
values

Figure 5-8 Scheme Duration & Barrier Costs – Non-default lifetime and discount rate

Unless otherwise specified, the RRRAP will use a set of default safety barrier and parapet costs
(these can be seen by clicking on the nearby online help button). More detail on default costs can be
found in section 6.1 and in the online help.

If for a whole project the default values are not considered to be appropriate, e.g. on a DBFO where
very competitive rates can be obtained for VRS, enter ‘No’ for field ‘Use default safety barrier and
parapet costs?’. A further set of data entry fields are displayed to enter non-default costs.

Figure 5-9 Common Details – Non-default safety barrier and parapet costs

If you choose to enter non-default costs, the only value pre-populated is PVC.

This is based on the formula: (1-(1+D)^(-1*(N)))/D

Where:
• D is the discount rate (either the default value or as defined by the user)
• N is the life of the restraint system (either the default value or as defined by the user)

45
Note, if you are using non-default costs, all the fields for non-default costs must be completed before
the risk calculation will run.

5.9 Common Details Import from CSV (previously exported from Web Version of
RRRAP)

The following steps apply to CSV (comma separated value) files that have been generated by
exporting a RRRAP record from the web version of RRRAP (see section 4.4).

Figure 5-10 Importing a common details CSV file

To import Common Details from a CSV file follow these steps:

1. Through the ‘Records’ tab open a RRRAP record.

2. Via the ‘Common Details’ tab, click the import common details button (located at the
top right).
3. Using the browse button on this page, specify the CSV file to import from your local file
system.
4. Click the upload button.
5. If any errors are reported, these will have stopped the import from completing and no
common details will be imported. The CSV file will have to be manually altered before trying
again.
6. If only warnings are reported, then the import will have completed, but the common details
page may have fields that require attention. Take appropriate action to fix these problems.
7. Click the 'Back to Common Details Overview page' button to go back and view the imported
common details.

46
6 Barrier Option Costs
Where the cost of provision for an individual bridge parapet or a length of safety barrier is going to
be significantly different to the default values (e.g. where significant strengthening of a bridge is
needed to take the parapet or where an H1 or H4a safety barrier will require special footings due to
poor ground conditions or its location on an embankment), then enter details for the revised cost in
this tab for each separate installation.

Click the 'Add Option Cost' button to create a new Option Cost.

Figure 6-1 Create Barrier Option Cost page

The page displayed will allow you to record the details relating to the cost:

• Hazard Id – a cross reference to the affected Hazard (maximum 30 characters)

• Cost of option – average cost per year in pounds
• Details of calculation and references – provide details on the new cost (maximum 1000
characters)

The revised cost should also be set in the “Cost of Option” field for the affected hazard (edit the
hazard via the Collation & Reports tab to access this field). This will ensure that the correct benefit
cost ratio is determined when calculating risk. The benefit cost ratio can be viewed in the Detailed
Results report.

47
6.1 Default Costs

The default costs are:

N2 H1 H4A N2 to H2 N2 to
parapet H4A
upgrade parapet
upgrade
Average Cost Per M 54.69 101.66 370.00 1000.00 2000.00
(Current Year)
PVC 14.88 14.88 25.73 0.00 0.00
Average cost per 4.19 4.19 0 0 0
year of
maintenance
Cost of Terminal 510.17 510.17 481.72 0.00 0.00
These are maintained within the RRRAP and may change depending on the version of the RRRAP the
web record was associated with when it was created.

The default values are generated from the following calculations:

N2 H1 H4A N2 to H2 N2 to
parapet H4A
upgrade parapet
upgrade
Average Cost Per M See cost / m in Source See cost / m in Source See cost / m in Source Stated as Stated as
(Current Year) Data section Data section Data section 1000 2000

PVC (1-(1+D)^(-1*(N)))/D (1-(1+D)^(-1*(N)))/D (1-(1+D)^(-1*(N)))/D Stated as 0 Stated as 0

Average cost per See Maint / yr / min See Maint / yr / min See Maint / yr / min Stated as 0 Stated as 0
year of maintenance in Source Data in Source Data in Source Data
section section section
Cost of Terminal See Terminal in See Terminal in See Terminal in Stated as 0 Stated as 0
Source Data section Source Data section Source Data section

D is the discount rate (default 0.03)

N is the life of the restraint system (see Lifetime in ‘Source Data’ section below)

Notes on derivation

Benefit Cost Ratio = PVB / PVC

PVB is the present value of benefits.

PVC is the present value of costs.

The lifetime cost of installing a road restraint system is:

PVC = C + M(1-(1+D)-n)/D) + Q

C is the installation cost (default £580 for the terminal and £5 per m for the restraint).
M is the annual maintenance cost (default £4.2 per m).
D is the discount rate (default 0.03).
N is the life of the restraint system (default 20 years).
Q is the installation delays (default 0).

48
 Source Data

Costs taken from Spon 2006; maintenance values from MouchelParkman (M25); traffic management
costs (not currently used) for installation taken from 25 costs supplied by MouchelParkman to TRL.

Additiona
l costs
Traffic mgt
(e.g.
Single Cost of Cost/ Post No. of Maint/y Life costs per m Total cost
Length Total Cost/m Terminal resurfaci
sided beam/m post spacing posts r/m time during per m
ng /
installation
drainage
work
N2 TCB 24.29 1000 41.6 3.2 312.5 37290 37.29 4.19 355.15 20 176.00 214.00
N2 OBB 37.36 1000 41.6 2.4 416.7 54693 54.69 4.19 510.17 20 176.00 231.71
H1 DROBB 84.33 1000 41.6 2.4 416.7 101663 101.66 4.19 510.17 20 176.00 278.68
H4A Concrete 370 1000 0 0 0.0 370000 370.00 0 481.72 50 189.00 559.96

No. of posts = Length / Post spacing

Total = Cost of beam/m * Length + Cost per post * No. of posts

Cost / m = Total / Length

Total cost per m = (Total+2*Terminal)/1000+Traffic mgt costs per m during installation + Additional
costs (e.g. re-surfacing / drainage work)

Notes:
• Traffic management costs for installation not currently included
• Repairs costs subsumed in maintenance costs
• Removal costs not included

49
 7 Data Entry - Hazards Overview
This tab, shown in Figure 7-1, is used to identify whether or not any hazard listed in each category of
hazard is present in the length of road verge (or central reserve) being assessed. The hazard
categories are generally based around the numbering system used in the MCHW, Volume 1. Help
buttons are available to assist the user in determining what items are covered in each hazard
category.

To pre-define what hazard categories are going to be populated, click the "Edit Category
Configuration" button on the top left side of the page (see section 7.1).

Gives guidance on how far from highway hazards

need to be for them not to be included in RRRAP. Click highlighted
row to enter
detailed hazard
data

Help buttons to
assist in deciding
which features are
entered in each
category

Figure 7-1 Hazards Overview

On the Hazards Overview page, two additional columns are shown for each hazard:
• Data Required: This indicates whether hazard data is expected to be entered for this hazard
category
• No. of Hazards entered: This displays the current number of hazards entered for a hazard
category

The No. of Hazards entered columns is also colour coded:

Red No hazards have so far been entered for a category that is expecting hazards to be entered
Yellow Entering of hazard data for this category is in progress
Green All hazards have been entered for this category
Purple Hazards have been entered for this category but none were expected
Clear No hazards are expected to be entered for this category

Detailed hazard data is entered on the appropriate hazard pages which are accessed by clicking on
the appropriate row in the Hazard Overview table - or by selecting a hazard category from the drop-
50
down list at the top right of the page. There is a button on each hazard page that returns to the
Hazards Overview page.

Data is always required and must always be entered for:

• 600 Earthworks
• 1100 Kerbs and Edge of Pavement Details
• Hard shoulder / hardstrip width & Verge Width details

This is because of the way the RRRAP works. The RRRAP uses the earthworks information to
calculate an 'effective offset' of the hazard; a cut slope, i.e. rising upwards from back of verge,
making the hazard effectively further than its actual offset; a falling slope downwards from the back
of the verge making the hazard effectively nearer.

The 'Kerb and Edge of Pavement Details' currently do not alter the calculations but need to be
recorded for audit purposes and record completeness. The 'Hardshoulder / hardstrip width & Verge
Width details' are particularly important as the RRRAP calculates the risk from the running lane
under consideration. This will enable the designer to test for appropriate VRS provision where for
instance the hard shoulder width is substandard, as is often the case where the road has been or is
to be widened within the existing land-take, or its adequacy of provision when hard shoulder running
for extended periods is contemplated.

If the start and end chainages for these three hazard categories do not match the start and end
chainages for the Section under consideration, then an error message will be generated when trying
to calculate risk, advising the user of the problem (see section 2.10.3).

7.1 Edit Category Configuration

To configure which hazard categories are going to be populated, click the "Edit Category
Configuration" button on the top left side of the ‘Hazards Overview’ tab.

For each hazard there are two columns shown, "Present?" and "Completed?".

Figure 7-2 Edit Category Configuration

51
The first, "Present?" indicates whether hazard data is expected. Click ‘Yes’ if hazard data is to be
entered, or click ‘No’ if none is expected. Because hazard data is always required for "600
Earthworks", "1100 Kerbs and Edge of Pavement Details", and "Hardshoulder / hardstrip width &
Verge Width details" they are always set to ‘Yes’.

The second column, "Completed?" indicates that the person editing the record believes that all
hazards of this type have been entered for the record. If all hazards have been entered click the
checkbox. If, at a later date, the situation changes and more hazards are to be entered for a
category, simply click on the checkbox to remove the tick.

Once finished, click the Save button to save the changed hazard Category Configuration.

Important Note – Marking Categories as Complete

Any hazard category that has been set as being present (indicated by a ‘Yes’ value) must be marked
as complete before running the risk calculation, otherwise it will fail to run. Error messages will be
displayed for each category set as being present but not marked as complete.

7.2 Hazard Categories

There are broadly two groups of hazards, those that are generally within the Highway Boundary
based on MCHW categories, and those that are generally outside or may cross the highway (hazards
where Others could be affected).

7.2.1 Within Highway Hazards

Are any of these hazards present inside or within X m beyond the Highway Boundary along the
length of carriageway under Consideration?

The value of X is 5m where the road is in cutting deeper than 3m on the side under consideration,
and 15m in all other situations.

7.2.2 Hazards where Others could be affected

Are hazards where Others could be affected present that could potentially be reached by errant
vehicle or falling object that is hit? Hazards where Others could be affected include adjacent road
and rail situations. Hazards where others could be affected within 100m from the carriageway
should be considered and the guidance in this document in respect of the point of no recovery
should be followed.

These features may be inside the Highway Boundary or outside it. They may be behind the Highway
Boundary fence.

An errant vehicle can travel a considerable distance, especially on a downward slope and may break
through simple boundary fencing. If in doubt, include and assess the requirements for protection.

Obviously if it is physically impossible for an errant vehicle to reach a hazard, e.g. due to intervening
obstructions or topography, then there is no need to include it.

A site visit is required to confirm the reasonableness of the restraint provision proposed /
determined by the Risk Assessment Tool.
52
7.3 Hazard Data Entry Completed

Once all hazard data has been entered, and hazard categories with data have been marked as
complete (see section 7.1), click on the ‘Collation & Reports’ tab. This tab lists all the hazards that
have been entered and can have risk evaluated. From here the risk calculation can be run and
hazards evaluated for risk.

Note that Verge and Kerb hazards do not have risk evaluated so do not appear in the ‘Collation &
Reports’ tab (although Verge details are used as part of the risk evaluation for all other hazards). Also
not included is the last Earthwork hazard. It is used purely as an end marker to define the slope
width and height at the end chainage point for the section being assessed.

7.4 Saving a Copy

It is recommended that you export a copy of the RRRAP record (see section 4.4) once all the hazard
data has been input and at key stages in the design process. This will allow the designer to get back
to the situation prior to making any changes when evaluating hazards. This will back up only the
common details and the data entered for each of the hazard category types. You can also generate a
full PDF report that contains all the data entered in a human readable format.

An optional way to backup your data is to create a copy of the record via the Records tab (see
section 3.5). This will create a copy of the record with common details, option costs, hazards
overview, and all individual hazards (not including any calculated risk values). The restriction on this
method is that it uses up a valuable record slot. It is recommended that this option only be used for
short term backups.

7.5 Upper and lower limits to the number of hazards

There were a number of queries that arose during the trialling of the original RRRAP spreadsheet
relating to whether it was necessary to input data relating to all existing hazards along the entire
length of a road where for instance a small number of discrete communications signs and associated
cabinets were to be installed as part of a small scheme. The Designer’s attention is drawn to the
need to comply with CD 377.

It should be noted that the RRRAP is capable of being used to determine the VRS requirements for
as few as one or two hazards plus the earthworks and other mandatory data, with information local
to only these hazards being entered (say covering 100 m to 200 m in advance and 50 m beyond
depending on circumstances) or over the entire length of a scheme (as long as the flow and road
types are consistent throughout the length).

There is no limit to the total number of each hazard that can be entered.

53
8 Data Entry - Detailed Data on each Hazard
8.1 General Notes

8.1.1 Unique ID reference number

The RRRAP automatically assigns each hazard an ID Number.

8.1.2 Aggressiveness

The RRRAP automatically assigns each hazard a default aggressiveness factor depending on the type
of hazard. The default aggressiveness values can be viewed by clicking the help button next to the
aggressiveness field.

The aggressiveness value may be changed manually to see for example the effect on the VRS
requirement of changing the hazard to a less aggressive type of hazard (apart for Earthwork
hazards), but this will have an impact when calculating risk. To manually change the aggressiveness
value, first click the button next to the aggressiveness field. This will make the field editable. If
you wish to revert back to the RRRAP calculated aggressiveness value, click the button next to
the aggressiveness field.

8.1.3 Dimensions

Chainages are in metres. Lengths, widths and offsets of hazards are in metres. Heights are in either
metres or millimetres, e.g. sign height and cut or fill height is in metres, kerb height is in millimetres.

8.1.4 Hazard Data Entry Pages

Once a hazard category has been selected from the ‘Hazard Overview’ tab (see section 7), an
overview page is displayed for that hazard category, listing all hazards entered so far (an example is
shown in Figure 8-1). If no hazards have yet been entered, no summary table is shown and the text
‘There are currently no items of this type. ’ is displayed.

54
 Columns that can be highlighted by moving mouse over
them can be clicked to re-sort the order of the table
Click to add
content (ascending or descending)
new hazard

Select different
hazard category

Click to copy hazard If there are a lot of hazards entered, the list of hazards
will be split into different pages. Links here will allow you
Click to delete hazard to navigate between these different pages.

Figure 8-1 Fencing Hazard Data Entry Summary Page

The summary page allows you to:

• Create new hazards
• Edit non-risk calculation hazard values for existing hazards
• Delete hazards
• Copy a hazard (see section 8.1.5 for more details)

Once a hazard is deleted the information is permanently lost from the record.

8.1.5 Hazard Copy

In the hazard data entry summary page (see Figure 8-1), if you click the copy hazard button ,a
new hazard is created with all the selected hazards values, except for start chainage and risk
calculated values. This mechanism is useful where many of the values do not change across similar
hazards. Create the first hazard, and then use that as a template to derive the remaining hazards. If
this method is chosen, care must be taken to ensure that the input reflects the situation accurately
at chainages where one or more parameters do change. The parameters should reflect the general
situation in the vicinity of each hazard.

8.1.6 Saving Hazards

When creating a new hazard or editing an existing hazard click the ‘Save’ button to make your
changes permanent.

If you are creating a new hazard, a ‘Save & Next’ button is also available. Clicking this will save the
hazard you have just defined, and once that has been completed, will display another blank data
entry page so that you can enter details of another hazard.

55
Figure 8-2 Using ‘Save and Next’ when entering hazard data

If you copy a hazard (as described in section 8.1.5), a ‘Save & Next’ button is also available. Clicking
this will save the hazard you have just defined, and once that has been completed, will display
another copy of the original selected hazard for copy (with the chainage field blank) so that you can
enter details of another similar hazard quickly.

56
 8.1.7 Drop down listings and Helps

Many of the fields in the right side of the hazard data entry pages are the same, e.g. Local Alignment,
Sleep, Speed, etc. They have the same options and help (shown in Figure 8-3).

Where they differ, e.g. on the ‘600 Earthworks’, ‘1100 Kerbs and Edge of Pavement Details’,
‘Railways’, ‘Roads’, ‘Buildings’, and ‘Chemical or fuel installation’ data entry pages, details and
guidance has been given within the appropriate section of this Guidance Manual.
Local Alignment (F2) Speed (F4)
Local alignment (F2) Speed should normally be
set to "approximately
Full standard sight equal to speed limit" for
Good stopping distance (SSD), Sleep - related site (F3) motorways and dual
alignment full width lanes, straight
Sleep - related Site (F3) carriageways.
and constant grade
A No obvious risk factor.
Full standard sight
stopping distance (SSD), Site of featureless rural
some curves and road with the minimal Site specific hazards increasing chance of RTA
Average B services and/or minimal
undulations but standard
alignment distractions for drivers at
horizontal and vertical
alignments and lane the side of the roads.
widths. Sweeping right hand bend Site specific hazards increasing the likelihood of an
or sweeping left hand bend, RTA include the following features in the length of the
Sub-standard SSD or C section:
Poor with no offside or central
vertical or horizontal reserve safety barriers. Farm access, road junction, private driveway, lay-by,
alignment
alignment or lane widths. bus stop, steep downhill slope, on approach, etc.
Site at the end of a long
D Lack of adequate signage would also be included here.
route.
Any combination of the
E W No obvious hazards
above factors.
X Single site specific hazard
Help will assist A sweeping bend is a
Multiple minor hazards or single major hazard
decision on long slow curve rather Y
(e.g. junctions, steep slopes, sharp bends).
appropriate than a tight one. Z Multiple major hazards
entry in field.

Speed (F4)
Factors automatically alter depending on
values given in preceding 4 fields.
Changing parameters from most to least
favourable changes the runoff rate
from 0.9 to 1.1 (approx 22% range).

Currently, Topography
factor is only used in
calculation for hazards
where Others could be
affected

Figure 8-3 Common Hazard Fields

57
8.1.8 What to do if an existing hazard lies in front of the normal VRS location

Occasionally an existing hazard, e.g. a sign or perhaps in rural areas the start of an earthworks slope,
will lie in front of the VRS position i.e.within the default VRS set-back of 0.6 m where there is a hard
shoulder or hardstrip, or of 1.2 m where there is no hard shoulder or hardstrip.

In these cases, when the Calculate Risk button is pressed, the risk calculation will stop evaluating this
hazard (and move on to the next hazard). In the Risk Calculation Issues page (displayed after all risk
calculations have finished), a message will be displayed highlighting this problem for the affected
hazards (see section 2.10.5 Hazard located in front of barrier). See also section 8.2.1 Substandard
verges.

Via the ‘Collation & Reports’ tab, edit the affected hazard. To ascertain the risk level and VRS
requirements for the hazard, either the set-back of the barrier should be manually altered (to the
same value as the hazard offset, or to a lesser value); or the hazard offset increased so as to lie
outside the VRS position. Risk should now be recalculated. If the hazard requires protection, then the
programme will highlight the entry and the ‘actual barrier working width’ will be shown as either
0.01 m (rather than 0.00, as the programme would consider a zero here a problem) or as the actual
value achievable based on the revised VRS location or on the revised hazard location.

The Designer can compare Detailed Results with the barrier at different set-backs and or hazard at
different offsets. By generating Detailed Results, Snapshot and Full reports for different data sets,
users can reference and compare results.

It is important to ensure that any permanent changes and the reasons for them are fully document
in the hazard ‘Comment’ field.

A Departure from Standard will be required if the VRS set-back is maintained at the reduced value or
a hazard is left within the safety barrier working width. See section 2.11 Relaxations and Departures
from Standard.

8.1.9 Hazard Import from CSV (CSV exported from Web Version of the RRRAP)

The following steps apply to CSV (comma separated value) files that have been generated by
exporting a RRRAP record ZIP from the web version of the RRRAP (see section 4.4). The entire RRRAP
record can be imported back into the RRRAP (see section 3.8).

To import hazards for an individual hazard category (i.e. Fencing) from a single CSV file follow these
steps:

1. Through the ‘Records’ tab open a RRRAP record.

2. Via the ‘Hazard Overview’ tab, click the desired hazard category row in the table.
3. Click the import hazard button (located at the top right).
4. Using the browse button on this page, specify the CSV file to import from your local file
system.
5. Click the upload button.
6. If any errors are reported, these will have stopped the import from completing and no
hazards will be imported. The CSV file will have to be manually altered before trying again.
7. If only warnings are reported, then the import will have completed, but some hazards may
have fields that require attention. If a hazard has had a problem importing, it will be

58
 highlighted via a warning icon on each of the hazard category overview pages (see section
2.10.2). Take appropriate action to fix these problems.
8. Click the 'Back to Hazard List page' button to go back and view the imported hazards.

CSV Note:
• When importing Structure/Parapet hazards, if there are parapets that protect Road or
Railway hazards, these references will have to be re-established once parapet hazards are
imported (on individual hazard import, hazard Id references cannot be guaranteed to be the
same hazard so are left blank).

When importing this way, the hazards will be added to the list of hazards already available for the
chosen hazard category.

8.1.10 Hazard Import from CSV (CSV generated from the RRRAP v1.3 Excel Spreadsheet)

It is possible to import hazard information from previous excel v1.3 RRRAPs onto the web system.
In order to do this, the steps described in this section must be completed to prepare the data for
import into the RRRAP web application followed by the steps in section 8.1.9.

Important Note – RRRAP Excel Spreadsheets

This process only supports data extracted from RRRAP v1.3 Spreadsheets. Data cannot be extracted
from older versions of the RRRAP Spreadsheet and imported into the RRRAP web application.

A CSV file has to be generated for each hazard category.

1. Open the RRRAP v1.3 Excel spreadsheet.

2. Navigate to the tab that contains the desired hazards.
3. Create a new empty spreadsheet (where the copied content will go).
4. Next, select the cells that contain the hazard data, stating with the ID Number column and
including all other columns to the right, e.g. for 1300 Lighting Columns worksheet you would
select columns A to N. The selection MUST also include as its first row the row that contains
the column headings, e.g. ID Number, Nature of Hazard, Start chainage of hazard, Length of
hazard, etc. For 1300 Lighting Columns worksheet, this is row 4.
5. Copy the selected cells. Move to the new empty spreadsheet. Via the Edit menu select Paste
Special. Under the Paste heading select Values and click the Ok button. The content is now
pasted into this new file.
6. Under the File menu, select Save As. In the save dialog change the Save As type to 'CSV
(Comma delimited) (*.csv)'.
7. Excel then states that the selected file type does not support multiple sheets - click Ok
button.
8. Excel then states that the csv file may contain incompatible features – click the Yes button.
9. The CSV file has now been saved. See section 8.1.9 for steps to import this CSV file.

CSV Notes:
• Roads. At step 5, once the content has been pasted into the new empty spreadsheet, some
values need to be fixed. For the values under the 'Actual Speed of Traffic on Adjacent Road
(F12)' column, replace the special 'less than or equal to' character with the two characters
'<=' and replace the special 'greater than or equal to' character with the two characters '>='.

59
 If you try to save the CSV file without make this change the CSV file contains the '?' character
and when imported the drop down value is not matched.
• When importing Structure/Parapet hazards, if there are parapets that protect Road or
Railway hazards, these references will have to be re-established once parapet hazards are
imported (on individual hazard import hazard Id references cannot be guaranteed to be the
same hazard so are left blank).
• Hardshoulder / hardstrip width & Verge width hazards. The “Width of adjacent Hardshoulder
/ Hardstrip” column found in version 1.3 of the RRRAP spreadsheet has now been split into
two separate columns - (A) and (B). Due to this, the “Width of adjacent Hardshoulder /
Hardstrip” value will not be imported. The Designer will need to manually populate the
Hardshoulder / Hardstrip (A) and (B) fields taking into account the previous single value and
the new guidance for determining Hardshoulder / Hardstrip values.
• For earthwork hazards the ‘nature of hazard’ column values must be changed once imported
via the hazard edit page to ‘falling’ or ‘rising’.
For railway hazards, the angle of psb has to be manually entered via the individual Railway
Hazard's edit page after importing.

8.2 Hard shoulder and Verge widths

Data must be entered for this hazard category in order that the RRRAP will run.

The first and last chainage entries must match the Start and End chainages for the section.

60
Remember to include details for where the
verge is locally increased or reduced
adjacent to structures or where road has
been widened and verge dimension has
been altered.

61
Figure 8-4 Enter Hard shoulder / hardstrip width and Verge width details

It is important to ensure that hardshoulder and verge widths are entered for the whole length of the
Section under consideration, even if for the o/s they are zero entries in the Width of adjacent
Hardshoulder / Hardstrip fields. There is no need to identify every single change in verge width. It is
normally sufficient to record the nominal verge width for the road (CD 127 gives the standard
dimensions) but, at locations where the verge width is significantly less than the nominal width, for
instance at pinch points, or where it is widened, for instance at the approaches to bridge parapets, it
is important that the actual width is recorded to ensure that any safety barrier can be properly
located in accordance with CD 377.

Note that the RRRAP assumes that the verge is nominally level and that the area beyond the verge
until the top or toe of the earthworks slope (whichever is nearer) is reached is also broadly level. A 1
in 20 (or 5%) fall is considered broadly level in this context. The programme calculates the risk posed
by the earthworks slopes and the effective offset of hazards that are on or beyond the earthworks
slope based on the information in the Earthworks page, rather than on information in the Verge and
Hardshoulder Widths page.

8.2.1 Substandard verges

Substandard verges typically occur in rural areas on old highway routes, or possibly on widened
carriageways where additional land-take is problematical, and may result in the earthworks slope
commencing in front of or very close to the standard safety barrier location. See section 8.1.8 and
also Figures 3.28 and 3.29 in CD 377. The Designer may need to consider means of assuring stability
and strength of the VRS support e.g. strip or piled footings for the VRS, earthworks strengthening or
retaining structures to ensure the required stability of the VRS and carriageway.

62
8.3 300 Fencing and 500 Drainage

Note that each of these is broadly similar in content and layout.

‘0300.0002’ - Unique Length of Walls, Fences, etc

ID reference number
If road is in cutting >3m deep on
allocated to hazard. side being assessed, take length
within and up to 5m beyond
highway boundary. In all other
cases, take length within and up to
15m beyond highway boundary.
Length measured parallel to
carriageway.

Help buttons give

guidance on inputs

Width of Fence or wall

Enter 0.15 for fences, the nominal

width of wall for walls.

Information in grey
cells calculated from
information input.

Fencing Hazards – splitting into lengths

Start Start Start Start Start Start
Ch A Ch B Ch C Ch D Ch E Ch F
LA LB LC LD LE LF

Straight line F
C approximation used E
B
A D
Offset start F
Offset end E
Offset start

Offset start

Offset start
Offset end

Offset end

Offset start
Offset end
A

Fenceline
D
C
B
A

E
D

Direction of travel PSb = Point from which Set-back is

measured – refer TD 27

Notes:
1. Designers should take a broad-brush approach when inputting information on fencelines, and
not take too much notice of minor changes in alignment.
E.g. over length of fenceline shown, alignment can reasonably be split into a series of
straights A, B, … E, F above.

Diagram indicating how to split up Fencing hazards into lengths.

See also Figure 2-11 and Figure 2-12 and

guidance sections 8.3 and 8.4
Figure 8-5 Fencing and Drainage data entry

63
Drop down menu for Nature of Hazard
Wooden fence e.g. post and rail
Hurdle, strained wire fence
Chain link / welded mesh / palisade Usually regular size and shape, bound in
Close boarded fence - timber / concrete place.
Brick / block wall
Concrete panel wall Unbound, often using irregular sized
Masonry wall and shaped stones, easily dislodged and
Dry stone wall
able to expose an edge if hit.

The RRRAP programme (shown in Figure 8-5) looks at the offset and hazard width at Start chainage
A, and calculates the VRS need for the hazard over Length A (between Start chainage A and B). For a
linear hazard such as a fenceline, the programme will then look at the offset and hazard width of
Start chainage B and calculate if VRS is needed to protect at Start chainage B over Length B (between
Start chainage B and C), and so on. Thus for a linear hazard, the Designer will know at each input
point along the fenceline whether VRS is required to prevent an errant vehicle hitting the hazard.

8.3.1 Checking VRS requirement when fenceline / hazard offset changes significantly

See also Figure 2-11 and Figure 2-12. If the angle of the fence to the road approaches 90 degrees and
say VRS is required at point B, but not at A, then the chances are that VRS placed in advance of B will
be long enough to adequately protect the whole of length A to B. If the angle is shallow, then the
designer may need to go back and check intermediate positions between A and B (say where the
fence is 2 m further from Psb than point B, etc) in order to ensure adequate length of provision. The
point at which the length of fenceline from B to C no longer needs to be protected can be
ascertained. It is hoped that a future version of the RRRAP will automatically perform this
calculation.

B
8.3.2 Drainage item at angle to the carriageway

If there is a drainage item such as a drainage lagoon that is at an angle to the carriageway, e.g. as
shown in Figure 8-6, such that the difference in offset at A and B is significant, then the hazard
should be entered twice, once to pick up chainage, offset and width at point A and second to pick up
chainage, offset and width at point B. Where the offset at A and B are broadly similar, the data
entered would be chainage A, nearer offset of A and B, and max width of hazard.

B
Figure 8-6 Drainage item that is at an angle to the carriageway
64
8.3.3 Data entry for culverts

These are typically for narrow bodies of water up to say 3 m overall width. Culverts should be
entered in the drainage section; larger bodies of water, e.g. a river, lake, lagoon, etc. should be
entered into the Water data entry page.

W1 (max 15 W2
of nominal
15 m) W3
W1 (max O1
of nominal
15 m)
O2 O3 O4
O1 O2
Psb

Ch1 L Ch1 L1 L2
L3
Ch2
W1 (max of nominal 15 m)

15
W2

O1
O2 O3

Psb
L1 L2
Ch1 Ch2

If culvert or water hazard is wider than 3 m bank to bank and

depth > 1 m, then enter details in the ‘OH’s – Water’ worksheet
rather than in the ‘Drainage’ worksheet.

Figure 8-7 Input details for different culvert configurations

Putting the culvert details in the Parapets page would probably give a requirement for N2
containment even if the culvert headwall were very distant from the carriageway. This is because
the parapets module assumes that the parapet is close to the carriageway, and typically at about the
back of the standard verge.

Note that for all the culvert situations, a pedestrian parapet / barrier may be required to stop people
falling over a vertical drop regardless of whether a vehicle restraint is required.

8.3.4 Data entry for larger bodies of water, e.g. river, lake, lagoon, etc.

You should enter these into the Water hazards page.

65
8.4 600 Earthworks
Note that Earthworks details must be provided from Start Chainage to
End Chainage of Section. There must be at least two Earthworks entries.

See following sections for help content.

Site inspection to verify

See section 8.4.7 for advice on inputs

where earthworks are nominally at–grade
and then change to a slope

Figure 8-8 Earthwork data entry

See section 8.4.1 for more
on length of profile.

These fields are auto-filled based

on earlier entries. Currently,
Topography Factor is only used in
calculation for hazards where
Others could be affected

Figure 8-9 Earthwork data entry – non-editable fields

66
Important Note – Earthwork Chainage
No earthworks entries should be given the same chainage.

Drop down menu for Nature of Hazard The RRRAP calculates the gradient as a %
Falling based earthworks inputs of width and height
Nominally at Grade rather than e.g. ‘falling 1:2 or steeper’. Note
Rising if at-grade, nominal width of slope 0.1 m and
Exposed rock face cutting height 0.0 m must be entered.

Drop down menu for Typical surface of Slope and Location of Highway Boundary

Hardened In future versions, these factors will have an influence, albeit

Short grass limited, on the rate at which errant vehicles will decelerate. Be
Long grass / scrub aware that scrub and small bushes / trees may be cleared at some
Small bushes / trees future date, depending on circumstances.

If the road is nominally at-

At back of verge
Within width of slope grade, then use “Beyond
Beyond width of slope width of slope”.

8.4.1 Length of profile

This is the length of the earthwork in relation to its start chainage and the start chainage of the next
earthwork. The length of the earthwork is a non-editable field (see Figure 8-9 ‘length of profile’) and
is not populated when entering the earthwork details. It can be populated:

• By clicking the 'Calculate Earthwork Lengths' button on the 600 Earthworks page. To access,
navigate to the Hazards Overview page then click Earthworks.
• Automatically, by running the risk calculation on the Collation and Reports tab

The last earthwork in the section being assessed will not have a length. Instead the text 'End
Earthwork for section' will be displayed. Risk is not calculated for this last earthwork.

67
 Click this button to re-calculate lengths of all
the earthworks (this is also done
automatically by RRRAP when calculating risk)

Last earthwork in section has no length

Figure 8-10 Length of Earthwork

68
8.4.2 Earthworks - Splitting into sections, Slope Gradient and Critical Height

Earthworks – Splitting into sections and nomenclature

If slope is at 1:2 (50%), the Critical Slope Height is 2.3 m (and the width
is 4.6 m) which, in this case, might be at Ch P and Ch Q.
Width of hazard

Start Ch 1 Start Ch 2 Start Ch 3 Start Ch 4 Start Ch 5 Start Ch 6

= Slope width

Ch P Ch Q

W3
W2
W1

W6
W5
W4
Psb
Offset of hazard from
Psb = Verge width

Diagram indicating how to split up earthworks hazards into sections.

Notes
1. Psb = point from which set-back is measured.
2. Designers should take a broad-brush approach when inputting information on slopes, and not take too much notice of
minor changes in slope width. E.g. between Start Ch 2 and Start Ch 3 above, the width of slope is broadly the same, the
length between Start Ch 3 and Start Ch 4 is changing broadly linearly and the length between Start Ch 4 and Start Ch 5 is
again of broadly similar slope width.
3. Note that a new section is required where significant slope gradient changes occur, e.g. coming from an at-grade length
into a length that is on a slope. The Designer must correctly identify the start point of the length on a slope.
4. Designers must also identify the chainage(s) at which the Critical Slope Height for the gradient of the slope is reached, see
example above. Refer also to Help button for ‘Slope Gradient Conversion and Critical Slope’.
H +ve (Rising) H -ve (Falling) Where earthworks are at grade,
input width of slope as 0.1 m,
height 0.0 m
H
W
Road in cutting Road on sidelong ground Road on fill / embankment Road nominally at grade
Nomenclature
Figure 8-11 Earthworks - Splitting into sections and nomenclature
Slope conversion Critical slope The nomenclature is important. The
H:W % height RRRAP calculates the gradient based
Steeper than 1 : 1 1.0 m or higher earthworks inputs of width and height.
1:1 100 1.0 m
1 : 1.25 80 1.2 m See sections 8.4.7 and 8.4.8 for advice on inputs where earthworks change
1 : 1.5 66.7 1.6 m to/from a slope or go from > or < critical slope height (see help above). In
1 : 1.67 60 1.8 m this example had for instance the gradient ref 0600.0001 been -50% rather
1:2 50 2.3 m than -25%, then the RRRAP would have indicated VRS is required from ch
1 : 2.5 40 3.4 m 5100 all the way to ch 5200, whereas in practice if there had been an entry
1 : 2.75 36 4.0 m where the critical height of 2.3 m for a 50% gradient occurred, say at ch
1:3 33 6.0 m 5150, the RRRAP would have indicated that VRS was only required to ch
1 : 3.5 28.6 7.0 m 5150.
1:4 25 9.0 m
Shallower than 1 : 4 None
It is important to identify
all points at which the
critical height for the
particular gradient are
reached – see section
8.4.8, otherwise VRS may
not start and end at
Figure 8-12 Earthworks – Slope Gradient and Critical Height correct points

69
 Angle

W
=
50
m
A

O start O end

Deck parapet
Angle
Length of road
8.4.3 Viaduct
Ch – Parapet and Earthworks Input
start If the 25 m extends in advance of
the actual start of parapet, enter
O = Offset
Psb

the actual parapet start point.

Note:
Earthworks 1. Lengths 25 m / # m are in
advance of / beyond point of no
‘Falling’ on ‘600
recovery for hazard below the
Earthworks’
bridge.
worksheet 2. In the sketch, # = 10 if vehicles
Ch A Ch B can only approach from left to right,
otherwise 25. Ch E Ch F

WB, Ht B
WE,
Ht E WF,
Ht F
WA, 25 m #m 25 m #m
Ht A
Parapet length Parapet length Earthworks
Wingwall over Rail over Road ‘Falling’ on ‘600
Ch C Ch D Earthworks’
parapet
Deck parapet worksheet
Overall Parapet length input on ‘1700 -400…’ worksheet
See Multiple Slopes help
Ch B where berm is present
or slope gradient varies
over width.

Figure 8-13 Viaduct – Parapet and Earthworks Input

Parapet details are entered in the 1700 – 400 Structures – Parapets page as indicated. See also the
OH’s Road and OH’s Rail pages and Helps for how to input details relating to road and or railways.

8.4.4 Splayed Wingwall – Parapet and Earthworks Input

Note: Ch B is taken
Earthworks ‘Falling’
prior to that where
on ‘600 Earthworks’
earthworks is
worksheet
influenced by end of
wingwall.

Ch A Ch B Ch D Ch E

W B, W D, W E,
Ht B Ht D Ht E

W A,
Ht A Deck parapet

= Overall Parapet length input on

See Multiple Slopes help ‘1700 -400… ‘ worksheet
where berm is present
or slope gradient varies Ch C
over width.

Figure 8-14 Splayed Wingwall – Parapet and Earthworks Input

70
Parapet details are entered in the 1700 – 400 Structures – Parapets page as indicated. See also the
OH’s Road page and Helps for how to input details relating to road.

8.4.5 Parallel Wingwall – Parapet and Earthworks Input

Ch C Ch D

Ch A Ch B

W A, W C, W D,
Ht A W B, Ht C Ht D
Ht B

Psb

Earthworks ‘Falling’ Earthworks ‘Falling’

on ‘600 Wingwall Deck parapet Wingwall on ‘600
Earthworks’ parapet parapet Earthworks’
worksheet worksheet
Overall Parapet length input
on ‘1700 -400…’ worksheet
Ch B

Figure 8-15 Parallel Wingwall – Parapet and Earthworks Input

Parapet details are entered in the 1700 – 400 Structures – Parapets page as indicated. See also the
OH’s Railway page and Helps for how to input details relating to railway.

8.4.6 Parallel Wingwall – Parapet and At-Grade Earthworks Input

Note:
Earthworks at-grade Where bridge spans the cutting,
on ‘600 Earthworks‘ there may not be any wingwall
worksheet parapets.
Ch A Ch C

W = nominal
0.1 m
Psb

Deck
parapet Wingwall parapets
Ch B

Overall parapet length input

on ‘1700 -400…’ worksheet

Figure 8-16 Parallel Wingwall – Parapet and At-Grade Earthworks Input

Parapet details are entered in the 1700 – 400 Structures – Parapets page as indicated. See also the
OH’s Road page and Helps for how to input details relating to a road.

71
8.4.7 Dealing with lengths that are nominally at-grade

At locations where the road is nominally at-grade, the width of slope should be input as a nominal
0.1m (a zero value is not permitted). The RRRAP assumes that the ground beyond any slope or at-
grade section is broadly level. In the example in Figure 8-11, the earthworks go into a 1 in 2 cutting
soon after the 1 in 2 embankment ending, with a short length at-grade in between.

It is important to ensure that the start of the earthworks slope after a length at-grade is assigned the
correct Overall Slope Height, i.e. 0.05 m in this case to correlate with the width of 0.1 m and gradient
of 1 in 2.

No earthworks entries should be given the same chainage, so in this instance had the earthworks
gone directly from cut to fill or vice versa, then a dummy nominal at-grade length of 1 m should be
entered.

8.4.8 Critical height of slope

It is important that the chainages at which the critical height of slope for that slope gradient are
identified (see figure 8-12), otherwise the RRRAP will potentially report incorrect start and end
points for VRS. This is best demonstrated by the example below.

Falling
at 1:2
Ht = -5.5 m

At-grade At-grade
Ht = 0.0 m
Ht = 0.0 m

80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Suppose you input the information as follows (i.e. without noting critical height locations).

72
The RRRAP might output:

Resulting VRS provision, which is incorrect as it commences and ends too late, is shown below. Only
the results from the RRRAP have been plotted.

Falling
at 1:2
Ht = -5.5 m

At-grade At-grade
Ht = 0.0 m
Ht = 0.0 m

80 100 120 140 160 180 200

If the information is input correctly as follows (i.e. including critical height locations).

73
The RRRAP might output:

Resulting correct VRS provision is as follows – note that this will prevent an errant vehicle running
down the slope where it is equal to or higher than the critical height of 2.3 m. Only the results from
the RRRAP have been plotted.

Falling
at 1:2
Ht = -5.5 m

At-grade At-grade
Ht = 0.0 m
Ht = 0.0 m

80 100 120 140 160 180 200

8.4.9 Earthworks profile having multiple slope gradients

Figure 8-17 indicates the method of inputting earthworks information where there are multiple
slopes.

In
Figure 8-17 (a) where the gradient of the lower slope is both shallower than 1:4 and shallower than
the upper slope, then it should be disregarded.

Figure 8-17 (b) and (c) show a situation where a false cutting has been created. This is often done to
create a noise and or visual barrier to a feature or features beyond the highway boundary.

74
 Point of no
Overall width
recovery
= W1 + W2
Psb
W1 W2 Offset

Overall
height
Allow for height, but not
of slope
width, of any slope
shallower than 1 in 10

(a) Multiple slopes

Point of no Psb
Width of recovery
slope Offset
Overall height
of slope

(b) Multiple slopes where height of false

cutting is < 2.5 m
Psb
Width of
Overall height slope Offset
of slope

(c) Multiple slopes where height of false

cutting is ≥ 2.5 m

Figure 8-17 Multiple Slopes

It is considered unlikely that an errant vehicle would be able to traverse an uphill slope of more than
about 2.5 m height, but may be able to reach the crest of a slope that is less high and, if there is an
embankment slope beyond the crest, then to run down or roll down that slope and hit a hazard that
is on that slope or possibly even beyond it (e.g. a railway). The chance of the errant vehicle reaching
the top depends on a number of factors such as speed, type of vehicle, gradient, etc and whether
there are any hazards on the slope, such as trees, that might inhibit or prevent the vehicle reaching
the crest.

The programme assumes that the area between Psb and the start of the earthworks slope is broadly
level, and that the area beyond the earthworks slope is broadly level. For a hazard that is part way
up a cutting slope, the programme assumes it has an effective offset that is further from the Psb
than its actual position and for a hazard on an embankment, that it is effectively closer.

75
The earthworks module of the RRRAP is not sophisticated enough to be able to handle the effects of
an initial upward slope followed by a downward slope, so where the height of the false cutting varies
between say 2-3 m, the input data following
Figure 8-17 (b) and (c) is at best a compromise. A way round the problem is to run the RRRAP twice,
once with the earthworks input for the cutting slope (i.e. Rising) along the whole length, i.e.
assuming that the embankment slope beyond does not exist, and the second time with the
earthworks Rising up to the chainage where the height rise starts to drop below 2.5 m, and Falling up
to the chainage where the height of false cutting again reaches 2.5 m. The verge width would be
constant throughout both runs. The first run would under-report VRS requirements, and the second
over-report them. The appropriate VRS provision would be based on the outputs and engineering
judgement. The Designer should generate and keep as evidence a copy of the hazard details at each
run (and any generated detailed results) by generating a full report (see section 11.3). An
explanation of the conclusions reached should be entered into the hazard ‘Comment’ field as a
record of the decision process.

8.4.10 Strengthened Slopes

Inputting information where the slope has been strengthened to steepen it may either be entered in
the 600 Earthworks page or in the 2500 Special Structures page. The decision as to which largely
depends on the length involved. If the length is substantial, then it is easier to enter the slope details
in the Earthworks, if the length is localised, say round an obstacle, it is easier to enter it in the Special
Structures page, see also Section 8.11.

8.4.11 Retaining walls supporting an embankment or sidelong ground

Where these occur, they should be entered in the Earthworks page as a ‘Falling’ with a nominal
width and the height to match that of the drop. See also
Figure 8-17 Multiple Slopes (a).

In the case of a crib wall that is retaining a carriageway, the RRRAP does not take into account the
additional risk in respect accidental wheel loading that might lead to the crib wall failure; it is only
assessing the risk to vehicle occupants posed by the drop formed by the crib wall. In such
circumstances reference should be made to CD 622 ‘Managing Geotechnical Risk’. The designer
should indicate his reasoning in respect of any decision made on VRS provision at such locations in
the hazard ‘Comment’ field.

76
8.5 1100 Kerbs

Note that details must be entered from Start Chainage to End

Chainage of Section, even if there is no kerb or channel present.

Figure 8-18 Kerbs and Edge of Pavement Details

Drop down menu for Nature of Hazard

No kerb or channel At present, these factors do not
Channel lined influence the risk calculation. In
Channel unlined future versions, they may do.
Kerb 100mm high or less
Kerb >100mm up to 250mm high
Kerb > 250mm high

77
 8.6 1200 Traffic Signs and Signals

See section 8.6.2 below for further

information on Passively Safe and
Small Posts.

See sections 8.6.1 to 8.6.3 for

further information relating to
Gantries.

This entry will

influence the
containment level of
the safety barrier.
The designer must
check that
appropriate
containment level is
chosen. See section Where base of sign
8.6.3 may be hit rather
than / as well as the
sign itself

Figure 8-19 Traffic Signs and Signals data entry

78
Drop down menu for Nature of Hazard

Passively safe (p.s.) signs and gantries may not

require VRS protection on their own merit,
but may be close to another hazard that may
warrant protection or alter the cost benefit
ratio in favour of protection of both hazards.

8.6.1 Gantries

Note: This also applies to Gantries in 1500 Comms

Details of any risk ranking assessment carried out in accordance with the National Annex to BS EN
1991-7 to determine the sensitivity of the structure to collision required by CD 365 should be cross
referred to in the User Comments and included within the HS File.

8.6.2 Use of Passively Safe Supports for signs or Gantries

Note: This also applies to Passively Safe Supports for Gantries in 1500 Comms worksheet

It may be beneficial in many situations to consider using passively safe supports for a sign or a
passively safe gantry rather than conventional posts or gantry, especially where the RRRAP indicates
that VRS is only required to protect the one hazard and the hazard can be changed to be passively
safe. It should be noted however that passively safe supports or gantries may not be suitable for all
locations, e.g. where the sign could fall onto another carriageway or become a hazard to other
vehicles. The Designer should check that the criteria and failure mechanism of the passively safe
support structure is suitable for the proposed location and what is being supported. Additionally,
the Designer should consider the importance of the sign(s), the message portrayed and its
significance, and the implications of it being missing in the event of a knock down.

Refer to CD 365 for further information relating to the design of these structures. The provision of
any vehicle restraint system for a passively safe gantry must be agreed with the Technical Approval
Authority.

When a drop down for a passively safe support structure is chosen, the item must meet the
requirements of one of the three BS EN 12767 categories i.e. High Energy absorbing (HE), Low Energy
absorbing (LE), or Non-Energy absorbing (NE). Note that Class O is not acceptable as a passively safe
support (the Class has no performance requirements and no test is required). Standard supports fall
into this Class.

79
8.6.3 Results for Gantries

An example of the output relating to gantries and gantry mounted signs in the collation pages will be
as per the example below.

Figure 8-20 Typical outputs for gantries and MS3/MS4 signs, and gantries

Where the offset from Psb of a gantry that does not meet the requirements of CD 365 in respect of
collision loading exceeds 4.5 m, a containment level will be returned based on the offset of the
hazard. If the offset is less than 4.5m then a H1 or H4a containment will be returned. The Designer is
required to check the results against the figure below and adjust the containment in Collation page
accordingly.

Notes:
1. Applicable for roads with speed limit 50mph or above.
2. VRS = vehicle restraint system
WW = working width
3. N2, H1, H4a are Containment Levels defined in BS EN 1317-2
4. Psb = point from which set back is measured. See CD 377 and CD 127.
5. Measurements ‘X’ and ‘W.W’ are taken from the plinth where height
>=0.3m, and to the face or sign / gantry support where the plinth
height is < 0.3m.
6. For collision loading requirements refer to CD 365.
7. For No load situations, containment level requirements are
determined through the RRRAP.
8. Verge situation shown; for central reserves VRS will be required both
sides of the Gantry.

Figure 8-21 Requirements at Gantries

80
Where a gantry (or passively safe gantry) has been designed to meet the requirements of CD 365 in
respect of collision loading, the RRRAP returns a containment and a length of VRS before and after
the hazard that give an acceptable level of risk to the vehicle occupants. However, details of the
vehicle restraint system must be agreed with the Technical Approval Authority as part of the gantry
design process.

When no minimum length of VRS is returned for an existing gantry or MS3/MS4 sign the hazard
should be run again as a gantry designed to CD 365 and the results compared to ascertain the length
of need that returns an acceptable level of risk. The containment requirements should then be
checked against figure 8-21 above.

Typical outputs for gantries and MS3/MS4 signs, and gantries and MS3/MS4 signs.

The adjacent definition of a

small post that is deemed to be
passively safe has been taken
from the National Annexe of
BS EN 12767.

Figure 8-22 Passively Safe and Small Posts help

8.6.4 Standard Posts with widened base section for housing electrical equipment

These will tend to have a higher moment of resistance than a ‘small post’ described above. The
dimensions described in the ‘Help for width, length and offset for Signs’ should be taken to the
widened section of the post

81
8.7 1300 Lighting Columns

Length for columns, etc

Length is length measured
parallel with carriageway. If
nature is row, put in length of
row. If nature is single column,
put in diameter of column stem.

Figure 8-23 Road Lighting Columns data entry

Drop down menu for Nature of Hazard

Single catenary lighting column
Passively safe columns may not
Row of catenary lighting columns < 40m apart
Single catenary lighting column (passively safe) require VRS protection on their
Row of catenary lighting columns (passively safe) < 40m apart own merit but may be close to
Single lighting column another hazard that may
Row of lighting columns < 40m apart warrant protection or alter the
Single lighting column (passively safe) cost benefit ratio in favour of
Row of lighting columns (passively safe) protection of both hazards.
Single high mast lighting column
Row of high mast lighting columns < 40 m apart
Electricity supply cabinet

8.7.1 High Masts

A high mast is one that exceeds 18m in height.

8.7.2 Spacing of columns

Note that at present, the RRRAP assesses the risk of the first column in a row. It assumes that, if
there is a need to protect it, then each column in the row will similarly need to be protected. The
spacing of the columns is not currently taken into account. In practice, a line of closely spaced
columns will in effect become akin to a continuous hazard and will therefore pose a greater risk than
a widely spaced line which is more akin to a line of discrete hazards. It is intended that a future
version of the RRRAP will automatically take account of the change in risk associated with the
spacing. In the current version if there is a line of columns at broadly similar spacing of around 40 m
or less, then enter as a row of columns, rather than enter each one separately.

82
8.7.3 Passively safe columns

There may be merit in considering the use of passively safe lighting columns that meet the
requirements of BS EN 12767, especially if the RRRAP indicates that a single column or row of
columns requires VRS protection and that there is no other hazard within the length that warrants
protection. It should be noted that not all locations are suitable for passively safe columns, e.g.
where the column could fall onto another carriageway. For more details see section 8.6.2.

83
 8.8 1500 Motorway Communications

See section 8.6.3 for further

information relating to
Gantries.

Length of feature

Length is length measured

parallel with carriageway.

The ‘Designed for collision loading’ entry will

influence the containment level of the safety
barrier. The designer must check that
appropriate containment level is chosen. See
section 8.6.3.

Aggressiveness of Comms Hazards

What to do with clusters of objects
The aggressiveness factor for communications equipment such as
If you have a cluster of similar hazards within cabinets has been based on the hazard having no effect on Others,
say 10 m or 15 m distance, treat as one and without consideration of maintenance workers.
hazard, the length of the cluster. Give the
width as the width of the widest single
hazard in the cluster, and the offset of the Some equipment (or items in a cluster) may have a significant effect
nearest of the hazards to Psb. Pick the on, for instance, the safety of Others if it were to be out of action for
hazard description that describes at least a period or will require regular and or time consuming maintenance.
one of the hazards in the cluster and returns
the highest aggressiveness of the possible In such cases, the Designer must consider these additional factors
descriptions for the hazards in the cluster. and decide whether the VRS provision resulting from the RRRAP is
sufficient. The outcome of these considerations should be
Note that it is a cluster of features in 'Cluster
documented in the Comments field for the hazard.
of Objects?' column.

The aggressiveness factor can be altered from its default value (see section 8.1.2) say to 2.5 to reflect
the higher risk. If in doubt, it is better to protect than not protect. If the aggressiveness is altered and
risk has already been calculated for the hazard, then risk will have to be re-calculated on the ‘Collation and
Reports’ page in order that the correct result is displayed. See also section 8.8.1.

84
Figure 8-24 Motorway Communications (above ground) data entry

85
Drop down menu for Nature of Hazard

Notes:
In CD365, ‘Gantry’ is a generic term for
structure supporting signs, signals, variable
message signs (VMS) and other equipment.
The term 'gantry' is used for a variety of structures,
including single or multiple portals, single and
double cantilevers
and combinations of same.

8.8.1 Results for Comms Cabinets and Equipment

The results for Communications (Comms) cabinets and equipment will indicate the level of risk from
an errant vehicle hitting the hazard and whether a safety barrier is required to reduce this risk.
Increasing the aggressiveness manually will have a limited effect on the offset to which a cabinet or
equipment will require protection and the length of need. A safety barrier may be provided where
none is indicated or the containment increased if it is felt that there is an additional risk to (i) any
road workers maintaining the Comms cabinet or equipment or (ii) due to its effects on the Network if
the Comms cabinet or equipment were damaged. These increased risks are not calculated within
the programme and, if the provision is altered as a result, a note should be made in the ‘Comment’
field of the relevant hazards.

Designers also need to consider the working space required for maintenance workers working on the
cabinets and equipment and the like. Ideally the cabinets and equipment should be located such
that the working space around them as well as the cabinets and equipment lies fully beyond the
working width of the safety barrier.

8.8.2 Results for Gantries

See guidance paragraph 8.6.3 above.

8.8.3 Steps

Steps are generally regarded as relatively low risk. However, care needs to be taken with regard to
some preformed metal step units to ensure that they are installed in such a way as to minimise that
chances of an errant vehicle snagging and dragging the assembly. If properly detailed, such
installations can be a cost effective and low risk solution. Care also is required when detailing the
handrails alongside steps: to avoid the inclusion of relatively stiff braced assemblies that could
become a potential hazard to the occupants of vehicles; and, if there is a safety barrier passing in
front of the steps, that the handrails are not within its working width.

86
8.9 1600 Retaining Walls

The following are included under 1600 Retaining Walls: Sheet / Piled retaining walls; Brick / Stone
retaining walls; Gabion walls; Crib walls; etc.

And under 2500 Special Structures the following: Corrugated buried structures; Reinforced soil
structures; Reinforced clay / brick retaining walls; Dwarf retaining walls around e.g. services
chambers, etc; Environmental barriers such as bunds and noise fences; etc.

Figure 8-25 Retaining Walls data entry

87
Drop down menu for Nature of Hazard

Smooth faced wall

Profiled wall (shallow features)
Profiled wall (deep features)
Sheet Piled wall Vehicles hitting a wall are more likely to be
Concrete Piled wall snagged by features that are wide and deep than
Rough faced wall they are when the features are shallow. There
Gabion wall are therefore differences in aggressiveness
Crib wall retaining a c’way
assigned to the various types of wall. The
Crib wall toe adj. to c’way
Designer should choose the description that best
matches the type of wall.

If the leading end of the wall cannot be hit, the width of the
Figure 8-26 Crib Wall hazard should be input as 0.1 m.

Figure 8-27 Gabion Wall

In the case of a crib wall that is retaining a cutting slope, the RRRAP does not take into account the
risk in respect of preventing vehicle collision with the face of the wall that might lead to the crib wall
failure; it is only assessing the risk to vehicle occupants posed by impact with the crib wall.

Similarly, with gabion walls the RRRAP does not assess the likelihood or implications of the wall
collapsing or maintenance requirements should it be impacted.

The Designer should indicate his reasoning in respect of any decision made on VRS provision in the
‘Comment’ field of the relevant hazard.

8.9.1 Smooth Face Walls

A smooth faced wall over 1.5 m in height should not require safety barrier protection to prevent
errant vehicles impacting the face of the wall and may be suitable as a vehicle restraint, but a safety
barrier may be required to prevent errant vehicles from impacting the leading end of the wall. It
should be noted that the Impact Severity Level (ISL) of a vertical wall is generally similar to that of a
vertical concrete safety barrier and is higher than that for a proprietary profiled concrete safety
barrier of similar height (see the list of EN1317 Compliant Road Restraint Systems available on the
DfT Standards for Highways online resources web site for details). Note that CD 377 requires that the
use of a vehicle restraint with an ISL greater than Class B (i.e. Class C) must be with the agreement of
the Overseeing Organisation and justified within the RRRAP.

88
8.10 1700 - 400 Structures and Parapets

This includes parapets and pedestrian restraints, bridge abutments and piers and other structures.
Note that the RRRAP will output containment levels for parapets including those over or adjacent to
railways, but will not differentiate between new and existing situations nor location, e.g. if within
Northern Ireland. The Designer must check the RRRAP output against the requirements of CD 377
section 4 to ensure correct provision.

Note that for existing parapets, the assessment should follow the CS 461 ‘Assessment and upgrading
of in-service parapets’ procedure with the details and outcome of the assessment entered into the
‘Comment’ field of individual hazards in RRRAP and included in the HS File.

89
 Length of Structures, etc
Length of Structure is length measured
parallel with carriageway. If abutment or
pier is made up of row of columns or Parapet Width
pillars, take overall length. If base of Take nominal width of
abutment or pier is > 0.25 m above parapet to be 0.25 m
adjacent ground level, take length of regardless of parapet
structure as length of base. type.

If headroom is Substandard

If headroom to structure is
substandard over any part of the
paved carriageway (e.g. hardshoulder
or hardstrip), over the verge or over
the central reserve, then refer to
Figure 3.51 in CD 377.

For a Parapet, offset is to

the outside face of the
Parapet or to the outside of
the edge beam supporting the
parapet, whichever is smaller.

Main Hazard(s) that Parapet is protecting?

Name from the drop-down list the major hazard or hazards
of those that are present. If the parapet is protecting a Road or a Railway, information
about these hazards must be entered in the appropriate
If the structure is a long one, there may be a number of ‘Other Hazards’ pages, and the correct ID is cross
different hazards from the drop down list that the parapet referenced in this page. Note that other hazards, such as
is protecting. If this is the case, then split the total length
‘Substantially open land’ and ‘Culverts or Ditches’, are not
of the parapet into discrete sections, each section
protecting the hazard listed, see Guidance Manual for cross referenced in this way.
more advice and example.

See following sections for more

guidance

Figure 8-28 Structures and Parapets data entry

90
Drop down menu for Nature of Hazard

Parapet over vertical drop less than 2 m

Parapet over vertical drop > 2 m Refer to RRRAP Guidance section 8.9.1
Pedestrian Guardrail relating to Smooth Faced Walls and ISL
Bridge Abutment - smooth faced levels.
Bridge Abutment - rough faced
Bridge Pier
Other structure - smooth faced
Other structure - rough faced

The RRRAP assesses the level of risk on the basis of the risk to the vehicle occupants from
hitting a structure and returns the VRS requirements to give an acceptable level of risk to
the occupants. Where the structure has not been designed for the collision loading, the
designer will have to make an assessment of the likely implication and decide on an
appropriate containment level to mitigate the risk this might pose.

Drop down menu for what the Parapet is protecting or Structure carries

Waterway e.g. Canal or River Protected Bridleway or Farm Track carried

Culvert or Ditch Protected Footpath carried
Built up area or building Protected Railway carried
Footway, Bridleway or Farm Track Protected Road carried
Railway Protected Services pipe carried
Road Protected Waterway carried
Substantially open land Protected Carrying other feature
Vertical drop over 2 m Protected

8.10.1 Minimum length of VRS to prevent direct impact with approach end of parapet

Note that there may be some situations where the RRRAP will indicate the containment level
required for the parapet, but will show that the level of risk for the feature the parapet is protecting
is acceptable without a VRS. A typical example would be where the parapet is protecting a vertical
drop to a bridleway or small culvert. In such an instance the Designer should refer to section 3.55 of
CD 377 and ensure appropriate provision of VRS to prevent direct impact with the end of the
parapet.

8.10.2 Selecting protected road or railway hazard Id

When the Nature of hazard is a "Parapet" and the Structure carries / Parapet protecting field is set as
"Road Protected" or "Railway Protected", then the Protected ID field is populated with either the list
of Road or Railway hazard IDs that are available in the RRRAP record. Under these conditions the
Protected ID field is mandatory and a hazard ID must be selected from the list provided.
91
Note this field will only have the option to select the hazard ID in the drop-down menu when the
adjacent road or rail hazard has been input on the relevant hazard data entry page.

Figure 8-29 Parapets data entry and road/rail hazard protected ID

If the Nature of hazard or the Structure carries / Parapet protecting fields do not indicate a road or
rail hazard, then the field will not be mandatory and the list under the drop down menu will be
blank.

8.10.3 Minimum length of VRS at overbridges with piers adjacent abutments

At overbridges where piers may be placed in the verge in front of an abutment and wing wall which
are located at a greater offset in the verge the designer must ensure sufficient details are entered to
ensure the RRRAP length of VRS provided gives an acceptable level of risk for both the pier and
abutment.

92
8.10.4 Guidance on inputting data for Parapets

The following figures identify how information relating to Parapets, Earthworks and Railway or Road
is input into the respective data entry pages.

Ch C Ch D

Ch A Ch B

WA, WC , WD,
Ht A WB , Ht C Ht D
Ht B

Psb

Earthworks ‘Falling ’ Earthworks ‘Falling ’

on ‘600 Wingwall Deck parapet Wingwall on ‘600
Earthworks ’ parapet parapet Earthworks ’

Overall Parapet length input

on ‘1700 -400 …’
Ch B

Figure 8-30 Parapet, Earthworks and Railway Inputs at Underbridge with Parallel Wingwalls (Road
Inputs broadly similar)
93
 Note: Ch B is taken
Earthworks ‘Falling’
prior to that where
on ‘600 Earthworks’
earthworks is
worksheet
influenced by end of
wingwall.

Ch A Ch B Ch D Ch E

W B, W D, W E,
Ht B Ht D Ht E

W A,
Ht A Deck parapet

= Overall Parapet length input on

See Multiple Slopes help ‘1700 -400… ‘ worksheet
where berm is present
or slope gradient varies Ch C
over width.

Figure 8-31 Parapet, Earthworks and Road Inputs at Underbridge with Splayed Wingwalls (Railway
input broadly similar)

94
 Note:
Earthworks at-grade Where bridge spans the cutting, there
on ‘600 Earthworks‘ may not be any wingwall parapets.
worksheet
Ch A Ch C

W = nominal
0.1 m
Psb

Deck
parapet Wingwall parapets
Ch B

Overall parapet length

input on ‘1700 - 400…’
worksheet

Figure 8-32 Parapet, Earthworks and Road Inputs at Underbridge when road is at-grade (Railway
input broadly similar)

95
8.10.5 Parapet details on a Viaduct or other long structure

If the structure is a long one, e.g. a viaduct, it is possible that it will span one or more of the
categories listed in the drop down menu. If this is the case, then the parapet should be split into
sections to differentiate each category, as indicated in Figure 8-33 (see also the following
photograph by way of an example). The RRRAP will indicate the containment level required for each
section of parapet. Remember to allow for transitions between parapets having different
containment levels.

Note:
Earthworks 1. Lengths 25 m / # m are in
advance of / beyond point of no
‘Falling’ on ‘600
recovery for hazard below the
Earthworks’
bridge.
worksheet 2. In the sketch, # = 10 if vehicles
Ch A Ch B can only approach from left to right,
otherwise 25. Ch E Ch F

WB, Ht B
WE,
Ht E WF,
Ht F
WA, 25 m #m 25 m #m
Ht A
Parapet length Parapet length Earthworks
Wingwall over Rail over Road ‘Falling’ on ‘600
Ch C Ch D Earthworks’
parapet
Deck parapet worksheet
Overall Parapet length input on ‘1700 -400…’ worksheet
See Multiple Slopes help
Ch B where berm is present
or slope gradient varies
over width.

Figure 8-33 Parapet, Earthworks and Road/Rail inputs on a Viaduct or other long structure
96
 Parapet length
Parapet length over railway over minor road

25 m

Point of no recovery
for railway

If the lengths in between PRail / PRoad / Parapet ends are relatively short, it may be impracticable to
have different containment levels from that required at PRail and or PRoad. In which case, the parapet
having the higher of the two containment level requirements should be continued.

Similarly, in other instances, the length in advance of one section of parapet may overlap the length
beyond the adjacent section.

There may be instances where, due to the local layout, either the length in advance and or the length
beyond the point of no recovery would extend beyond the overall limit of the parapet. In this event,
the actual end point of the respective parapet would be input in the RRRAP.

Note that only hazards that are high risk, namely roads, railways or built up areas are likely to require
higher containment parapet (or higher containment safety barrier if placed in front of an existing low
containment parapet). Due to the very varied factors that apply with built up areas, the RRRAP
cannot calculate the containment level required and the Designer therefore must decide the
appropriate level taking account of all the relevant circumstances.

8.10.6 Note about how the RRRAP calculates Parapet risk

In the calculation process, the RRRAP assumes that a parapet is relatively close to the carriageway.
This is normally the case for instance on a motorway bridge. However there are instances, e.g. with
a culvert, where the vertical drop may be a significant distance from the carriageway. Entering a
culvert as a ‘Parapet with vertical drop < 2 m (or > 2 m)’ will result in N2 containment regardless of
how far from the carriageway the parapet and vertical drop are. Hence it is better to input culverts
in the drainage page (refer to Section 8.3.3). There may be a need to install a pedestrian restraint
system to prevent falls over the vertical edge.

8.10.7 Parapet Working Width

Designers should check and specify the greatest working width that meets the requirements of CD
377 which may be greater than the default of W2 that the RRRAP returns. Note that parapets (and
safety barriers) that have a low working width are likely to be more costly than those with a high

97
working width and potentially require modifications to the supporting structure to take the higher
loads that might be realised.

8.10.8 Pedestrian Restraints

Pedestrian Restraints may take the form of pedestrian parapets, pedestrian guardrails, or pedestrian
protection in the form of post and rail fence. Pedestrian Restraints may in themselves not warrant
vehicle restraint provision, however their presence is recorded as it may affect the nature and
location of the vehicle restraint that is required to protect other hazards. Designers should ensure
that pedestrian restraints are sited such that they do not interfere with the action of an adjacent
parapet or safety barrier. Reference should also be made to CD 377 section 8 regarding pedestrian
guardrails.

8.10.9 Structural Collision Loading and Collapse

Designers should check the requirements of CS 453 ‘The assessment of highway bridge supports’ and
BS EN 1991-1-7: ‘National Annex to Eurocode 1: Actions on structures – Part 1-7: Accidental actions’
when determining the appropriate containment level for the VRS at structures. The background to
decisions made in respect of VRS provision should be included in the hazard ‘Comment’ field.

98
8.10.10 Example layout and corresponding inputs for Earthworks, Parapet and Road and Rail

100020

100040

100060

100080

100100

100120

100140

100160
Point of 'No
Recovery' (PNR)
is top of cutting

100072
slope to adjacent Earthworks are nominally at-grade
road over whole length, going onto
embankment somewhere beyond
Road length is taken
section shown (see earthworks
from earlier of Point of
input).
no Recovery to
adjacent road and end
of parapet.

Road length Parapet length =

= 43 43
100020

100040

100060

100080

100100

100120

100140

100160
Figure 8-34 Adjacent Road crossing at-grade and or at around 90 degrees

600 Earthworks

This entry row is for next

section of earthworks (not
shown in diagram above).

99
 1700 – 400 Structures - Parapets

Viewing the details of hazard 1700.0001 shows the Id of the road hazard protected:

Check that these match

8200 OH’s - Roads

Note that a copy of the output from this and the following examples relating to Figure 8-34, Figure
8-35, Figure 8-36, and Figure 8-37 are shown at the end of this section in Figure 8-38
and Figure 8-39.

Road length is taken from

earlier of Point of no
Recovery to lower road and
end of parapet.

Here road is
nominally at-grade
on approach

Figure 8-35 Adjacent Road crossing under the road

100
600 Earthworks
Note that RRRAP is not overly sensitive to
changes in angle, width and or offset in
these situations, so no need to be too
precise.

Here the start of

section that is
falling is picked
up

1700 – 400 Structures - Parapets

Viewing the details of hazard 1700.0002 shows the Id of the road hazard protected:

Check that these match

8200 OH’s - Roads

Refer to Adj Road help on page for details

of how measurements are determined.

101
Rail length is taken from
earlier of Point of no
Recovery to railway and end
of parapet. Here they are
coincident.

Figure 8-36 Adjacent Railway crossing under Road

600 Earthworks

1700 – 400 Structures - Parapets

Parapet protects railway

8100 OH’s - Railways

102
 Here Ge is > 10 m so
Road finishes prior to
Here Gs is > 25 m, so end of parapet
Railway starts at Point
of no Recovery for
railway. If Gs <= 25 m,
start would be at end of
parapet

Figure 8-37 Adjacent Railway and Road crossing under Viaduct

103
600 Earthworks

Offset is to the outside face of the Parapet or to

1700 – 400 Structures – Parapets
the outside of the edge beam supporting the
parapet, whichever is greater.

8100 OH’s - Railways

Parapet protects railway / road

8200 OH’s - Roads

104
 The length beyond only populates if there is 2 way flow on the road under
consideration. .

Requirements for single

c’way situation in Figure 8-34

Requirements for D2M situation in

Figure 8-35

Approach and departure

embankment requires VRS

Requirements for single track railway

situation in Figure 8-36. But see CD 377
requirements.

Approach embankment requires VRS

Requirements on viaduct and for single

track railway and dual carriageway road
situation in Figure 8-37. But see CD 377
requirements relating to railways.

Departure embankment requires VRS

Requirements for road and railway approaches and parapet containment depend on input factors (not shown here) relating to likelihood of reaching, flow
speeds and rates on the road and railway, as well as the AADT and % LGV and MGV road type, etc on the road being considered.
Figure 8-38 Extract from Collation of Data relating to the situations shown in the previous examples

105
Road Restraint Risk Assessment Process (RRRAP) VRS Summary

Figure 8-39 Extract from VRS Summary relating to the situations shown in the previous examples

106
8.11 2500 Special Structures

Figure 8-40 Special Structures data entry

Drop down menu for Nature of Hazard

Used to steepen a slope – see
section below.
Corrugated buried structures (exposed ends)
Reinforced soil structures A low wall, typically surrounding a
Reinforced clay brickwork retaining walls manhole or sometimes a cabinet,
Short dwarf wall that is supporting an adjacent
Environmental Barriers (concrete / timber) cutting slope’.
Environmental Barriers (earth bunding), gradient > = 1:1.5
Environmental Barriers (earth bunding), gradient < 1:1.5
Police Ramp Often referred to as ‘noise fence’.

8.11.1 Reinforced soil slopes

Where there is a section of earthworks where the slope has been steepened by use of reinforced soil
techniques, there are two ways of inputting the information into the RRRAP depending upon the
circumstances.

(i) If the reinforcing is over a relatively long length of carriageway, then it is best to input the slope
information in the ‘600 Earthworks’ page. The overall width and height of the slope are entered in
the normal way. There is no entry of a hazard in the 2500 Special Structures page.

(ii) If the reinforcing is only over a relatively short length, say 50 m, e.g. where the cutting or
embankment locally steepened due to land-take difficulties, it may be easiest to assume the
earthworks continue past the strengthened section at its normal gradient (i.e. that the strengthening
is not there) and enter the earthworks information into the ‘600 Earthworks’ page, and then to add
the details for the strengthened length into the 2500 Special Structures section.
107
Figure 8-41 illustrates the situation.

Strengthened Un-Strengthened slope A

slope

A
Direction of travel
Slope width

Example (i) – Long length Strengthened Slope height

Gradient of strengthened
Assumed toe (or top for cutting) of slope, if Length of slope entered using drop
change in gradient and slope width due to strengthened down list
strengthening is not taken into account in the slope around a Section A - A
‘600 Earthworks’ worksheet. feature

Direction of travel
Example (ii) – Short length Strengthened

Figure 8-41 Strengthened Slopes

8.11.2 Police Access Ramps

Police access ramps are included in the nature drop down. This is because the Police require VRS,
but the variety of configurations of police access ramps makes it difficult to be specific on the length
of need in advance of the hazard.

Start ch of Traffic flow End ch of

police ramp police ramp

Figure 8-42 Police Access Ramps

108
The RRRAP does not quantify the risk; it flags the presence of the ramp, that the level of risk without
VRS is unacceptable and, under the heading of “Level of risk with optimum length VRS”, it refers the
user to the Guidance Manual. N2 containment VRS is indicated in the ‘Collation & Reports’ and ‘VRS
Summary’ pages. Very often there is a need to link VRS provision for the ramp with adjacent lengths
that are required to protect other hazards. Figure 8-42 illustrates a typical layout.

8.11.3 Environmental Barrier

It is assumed that Environmental Barriers will be installed either on Nominally At-Grade ground or at
the top of a cutting slope, rather than at the bottom or part way down an embankment (their noise
attenuating effectiveness will be greatly reduced in these latter locations).

1. Say at the minimum offset of Y m, VRS is required.

2. Through trial using the RRRAP, it is ascertained that at offset of Y + 0.5 m VRS still required, but at
Y + 1.0 m, VRS is no longer required.
3. Through measurement, the points where the offset is Y +1 m are found.
4. The initial input would be The final input would be
St Ch Length Offset Psb
Ch Length Offset Psb VRS Summary would indicate
100 30 Y + 1.0 VRS req’d from 130 to 350 and
100 650 Y
130 220 Y from 600 to 720.
350 250 Y + 1.0
600 120 Y + 0.6
720 30 Y + 1.0
Initial input where Min offset between D
Env. barrier is and E, say = Y + 0.6
closest (= Y m)

Y + 1.0 Y + 1.0 Y + 1.0 Y + 1.0

Psb
30 220 250 120 30
130 350 600 720
100 750
Initial Length input = 650

Start Ch

Figure 8-43 Environmental Barrier example

Data entry requires the start chainage, length, width and one offset value for an Environmental
Barrier. It is therefore necessary to initially record the closest offset to Psb and to see, for this offset,
whether VRS is required. If it is not required at this offset, then it will not be required at greater
offsets. If it is required, then further points should be entered, say at 0.5 m increments and the
RRRAP risk calculation re-run to ascertain the offset at which at which VRS is no longer required.
Using this information, the corresponding chainages can be ascertained. Entries should then be put
into the RRRAP for the start chainage and length of each section that does not require and that does
require VRS, as indicated in Figure 8-43.

109
8.12 Poles or Pylons

What to do with Clusters of similar features?

If you have a cluster of similar hazards within say 10 m or

15 m distance, treat as one hazard, the length of the
cluster. Give the width as the width of the widest single
hazard in the cluster, and the offset of the nearest of the
hazards to Psb. Pick the hazard description that describes
at least one of the hazards in the cluster and returns the
highest aggressiveness of the possible descriptions for
the hazards in the cluster.

Figure 8-44 Telegraph Poles / Pylons data entry

Drop down menu for Nature of Hazard

Electricity station
Gas substation
Telegraph pole
Pylon
Electricity pole
Post e.g. TrafficMaster
Post e.g. TrafficMaster (Passively Safe)
For guidance on passively safe signs, see section 8.6.2.

8.12.1 Utility Poles

Utility poles may or may not have supporting cable stays. A typical cable stay will not break when
struck by a vehicle moving at moderate speeds. Unless the ground anchor fixing is weak and fails, or
there is a frangible connection between the stay and anchor or stay and pole, the pole itself may fail
before the stay. If the ground anchor and connections hold, the pole may be either pulled directly

110
toward the vehicle or the tensioned cable stay may slice through the vehicle, or there may be a
combination of the two actions. This creates a serious potential for injury to the vehicle's occupants.

With this in mind, the cable stay should be entered as a pole in the RRRAP, with the offset being to
the anchor position and the width / length being to where 1.5 m height clearance is reached. The
pole itself should be entered as a separate hazard. A note should be added in the hazard ‘Comment’
field to explain that in this instance it is the stay rather than the pole that is the nearer hazard. The
stay may require a longer length of VRS in advance than would a pole at the same offset, this will be
due to the greater width of hazard.

If the pole itself at its current offset does not warrant protection, but the stay does, and there is no
other requirement for safety barrier, it would be worthwhile investigating the possibility of installing
a frangible connection to the stay or seeing if the stay itself could be moved so as not to pose a
hazard. If a frangible stay connection is put in place, then the stay will not be classed as a hazard
(the pole will remain a hazard) and a note should go in the hazard ‘Comment’ field to explain that
the stay has a frangible connection.

The RRRAP does not take into account the effect of the overhead powerlines or other cables falling
onto the carriageway. The Designer should therefore consider all the circumstances and decide
whether a safety barrier is warranted where the RRRAP suggests that one may not be needed.

8.12.2 Pylons

The RRRAP will indicate whether the pylons require protection but, as there is no easy way of
automatically estimating or calculating the risk to Others e.g. if pylon and or cables were to fall, it
will not be able to calculate whether normal containment level N2 is sufficient. The Designer should
therefore consider all the circumstances and decide whether a higher containment level H1 or
possibly H4a safety barrier is warranted. Details of the factors considered and the decision process
should be entered in the hazard ‘Comment’ field.

111
8.13 Trees

The important thing is to identify the significant trees / tree

features that are currently or may in the future pose a hazard.
Areas of planting can be picked up as a cluster.

What to do with Clusters of similar objects

If you have a cluster of similar hazards within say 10 m or 15 m

distance, treat as one hazard, the length of the cluster. Give
the width as the width of the widest single hazard in the
cluster, and the offset of the nearest of the hazards to Psb.
Pick the hazard description that describes at least one of the
hazards in the cluster and returns the highest aggressiveness
of the possible descriptions for the hazards in the cluster.

Figure 8-45 Trees details

Drop down menu for Nature of Hazard

If the tree or trees may grow to more
Tree >= 250 mm girth expected in lifetime
than 250 mm in life, then it must be
Tree less than 250 mm girth expected in lifetime
entered as Tree >= 250mm girth. If in
doubt, assume it will.

Drop downs are given for trees that are both greater and less than 250 mm in girth. This is to allow
clusters or groups of trees that are individually less than 250 mm girth expected in the life of the tree
to be input, because as a group, they may present a sufficient hazard to warrant protection.

Hedges are not normally considered a hazard and there is no need to input details. However, the
Designer should take note that there may be individual trees within the hedgerow that could pose a
significant hazard to an errant vehicle; often these trees are relatively isolated within the length.
Such trees should be entered into the RRRAP as individual trees of the appropriate size and offset (as
a cluster if close together).

112
8.14 Water

Offset is offset to 'Point of No

Recovery'. Refer to Guidance
Manual for further information.

Figure 8-46 Water data entry

Include standing, running and tidal water hazards. Water hazards have been split into depth ranges
(as indicated in Figure 8-46). Water that is not expected to exceed 250 mm in depth at any time
need not be considered, unless it is close to the running lane and is considered likely to lead to
skidding or aquaplaning of an errant vehicle.

8.14.1 Point of No Recovery for Adjacent Water situations

Figure 8-47 Point of No Recovery for Adjacent Water situation

113
8.15 Other Hazards – Railways

These are for the road for

which VRS provision is
being assessed.

These fields are auto-filled based on the

adjacent data entries and are used in
calculation process.
Figure 8-48 Record data entry

The various factors input on this page are used to calculate the length of need and containment level
of the VRS (safety barrier and or parapet) to protect the railway based on the parameters that are
entered into the RRRAP.

The various Railway specific help menus are shown on the next several pages.

Drop down lists for Permissible Line Speed and Track Alignment, and No of Tracks

Straight track up to 45mph Single track

Straight track up to 75mph or curved up to 45mph Two Track
Straight track up to 90mph or curved up to 75mph Multiple Track
Straight track up to 100mph or curved up to 90mph
Straight track up to 125mph or curved up to 100mph
Straight track up to 140mph or curved up to 125mph
Straight track above 140mph or curved above to 125mph

114
8.15.1 Likelihood of reaching the hazard

The Designer must assess the circumstances and assess the likelihood of an errant vehicle reaching
the hazard from the Point of No Recovery. Steeply sloping ground leading directly to the hazard will
be easier to traverse than shallow sloping ground or a slope that is running at an angle to the hazard.
Likelihood of reaching?
The following will reduce the likelihood of the hazard
being reached, but may not prevent it being reached. Likelihood of reaching the Hazard
• A ditch more than 1 m deep and 3 m wide. Typical examples / combinations of situations

• Heavy vegetation, e.g. trees greater than 500 Slope leads directly to hazard; no intervening
Extremely likely features to inhibit or divert vehicle passage;
mm girth at spacings less than 2 m, but be hazard very close.
aware, especially on Network Rail property, Slope tends towards hazard; intervening
Fairly likely features may inhibit or divert passage; hazard
trees may be cut to reduce incidence of leaves near.
and branches on the line. Intervening features may inhibit or divert
Reasonable
• Shallow gradient, with rough ground chance
passage, but might reach if travelling fast
enough and no avoiding action.
• Bunds or uphill gradients especially when near Intervening features make it difficult to reach;
to the adjacent railway, where vehicle speeds Fairly unlikely
might reach in exceptional circumstances.
are likely to be reduced. Cannot reach Intervening features that would prevent
hazard reaching.

The Designer must assess the circumstances and assess the likelihood of an errant vehicle reaching the hazard (i.e.
the point of no recovery to the railway). Steeply sloping ground in advance of the point of no recovery will be easier
to traverse than shallow sloping ground. The situations in the main parts of Figures Figure 8-50 & Figure 8-51 will
make it more likely that the hazard will be reached than the situation in the inset diagrams where the railway is
skewed away from the approaching vehicle and distance travelled is greater. On the structure itself, the likelihood of
reaching is ‘Extremely likely’.

It is recommended that the sensitivity of the outcome to changes in factor is looked at and a note
regarding this is made in the hazard ‘Comment’ field.

On the structure itself, the likelihood of reaching is ‘Extremely likely’; on the approach to and
departure from the structure the factor will change according to the factors outlined above. See
also Figure 8-50 below.

115
 Angle
Points of no recovery
Points of no recovery on road
on railway Offsets (O) at start and
Angle end of rail / road taken
from Psb to further of
Point of no recovery outside face of parapet
on approach and outside of edge
for road and
embankment beam
W = 50 m

rail

Gs Ge

Psb
Length of road
Length of railway
where Ge > 10 m
where Gs > 25 m
Ch start
Length of railway where Length of road where
Gs ≤ 25 m Ge ≤ 10 m
Ch start
Wingwall Deck parapet
parapet

In this example, if Gs ≤ 25 m then the Length of Railway is from the earlier of (i) the point of no recovery on
approach embankment (ii) the start of the wingwall / deck [often (i) and (ii) are coincident]. If Gs > 25 m Length of
Railway commences and ends at the point of no recovery to the Railway. If Ge ≤ 10 m, then Length of Road
extends to later of (i) the point of no recovery on departure embankment and (ii) end of the wingwall / deck.

Figure 8-49 Viaduct with Railway and Road crossing under the Road

See also Section 8.10.5 of the Guidance for treatment and examples of inputs for long span
structures such as viaducts that cross one or more hazards.

116
 Angle
W = nominal 50 m in all cases

For input on approach Points of no recovery

to structure, locate on railway
point where G = 15 m,
G
this becomes 1st input

Gs
Ge

Psb
O1 O2 O3
Note: O = offset
W = width of railway Wingwall Deck parapet Wingwall
Ch = chainage Ch 1 parapet Direction of travel
parapet
Length of railway Length of railway at
on approach structure Angle
Ch 2
If Gs <= 25 m [Ge <= 10 m], then the Length of Railway is from the start G
[end] of the wingwall. If Gs > 25 m [Ge > 10 m], Length of Railway Psb
commences [ends] at the point of no recovery to the Railway. Ch 1 Ch 2 Ch 3

Verge may need to be widened locally to accommodate

safety barrier on approaches to parapet. If so, ensure
that ‘H-S & Verge Widths’ page reflects requirements.

Figure 8-50 Railway crossing under Road at structure with parallel wingwalls

117
 Angle
Points of no recovery
on railway
For input on approach
to structure, locate
point where G = 15 m,
(see Pt No Recovery W = nominal 50 m in all
Help) this becomes 1st G cases
input

Psb
O ch 1 O ch 2 O end
Deck parapet

Ch 1 Ch 2 Angle
L1 Length of
O = Offset railway = L2
W = width of railway G
Ch = chainage
1 2 3 Psb

Figure 8-51 Railway crossing under Road at structure with splayed wingwalls

Angle
Length of Railway is from [to] the
earlier [later] of (i) the point of no
Points of no recovery recovery to the railway and (ii) the
on railway
start [end] of the wingwall / deck.
Often points (i) and (ii) will be
coincident.

Psb
O start O end
Deck
O = Offset parapet Wingwall parapets
W = width of railway
(= nominal 50 m)
Ch = chainage Length of Note:
railway Where bridge spans the cutting,
Ch start there may not be any wingwall
parapets.
Example of inputs where angle of railway
approaches 900 and main road is at-grade.

Figure 8-52 Railway crossing under Road where at-grade and or at 90 degrees

118
 Edge of Edge of
Psb Pt 2
trackside trackside
In cases 1 to 4 where
Width to top Road G G <= 15 m offset to
of slope embankment

Pt 1
railway becomes
Pt 3
fall Adj offset to Pt 1. (PNR =
railway Pt 1).
Case 1

Pt 2 Edge of Edge of
Psb trackside trackside
Width to top Road G Where G> 15 m
of slope embankment
offset to railway
Pt 1 Pt 3
fall becomes offset to Pt
fall 3 (PNR = Pt 3).
Adj railway

Toe of upper road

Case 2 embankment or Cutting to PNR = Point of No
sidelong ground Adj railway
Recovery
Edge of Edge of
Psb trackside trackside
Width of G
verge

Pt 1 Pt 3
Adj railway
fall
Ground broadly
Case 3 level between
Pts 1 and 3
Edge of Edge of
Psb trackside trackside
Width of G
verge
Adj railway
Pt 1 Pt 3

Ground broadly
Case 4 level between
Pts 1 and 3
Edge of Edge of
Psb trackside trackside In cases 5 and 6 where
Width to toe G
of slope G<= 15 m offset to
Pt 1 Pt 3 railway (PNR) becomes
Case 5
Adj railway closer of offset to P3,
and
Height gain
Pt 1 + 4x height gain.

Pt 1 Pt 3 Edge of Edge of
Psb trackside
Width to toe G
trackside
Where height gain > 2.5
of slope m and or G > 15 m no
Height need to assess; add note
gain Adj railway
in the hazard ‘Comment’
Case 6 field to confirm this is
the case.
Figure 8-53 Offset and Point of No Recovery for Adjacent Rail for Various Typical Scenarios

119
 Note the need to assess, and reflect in
the inputs, changes in the likelihood of an
errant vehicle reaching the adjacent
railway by virtue of the topography along
the length (note 2 in the help refers).

P3
P2 G Adj railway

G P3

Psb
P1 Ch A Ch B Ch C Ch D P1
Notes
1. Essentially when G > 15 m, then Point of No Recovery is at P3; when G<= 15 m, then it is at P1. In this case if G = 15 m,
the Point of No Recovery is at P1 from Ch A to Ch D and offset to the adjacent railway is offset to P1 over this length.
2. Over the length B to C, the ‘Likelihood of reaching the adjacent railway based on topography’ factor is probably the broadly
. same. All other things being equal, the Likelihood of it being reached over the length A to B is likely to be higher and,
the
over the length C to D, lower than this. Entries would therefore be required at each of the chainages A, B, C and D to
ensure that the level of provision is appropriate.

Illustration of Point of No Recovery (Case 1) and use of topography factors in plan.

Figure 8-54 Point of No Recovery for Parallel Road/ Rail situation

120
8.15.2 Examples of ‘Point of No Recovery’

Edge of trackside
Side of railway nearest road
under consideration

‘Point of no recovery’ =
top of railway cutting Width

Need to take account

of trackside equipment
/ cabinets, etc that
could be damaged

Example 1 – Railway in cutting

‘Point of no recovery’ = back of

road verge

‘Point of no recovery’ = railway

fenceline as it is immediately
adjacent to edge of trackside
Example 2 – Railway adjacent to bottom of road
embankment

If the railway is within 10 m of the bottom of such

an embankment (shown in Example 2), the Point
of no recovery should be regarded as the back of
the road verge.

Example 3 – Railway adjacent to road at similar

level

121
8.15.3 CD 377 requirements and DfT assessments relating to Railways

Where a structure takes the road over or adjacent to a railway, the Designer shall follow the
requirements of CD 377 section 4 and use the output from the RRRAP as a guide only. Furthermore,
the results of the assessments required under the DfT document “Managing the accidental
obstruction of the railway by road vehicles”, dated February 2003 and, where applicable for an
existing parapet, CS 461 ‘Assessment and upgrading of in-service parapets’ be taken into account in
determining VRS and parapet requirements and other mitigation measures.

8.15.4 Additional note regarding parallel road / rail situations

In Section 2 of this Guidance, the way in which the RRRAP calculates requirements for VRS is
outlined. At present the RRRAP cannot accurately determine the level of risk of a very long hazard, it
looks at the level of protection required to protect the leading edge of the hazard at each of the
various points along its length. Where the road and railway run close together over a long length,
say in excess of 500 m, if the RRRAP indicates that N2 containment is required, it is worthwhile
looking at the Detailed Risk results for each of the N2, H1 and H4a containment provisions, and
forming a judgement on the merits of providing a higher containment. The outcome of such
investigation should be recorded by retaining each of the Detailed Results outputs; details of the
decision process can be added to the hazards “Comment” field. Note that when Other parties are
involved, as in the case of railways, there will often be a reduction of risk level by providing a higher
containment, though the benefit cost of so doing may be low. If the initial risk level is low, there will
be little reduction in risk from using higher containments, and in some instances the level of risk will
increase with the higher containment safety barrier, as it is a hazard in itself. It is also recommended
that the sensitivity of the outcome to changes in factors is investigated to provide a level of
assurance that the correct level of protection has been ascertained.

8.15.5 If H1 or H4a containment is required on embankments

If the RRRAP indicates that either H1 or H4a containment level safety barrier is required on the
approach embankment, the default cost of the safety barrier must be checked and altered if
appropriate. This is to ensure that it accurately reflects the actual cost of installing the safety barrier
in this situation where special footings may be required, and the correct benefit cost ratio is
obtained in the Detailed Results reports.

122
8.16 Other Hazards – Roads

These are for the road

for which VRS provision
is being assessed.
This is a road that might be
affected by an errant
vehicle leaving the road
under consideration

This factor calculated This factor calculated

based on entry in based on entries in
preceding field. preceding 3 fields.
See section 8.16.2.

Figure 8-55 Road data entry

Drop down lists for Nature of Hazard

Adjacent Road D2M
Adjacent Road D3M
Adjacent Road D4M
Adjacent Road Smart Motorway (MM ALR or MM HSR)
Adjacent Road Motorway Slip
Adjacent Road Motorway Link
Adjacent Road D2AP
Adjacent Road D3AP
Adjacent Road Single

123
The various help menus available for Roads are shown on the following pages.

See also section 8.10 of the Guidance for treatment of long span
structures such as viaducts that cross one or more hazards.
Angle
Points of no recovery
Points of no recovery on road
on railway Offsets (O) at start and
Angle end of rail / road taken
from Psb to further of
Point of no recovery outside face of parapet
on approach and outside of edge
for road and

embankment beam
W = 50 m

rail

Gs Ge

Psb
Length of road
Length of railway
where Ge > 10 m
where Gs > 25 m
Ch start
Length of railway where Length of road where
Gs ≤ 25 m Ge ≤ 10 m
Ch start
Wingwall Deck parapet
parapet

In this example, if Gs ≤ 25 m then the Length of Railway is from the earlier of (i) the point of no recovery on
approach embankment (ii) the start of the wingwall / deck [often (i) and (ii) are coincident]. If Gs > 25 m Length of
Railway commences and ends at the point of no recovery to the Railway. If Ge ≤ 10 m, then Length of Road
extends to later of (i) the point of no recovery on departure embankment and (ii) end of the wingwall / deck.

Figure 8-56 Viaduct with Road and Railway crossing under the Road

124
 Angle
W = nominal 50 m in all cases

For input on approach Points of no recovery

to structure, locate on road
point where G = 15 m,
G
st
this becomes 1 input

Gs Ge

Psb
O1 O2 O3
Note: O = offset
W = width of road Wingwall Deck parapet Wingwall
Ch 1 parapet parapet Direction of travel
Ch = chainage
Length of road Length of road at
on approach structure Angle
Ch 2
G
If Gs <= 25 m [Ge <= 10 m], then the Length of Road is from the start [end]
of the wingwall. If Gs > 25 m [Ge > 10 m], Length of Road commences Psb
[ends] at the point of no recovery to the Road. Ch 1 Ch 2 Ch 3

Verge may need to be widened locally to

accommodate safety barrier on approaches
to parapet. If so, ensure that ‘H-S & Verge
Widths’ page reflects requirements.

Figure 8-57 Road crossing under Road at structure with parallel wingwalls

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 Verge may need to be widened
locally to accommodate safety
Angle barrier on approaches to
Points of no recovery parapet. If so, ensure that ‘H-
on road S & Verge Widths’ page
For input on approach reflects requirements.
to structure, locate
point where G = 15 m, W = nominal 50 m
this becomes 1st input G
in all cases

O ch 1 O ch 2 O end
Deck parapet
Ch 1 Ch 2 Angle
L1 Length
Road input atofsplayed
road
=wingwall
L2 bridge
O = Offset
W = width of road
Psb
Ch = chainage

Figure 8-58 Road crossing under Road at structure with splayed wingwalls

Angle
Length of Road is from [to] the earlier
[later] of (i) the point of no recovery to
Points of no recovery the railway and (ii) the start [end] of
on road
the wingwall / deck. Often points (i)
and (ii) will be coincident.

Psb
O start O end
Deck
O = Offset parapet Wingwall parapets
W = width of road
(= nominal 50 m)
Ch = chainage Length of Note:
road Where bridge spans the cutting,
Ch start there may not be any wingwall
parapets.
Example of inputs where angle of road
approaches 900 and main road is at-grade.

Figure 8-59 Road crossing under Road where at-grade and or at 90 degrees

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8.16.1 Point of no recovery for adjacent road situation
Pt 2 Back of Back of
Psb verge verge In Cases 1 to 4 where
Width to top Road G
of slope embankment G <= 15 m offset to
Pt 1 Pt 3 road becomes offset
fall Adj road to Pt 1. (PNR = Pt 1).

Case 1

Pt 2 Back of Back of
Psb verge verge
Width to top Road G Where G> 15 m offset
of slope embankment
to road becomes
Pt 1 Pt 3
fall offset to Pt 3. (PNR =
fall
Adj road
Pt 3).

Toe of upper road

Case 2 embankment or Cutting to
sidelong ground adj road
Back of Back of
Psb verge verge
Width of G
verge

Pt 1 Pt 3 Adj road
fall
Ground broadly
Case 3 level between
Pts 1 and 3
Back of Back of
Psb verge verge
Width of G
verge
Adj road
Pt 1 Pt 3

Ground broadly
Case 4 level between
Pts 1 and 3
Back of Back of
Psb verge verge In Cases 5 and 6 where
Width to toe G
of slope G<= 15m, offset to road
Pt 1 Pt 3 (PNR) becomes closer
Case 5
Adj road of offset to Pt 3 and
Height gain
Pt 1 + 4x height gain.

Pt 1 Pt 3 Back of Back of Where height gain >

Psb verge verge
Width to toe G 2.5 m and or G > 15 m
of slope no need to assess; add
Height note in the hazard
gain Adj road ‘Comment’ field to
Case 6 confirm this is the case.

Figure 8-60 Offset and Point of No Recovery for Adjacent Road for Various Typical Cross-Section
Scenarios
127
 P3
P2 G Adj road

G P3

Psb
P1 Ch A Ch B Ch C Ch D P1
Notes
1. Essentially when G > 15 m, then Point of No Recovery is at P3; when G<= 15 m, then it is at P1. In this case if G = 15 m,
the Point of No Recovery is at P1 from Ch A to Ch D and offset to the adjacent road is offset to P1 over this length.
2. Over the length B to C, the ‘Likelihood of reaching the adjacent road based on topography’ factor is probably the broadly
. the same. All other things being equal, the Likelihood of it being reached over the length A to B is likely to be higher and,
over the length C to D, lower than this. Entries would therefore be required at each of the chainages A, B, C and D to
ensure that the level of provision is appropriate.

Illustration of Point of No Recovery (Case 1) and use of topography factors in plan.

Figure 8-61 Point of No Recovery for Parallel Road situation - Typical plan

8.16.2 Likelihood of reaching the hazard

The Designer must assess the circumstances and assess the likelihood of an errant vehicle reaching
the hazard from the Point of No Recovery. Steeply
sloping ground leading directly to the hazard will be Likelihood of reaching?
easier to traverse than shallow sloping ground or a
Likelihood of reaching the Hazard
slope that is running at an angle to the hazard.
Typical examples / combinations of situations
Slope leads directly to hazard; no intervening
The following will reduce the likelihood of the hazard Extremely likely features to inhibit or divert vehicle passage;
being reached, but may not prevent it being reached. hazard very close.
• A ditch more than 1 m deep and 3 m wide. Slope tends towards hazard; intervening
Fairly likely features may inhibit or divert passage; hazard
• Heavy vegetation, e.g. trees greater than 500 near.
mm girth at spacings less than 2 m, but be Reasonable
Intervening features may inhibit or divert
passage, but might reach if travelling fast
aware, trees may be cut to maintain clear chance
enough and no avoiding action.
zones or visibility or due to disease. Intervening features make it difficult to reach;
• Shallow gradient, with rough ground Fairly unlikely
might reach in exceptional circumstances.
• Bunds or uphill gradients especially when near Cannot reach Intervening features that would prevent
hazard reaching.
to the adjacent railway, where vehicle speeds
are likely to be reduced.

It is recommended that the sensitivity of the outcome to changes in factor is looked at and a note
regarding this is made in the hazard ‘Comment’ field.

On the structure itself, the likelihood of reaching is ‘Extremely likely’; on the approach to and
departure from the structure the factor will change according to the factors outlined above.

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Figure 8-62 Adjacent Road Hazard Marking

8.16.3 Note regarding parallel road situations

In Section 2 of this Guidance, the way in which the RRRAP calculates requirements for VRS was
outlined. At present the RRRAP cannot accurately determine the level of risk of a very long hazard, it
looks at the level of protection required to protect the leading edge of the hazard at each of the
various points along its length. Where the adjacent road runs close together over a long length, say
in excess of 500 m, if the RRRAP indicates that N2 containment is required, it is worthwhile looking
at the Detailed Risk results for each of the N2, H1 and H4a containment provisions, and forming a
judgement on the merits of providing a higher containment. The outcome of such investigation
should be recorded by retaining each of the Detailed Results outputs; details of the decision process
can be added in the hazards ‘comment’ field. Note that when Other parties are involved, as in the
case of adjacent roads, there will often be a reduction of risk level by providing a higher
containment, though the benefit cost of so doing may be low. If the initial risk level is low, there will
be little reduction in risk from using higher containments, and in some instances the level of risk will
increase with the higher containment safety barrier, as it is a hazard in itself. It is also recommended
that the sensitivity of the outcome to changes in factors is investigated to provide a level of
assurance that the correct level of protection has been ascertained.

Farm access tracks are unlikely to be sufficiently trafficked to pose a risk requiring vehicle restraint
systems on the main road.

8.16.4 If H1 or H4a containment is required on embankments

Refer to Section 8.15.5 above.

8.16.5 Slip Roads in the vicinity of Nosings

In general a slip road will not pose a hazard to traffic on the main carriageway and a main
carriageway will not pose a hazard to traffic on a slip road. This is the case as long as the two flows of
traffic are running more or less parallel and in the same general direction. Where the alignments

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start to converge to produce a situation where the traffic is flowing towards each other, then it may
become a significant hazard and should be entered into the RRRAP. Figure 8-63 below illustrates a
typical situation.

The adjacent slip road will

only become a hazard to
The earthworks slope to the main
vehicles on the main
carriageway and other hazards,
carriageway when the
Traffic on slip road is not viewed such as street furniture, must be
alignment of the slip road
as a hazard to traffic on the main entered into the RRRAP. The
tends towards the main
carriageway here (and vice RRRAP will indicate whether
carriageway
versa). It is akin to having VRS is warranted to protect
another lane on the main vehicle occupants on the main
carriageway carriageway from these hazards.

Reference should be made to TD 19

Paras 3.53 et seq and Fig 3-13 in Hazards adjacent to the slip road would be modelled in
respect of VRS provision in the separate runs of the RRRAP based on the Slip Road
vicinity of Nosings. parameters to pick up n/s and then o/s hazards to ascertain
whether VRS is warranted alongside these verges.
Where the slip road is higher than and traffic runs towards
the main carriageway, then the main carriageway would be
an Adjacent Road hazard to the slip road.

Figure 8-63 When a Slip Road is viewed as a Hazard, and when it isn’t.

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8.17 Other Hazards Buildings and also Other Hazards – Chemical or Fuel

Likelihood reaching hazard Number of people at risk

Likelihood of reaching the Hazard It is the responsibility of the user to estimate the number of people exposed to risk
Typical examples / combinations of situations of injury from an errant vehicle. This will depend on whether people are at risk
Slope leads directly to hazard; no intervening
only from the direct impact, or from possible subsequent explosion or building
Extremely likely features to inhibit or divert vehicle passage; collapse which would affect a wider area.
hazard very close.
Estimates should reflect not only the number of people in the area likely to be
Slope tends towards hazard; intervening
affected, but also the time they are in the building i.e. if 3 people were anticipated
Fairly likely features may inhibit or divert passage; hazard
to be in the path of the direct impact, but only for 8 hours per day, then on
near.
average only 1 person would be at risk in any particular impact.
Intervening features may inhibit or divert
Reasonable
passage, but might reach if travelling fast Usually, only a relatively small area of a building will be affected by the direct
chance
enough and no avoiding action. impact, and only some of those at risk will sustain serious injuries. In the absence
Intervening features make it difficult to reach; of better information, the number of people assumed to be at risk from an impact
Fairly unlikely
might reach in exceptional circumstances. by a car should be 1 for a house, 5 for an office building, 10 for a large block of
Cannot reach Intervening features that would prevent flats, 3 for a restaurant, 5 for fuel or chemicals. If the building is expected to be
hazard reaching. occupied for 24 hours rather than just the working day, the number at risk should
be increased proportionately.

If a public building is likely to be less resistant to impact, or the impact might be

particularly severe, as for example with a vehicle leaving a flyover and falling onto
a building, the number at risk should be increased. Users should assume the
Figure 8-64 Building data entry outcome for impact by a car.

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9 Collation of Data on Hazards, Calculation of Risk and Detailed Results
9.1 Hazard Collation

All hazard data previously entered via ‘Hazards Overview’ page (see section 7) is automatically
collated and listed on the ‘Collation & Reports’ page (shown in Figure 9-1), except for Kerb and Verge
hazards.

Figure 9-1 Collation & Reports page

By default the hazards are listed by increasing chainage order. If you wish to view the hazards in a
different order (if for instance the Section is in decreasing chainage order), click the table headings
to alter hazard ordering (see section 2.4.10).

To view and edit a hazard, click on a row in the table (see section 9.3).

To calculate risk, click the ‘Calculate Risk’ button (see section 9.4).

To generate a summary report that contains information on all the hazards in the record and all
hazard detailed results that are available, click the ‘Snapshot Report’ button (see section 9.7).

To view VRS Summary details, click the ‘VRS Summary’ button (see section 11).

To accept the current barrier working width class when an alternative has been suggested, click the
‘Accept Working Width’ button (see section 2.10.6).

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 9.2 Overview of Collation of Data on Hazards

Prior to pressing the ‘Calculate Risk’ button, the ‘Collation & Reports’ page looks as in Figure 9-2.

Hazards mostly get default values of N2 and W2. As VRS with a

small working width (e.g. W2) are generally more expensive than
those with a higher working width (e.g. W4), the Designer should
By default, no detailed specify for each hazard the greatest working width class that can
results are generated. be achieved.

See section 9.4 for details of Procedure

help that are available in this help topic.

Note these fields

are blank at this
stage as the Risk
calculation has not This icon launches guidance notes
By default the hazards are listed
giving an outline of how the risk
by increasing chainage order been done.
calculation actually works.

Figure 9-2 Collation & Reports page before calculating risk

By default, no detailed results are generated for hazards. For more details see section 9.5.

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9.3 View and Edit Hazards

Clicking on a row in the table on the ‘Collation and Reports’ page will display a page showing all the
values associated with the hazard, including both the original data entered to define the hazard and
any data generated via the risk calculation. From here, clicking the Edit button will allow you to
modify the hazard.

In Figure 9-3 below,

1. The original data entered via the ‘Hazards Overview’ page to define the hazards in the
section being assessed is displayed initially.
2. If the hazard could give rise to a significant secondary incident, after calculating risk the user
can indicate whether the risk level is accepted in this section.
3. Risk levels and VRS Details. Values are populated by running the risk calculation. Some of
these values can be altered when investigating different options to protecting a hazard, e.g.
altering working width class, barrier containment, or barrier set-back.

Important Note – Saving Common Details

In the RRRAP web application, there is only one set of data that represents a hazard. If you edit a
hazard via the ‘Hazards Overview’ page or via the ‘Collation & Reports’ page, you are editing the
same underlying hazard data. This differs from previous versions of the RRRAP spreadsheet.

Before starting to edit hazards to determine optimal risk levels and barrier requirements, you may
wish to either export a copy of the record (see section 4.4) or generate a full report to capture a
copy of the original data entered (see section 11.3).

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 If any changes made here are adopted in the final solution, the Designer
must explain the changes made in the hazard ‘Comment’ field.

If you wish to alter the VRS Working Width Class, the

calculated value in VRS Working Width column MUST be deleted;
otherwise RRRAP will not re-calculate the new working width.
2

3
Defaults to an
initial value of
‘0.00’

Figure 9-3 Edit a hazard via the ‘Collation and Report’ page

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9.4 Calculation of Risk

9.4.1 Procedure Help

When entering the 'Collation and Reports' page, the hazards are listed in increasing chainage order.
This ordering can be changed by clicking on the column headers.

If the risk calculation has never been performed for this record or there are hazards that have been
added since the last time risk was calculated then there will be no details relating to the level of risk
or safety barrier requirements other than the default barrier containment N2 and working width
class W2.

Calculate Risk button

When the 'Calculate Risk' button is pressed, the RRRAP automatically calculates the risk level due to
the presence of each hazard. If the level of risk without provision of VRS is 'acceptable', a 'Yes' is
displayed in the 'Is risk without VRS acceptable?' column and no VRS or safety barrier details are
given in the columns further to the right. If however, the level of risk without VRS is 'unacceptable',
a 'No' will be returned and, in the column to the right, it will indicate whether the level of risk with
optimum length VRS having the default N2 containment level is 'Acceptable', 'Tolerable', or
'Unacceptable'.

If 'Acceptable' has been returned, the RRRAP will indicate the minimum length of need of safety
barrier in advance of the object that will give an acceptable level of risk. Note that section 3.12 to
3.14 of CD 377 may require a longer length of barrier may be required to be provided.

Minimum VRS Lengths

Barrier lengths in compliance with CD377 are now determined on the basis of the effective
containment length required (determined by RRRAP) for the hazard combined with the length
required to achieve that containment of the product being purchased.

The full containment length of need is identified in the diagram below by sectors B to C and D to E. D
to E is normally 0m (zero) for dual carriageways, link roads and slip roads and equal to B to C for
single carriageways (two way) roads. Hazards where the point of no recovery is applied require
further consideration to identify the combined end point of the hazard under examination.

As long as the system achieves the appropriate containment between points B to E, the hazard will
be protected. Barrier lengths from points A to B and points E to F are added to the containment
lengths and hazard length produced through RRRAP and are manufacturer / product specific and
may vary depending upon the system preceeding point A and following point F, ie, a terminal,
transition or similar profile safety barrier type.

The designer has the opportunity to specify site specific conditions where applicable (access road,
observation point, maintenance turnaround, structure) where the contractor can make considered
purchase decisions in regards to total system length (terminal - safety barrier - transition - parapet,
etc) to determine the best product range whilst ensuring full containment performance is achieved
between point B (length of need in advance) to point E (length of need beyond (commonly zero for
dual carriageway and link roads).

The contractor will purchase a combined length of A to F and either terminals, transitions or
connections to another adjacent barrier type

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Manufacturer's need to have robust data in regard to the effective lengths of their systems in
achieving full containment performance when connected to a different barrier type and they should
be prepared to justify those specifications should the system's in-service performance be called into
question.

CD 377 Figure 3.19 Set-back, working width and length of need of safety barrier

Re-calculating Risk
Once risk has been calculated for all hazards, subsequent runs of the risk calculation will in general
only calculate risk for those hazards that have been edited, added, or now require the generation of
Detailed Results. The following are exceptions to this and will cause the RRRAP to re-calculate risk
for all hazards:
• Edit the record Common Details
• Add, edit or delete an Earthwork hazard
• Add, edit or delete a Hard shoulder and Verge Width hazard

Detailed Risk and Benefit Cost Results

The Designer is then able to review the detailed risk and cost benefit results for any one or all of the
hazards. For the hazards to be looked at in more detail, this is done by clicking the checkbox in the
'Output detailed results?' column - which should now show a tick. In practice, situations where the
risk level is acceptable without VRS and where the risk level with N2 containment VRS is acceptable
are unlikely to warrant further investigation, leaving just those entries for which the risk is
'Tolerable' or 'Unacceptable' to be looked at.

Having put a tick in the checkbox in the 'Output detailed results?' column, press the 'Calculate Risk'
button. Once the calculation has completed, an icon will appear in the 'Output detailed results?'
column for each hazard that has a Detailed Results to view. Clicking the icon will display a dialog that
will ask if you wish to open or save a PDF file. This contains the Detailed Results. See section 9.5 for
more details.

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Changing Containment Level
Where the risk is either 'Tolerable' or 'Unacceptable', the Designer can investigate the effect of
changing the containment level of the safety barrier from N2 to either H1 or H4a. Click on a row in
the table on the collation page to view the hazard and then click the edit button to edit the hazard
details. In the edit page, change the barrier containment level. Save the altered hazard. Back on the
‘Collation & Reports’ page, when the 'Calculate risk' button is pressed, the RRRAP will calculate the
new risk level with the optimum length of VRS.

Changing other parameters in the Collation of Data worksheet

The designer can edit hazards via the ‘Collation & Reports’ page by clicking on a row in the table to
view the hazard and then click the edit button to edit the hazard details. The Designer can edit any
hazard values at this point. When modifying hazards due to results from the risk calculation, fields
traditionally focused on include safety barrier set-back, working width class, offset of hazard, etc.

If, based on the data in the 'Detailed Results' output, the Designer proposes to use a VRS length in
advance of the hazard that is different from the minimum proposed, the proposed length and the
reasoning for the difference must be added to the hazards 'Comment' field. This can be done by
editing the hazard via the collation page (click a row in the table to view the hazard and then click
the edit button). Similarly with any other changes that are made, such as to working width class,
additional notes should be added to the hazards ‘Comment’ field.

Working Width Classes

Safety barriers with smaller working widths are generally more expensive than those with larger
working widths. It is therefore important that the Designer checks and specifies the greatest working
width class that can practicably be achieved in the circumstances taking into account the
requirements of set-back of the safety barrier, the location of the hazard and of other hazards
adjacent to it, and the minimum distances to top or toe of slope (CD 377 figures 3.28 and 3.29).

To help highlight which hazards have a potential alternative VRS working width, when risk is
calculated for the hazard, if an alternative VRS working width class is possible, RRRAP will highlight
the working width class cell in tables (see section 2.10.6 for more detail). The Designer should check
and specify the greatest VRS working width class that can practicably be achieved for each of these
hazards.

9.4.2 Risk Calculation Issues

If there are any issues that occur during the risk calculation, these are displayed on the ‘Risk
Calculation Issues’ page shown once the risk calculation process has completed (an example is
shown in Figure 9-4).

See sections 2.10.3 and 9.6.1 for more details on the types of messages that can appear here.

If no changes are made to the record data, then clicking the ‘Calculate Risk’ button again on the
‘Collation and Reports’ page will not re-calculate risk for any hazards, but the Risk Calculation Issues
page will be re-displayed if there are any existing issues.

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Figure 9-4 Risk Calculation Issues page

9.4.3 Risk Calculation Results

Pressing the ‘Calculate Risk’ button for the first time automatically calculates whether the risk level
at the hazard is acceptable without VRS protection, displaying the information in the ‘Collation &
Reports’ page. If it is not, the risk level with the optimum length of N2 containment level VRS in
advance of the hazard is shown as either ‘Acceptable’, ‘Tolerable’, or ‘Unacceptable’. For single
carriageways only, the optimum length of VRS beyond the hazard is also reported.

139
 When Single c/way, this column may
also contains results

Here the first hazard [0600.0001] does not require VRS protection.
The fourth hazard, Brick / block wall, requires 5 m of N2 barrier in advance to give an acceptable
level of risk. The level of risk brought about by vehicles approaching from the other direction is
acceptable with no VRS provided.
In practice the minimum length required by CD 377 para 3. 12 to 3.14. must be provided in
advance of and beyond the hazard.

Figure 9-5 Hazards and their protection requirements

Figure 9-6 Typical output for Sign on Gantry

Safety barrier containment and
length for Gantry is determined by
TAA or CD 377.

140
 For the Police Ramp, users are referred to the RRRAP Guidance Manual as the Police require VRS
for their own protection, rather than due to the need to protect motorists from injury.

Crib walls indicate refer to CD 622

Figure 9-7 Risk results for Police Ramps and Crib Walls

Here the RRRAP has indicated that the risk for the Public building that is at the bottom
of a steep slope is ‘Tolerable’ with 30 m of N2 containment VRS in advance.

Figure 9-8 Risk results for Public Building

In Figure 9-8, the RRRAP has indicated that the risk at the Public Building hazard is ‘Tolerable’ with
30 m of N2 containment safety barrier in advance. This will need to be investigated further by
generating a Detailed Results report containing the risk and benefit cost calculation information (for
more details see section 9.5).

Click the checkbox in the 'Output detailed results?' column - the checkbox should now have a tick.
Click the ‘Calculate Risk’ button. Once the calculation has completed, a magnifying glass icon will
appear in the 'Output detailed results?' column. Clicking the icon will display a browser specific
dialog that will ask if you wish to open or save a PDF file. This contains the detailed result (see
section 9.5.2 for the detailed results for the hazards shown in Figure 9-8).

For the Public Building hazard, changing the Barrier Containment from N2 to H1 and pressing
‘Calculate Risk’ again will calculate the new level of risk with the higher containment safety barrier
(shown in Figure 9-9).

141
Figure 9-9 Risk result for Public Building hazard after changing barrier containment

Here the risk is shown as Acceptable with 26m of H1 barrier containment in advance of Public
Building.

The Detailed Results for the revised Public Building hazard are the second set of Detailed Results
shown in section 9.5.2.

9.5 Generating Detailed Results

Detailed Results for a hazard are generated via the ‘Collation & Reports’ page. To generate a
Detailed Results report for a hazard, click the checkbox in the 'Output detailed results?' column in
the row of the hazard you are interested in. The checkbox should now have a tick.

No detailed results will be generated for this hazard

Detailed results will be generated for these hazards

next time risk is calculated

Detailed results have been generated for these

hazards. Click the magnifying glass icon to download
the detailed result PDF.

Figure 9-10 Generating Detailed Results for a hazard

Having put a tick in the checkbox in the 'Output detailed results?' column, press the 'Calculate Risk'
button. Once the calculation has completed, an icon will appear in the 'Output detailed results?'
column for each hazard that has a Detailed Result report to view. Clicking the icon will display a
browser specific dialog that will ask if you wish to open or save a PDF file. This contains the detailed
result.

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9.5.1 Comparing Detailed Results

If a hazard is edited and already has Detailed Results from a previous risk calculation run, then the
next time risk is calculated, the old Detailed Results data is superseded by the new data.

If you want to compare Detailed Results as you change specific values of a hazard, you should
generate and save Detailed Results reports locally. You can then either open both up to view on your
screen or print them out.

If for evidential reasons, you need to maintain the Detailed Results for different risk calculation runs
for a particular hazard, you should generate and keep multiple Detailed Results files. You can also
generate either a snapshot report (see section 9.7) or full report (see section 11.3) which contains
both all hazard data and any currently generated Detailed Results.

9.5.2 Detailed Results Report

If the level of risk without VRS is ’Tolerable’ or ‘Unacceptable’, the detailed risk and cost benefit
levels of VRS provision must be looked at. Click the checkbox in the 'Output detailed results?'
column - the checkbox should now have a tick. Click the ‘Calculate Risk’ button. Once the calculation
has completed, a magnifying glass icon will appear in the 'Output detailed results?' column. Clicking
the icon will display a browser specific dialog that will ask if you wish to open or save a PDF file.

The example shown is for a D2AP All Purpose Road from section 9.4.3.

Barrier length is length of

VRS in advance of Hazard

1st column shows risk and benefit

cost levels with no length of
VRS in advance of Hazard

Figure 9-11 Public Building hazard detailed result with default N2 barrier containment

The first run of Detailed Results with N2 containment for the VRS on the approach to the Public
Building shows that risk to vehicle occupants increases with a short length of VRS, then initially
decreases as the length of VRS increases, before rising again, as the VRS provides no additional risk
benefit.

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The risk to the Public Building only ever gets to Tolerable for both vehicle occupants and Others.

Changing the Barrier Containment for the Public Building hazard from N2 to
H1 and then clicking on the ‘Calculate Risk’ button again will calculate the risk
with H1 safety barrier. Here the risk is shown as acceptable with 26 m of H1
containment barrier in advance.

Figure 9-12 Public Building hazard detailed result with altered H1 barrier containment

The second run of Detailed Results with H1 containment for the VRS on the approach to the Public
Building shows that this time Risk to both vehicle occupants and building users is acceptable with H1
containment VRS on the approach to the building. There is also a reasonable benefit cost of
providing a VRS.

If the ‘Cost of Option’ field is blank, this shows that the default cost of the H1 containment VRS has
not been overridden yet – see sections 8.15.5 and 8.16.4.

Shown below is an example of a Parapet detailed result.

Parapet risk and benefit cost levels with

N2 and H2 containment.

Figure 9-13 Parapet hazard detailed result

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9.5.3 Example of Detailed Results output on a single carriageway

Figure 9-14 shows the output contained within a detailed result for a hazard on a single carriageway.

Figure 9-14 Detailed results for a hazard on a single carriageway

The ‘Barrier Beyond’ result table shown at the bottom of the report is only returned when a single
carriageway is being assessed, i.e. where vehicles are able to approach the hazard from either
direction. Here, the risk is ‘Tolerable’ with no VRS. It becomes Acceptable level with between 0m
and 10 m of N2 containment VRS. This minimum length is required to ensure that the safety barrier
system will work properly rather than due to risk requirements.

The risk in advance of the hazard is ‘Unacceptable’ with no VRS and with up to 10 m of N2
containment VRS. It reduces to a ‘Tolerable’ level with 20 m VRS, and becomes Acceptable level
with between 20 m and 30 m of N2 containment VRS. In this case the optimum benefit cost ratio is
also best at around 30 m length (although it remains very low).

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9.6 Hazard Groupings

The information presented by the RRRAP via the ‘Collation & Reports’ and ‘VRS Summary’ pages, as
well as through the risk calculation, differs for hazards depending on the hazard category and the
nature of the hazard. The following highlights what additional details you should expect, and which
hazards are affected.

9.6.1 Hazards with Secondary Knock-on effect

Tall hazards can potentially have secondary knock-on effects if the hazard is hit. Tall hazards include:

• 1200 Traffic Signs or Signals: all categories (excluding those with 'Gantry' in nature or sign
store) where height is over 3 m
• 1300 Lighting columns: all categories apart from Electricity supply cabinet
• 1500 Motorway Comms: ‘Comms or CCTV Mast’, ‘Posts’, ‘Posts (PS)’ where height is over 2
m
• 8600 Poles and Pylons: Telegraph and electricity poles, pylons, posts – all heights.

If any of these hazards are in a RRRAP record, once risk has been calculated, on the Risk Calculation
Issues page, you will be prompted to answer a question for each tall hazard (shown in Figure 9-15).

Figure 9-15 Hazard with secondary knock-on effect

By default, the question has the answer ‘No’. You can leave this default value and continue back to
the Collation page. The tall hazard warning will continue to appear on the Risk Calculation Issues
page (and as an issue related to the hazard in any generated full report) until answered ‘Yes’.

An additional field is visible for these hazards on the view / edit hazard pages accessed via the
Collation page, where the question can also be answered.

The question response is included in the snapshot and full reports.

9.7 Snapshot Report

You may wish to generate snapshot reports at different stages during the RRRAP process, e.g. initial
data entry record, details of a particular calculation run, etc.

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Click the ‘Snapshot Report’ button on the ‘Collation & Reports’ page to generate the report at any
time.

Figure 9-16 Snapshot Report page

The snapshot report contains the details of all the hazards, as well as any detailed results that are
available.

Before you can generate a snapshot report, you must enter a name and a description for the report.
This information will not be maintained within the RRRAP, but will appear on the first page of the
generated report. The name and description should be sufficient to identify the reasons for the
snapshot report generation (e.g. calculation run X with Y changed).

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 9.8 Calculation of Risk – Option Testing and Selection

In the Collation & Reports page, once the risk has been calculated, the designer can investigate for
instance the effect of the level of risk or on the length of safety barrier required by changing one or
more of the values relating to a hazard or the values relating to the safety barrier, and the
recalculate risk. View and then edit the hazards on the Collation & Reports page to make those
changes.
If the working width class is altered from the
The effect for instance of changing default of W2, the Designer must manually
the aggressiveness from 1.7 to that change the barrier working width and check
of a passively safe column (0.25) that the hazard lies outside the safety
could be tried. barrier working width.

Changing barrier from 0.6 m offset (default A return of 0.0 here indicates that the default costs are
value when there is a hard strip or hard shoulder being used in the RRRAP. If better VRS cost
present) to say 1.2 m offset can be done if the information is available, the default average value can
verge width is adequate to allow VRS to be be changed. Back up on new costing must be provided
moved – see Figures 3.28 and 3.29 of CD 377 for in the table on the ‘Barrier Option Costs’ page.
details of constraints.

Figure 9-17 Viewing a hazards details from the Collation & Results page

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10 The Designer must Check and Ensure
(i) All the hazard definition and risk calculated values represent the final chosen option
(this can be checked by either viewing individual hazards via the ‘Collation & Reports’
page or by viewing a full report, see section 11.3),

(ii) Detailed Results have been generated where necessary and the ‘Comment’ field for
individual hazards has been populated with all the relevant data to back up the decisions
made

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11 VRS Summary
The VRS Summary can be viewed by clicking the VRS Summary button on the ‘Collation & Reports’
page. This page lists all the hazards that require some form of protection.

To add any further comments to a hazard to support the design choices, edit the hazard via either
the ‘Collation & Reports’ or ‘Hazards Overview’ pages.

Notes
(i) This page will not list any hazards until risk has been calculated for the first time (except
from exceptions identified in point iv).
(ii) This page will not list any hazards if, after running the risk calculation, no hazards in the
record require protection (except from exceptions identified in point iv).
(iii) The hazards listed on this page will change if the user modifies hazard details and re-
runs the risk calculation.
(iv) In addition to the hazards that require VRS protection, there are three additional hazard
types that will always appear in the VRS Summary table. These are Parapets, Pedestrian
Guardrail and Emergency Telephone hazards.

Report generation – see Assessment question –

sections 11.2 and 11.3 see section 11.1

Figure 11-1 VRS Summary page

11.1 Assessment of Results

At the top of the VRS Summary page is a small section titled ‘Assessment of Results’.

The Designer should only answer the question ‘Were any of the results unexpected?’ once risk
assessments for all hazards has been completed and no further changes are to be made. The
response to this question will be included within any generated VRS Summary and Full Report.

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11.2 VRS Summary Report

Clicking the VRS Summary Report link will generate a VRS Summary PDF report. Once the report has
been generated, a browser specific dialog will be displayed. This will allow you to either open or save
the generated PDF report.

The report will contain summary details of the section being assessed (section details, location
details) as well as listing details for the hazards that require protection.

11.3 Full Report

Clicking the Full Report link will generate a PDF report of the full details of the RRRAP record. Once
the report has been generated, a browser specific dialog will be displayed. This will allow you to
either open or save the generated PDF report.

The Full Report contains all of the following details:

• Record Information (record name, project name, description, the RRRAP version number
and issue date, etc)
• Answer to ‘Assessment of results’ question on VRS Summary page
• Record declarations (i.e. any completed sign off details from the Record Status tab)
• All common details
• Option Costs (if any provided)
• All data relating to each individual hazard (both entered by the user and generated via risk
calculation) categorised by hazard type
• Any available Detailed Results generated for specific hazards
• VRS Summary details
• Temporary works

Note: The Full Report does not contain any Restraint Summary details entered via the Restraint
Summary page. A report containing these details can be created via a separate report link which is
available in the Restraint Summary page (see section 12.1).

The Full Report can be generated at any time, and does not rely on running the risk calculation or
there being hazards listed in the VRS Summary page.

It is recommended that you generate a Full Report and use the export facility (see section 4.4) to
backup your hazard data at key stages in the design process.

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12 Restraint Summary (Specification Appendix 4/1)

Click column headings to order view and

to modify the order restraints are listed
in the Restraint Summary Report

Information will need to be entered into this section

manually; no details can be automatically copied from
hazard data entered elsewhere in RRRAP. The details
Restraint Summary
contained in this section will be included in any Works
Report generation
Information provided to the Contractor.

Figure 12-1 Appendix 4-1 Restraint Summary

Notes:
• Complete the schedule and include in Appendix 4/1. Incorporate in the schedule all the Road
Restraint Systems (i.e. safety barriers, terminals, transitions, vehicle parapets, crash
cushions, pedestrian parapets and pedestrian guardrails) and any associated anti-glare
screens required.
• Cross-reference should be made to the Drawings where appropriate.
• The respective Start and End Chainages of the proposed Road Restraint Systems should be
listed.
• All the Performance Class requirements appropriate for the Road Restraint System and other
details such as parapet height should be included.
• The difference between the End and Start Chainages should be at least the Length of Need
of the Road Restraint System as defined in CD 377.

12.1 Generating the Restraint Summary Report

Clicking the Restraint Summary Report link will generate a PDF report. Once the report has been
generated, a browser specific dialog will be displayed. This will allow you to either open or save the
generated PDF report.

By default, ordering of restraints in the report is by start chainage. If you wish to alter the ordering
of the restraints in the report click the column headings in the table that lists the entered Restraints
(see Figure 12-1). Clicking a different heading will sort the restraints by that field. Continue to click
the same heading multiple times will switch the ordering of the restraints to be in either ascending
or descending order for the chosen field. Once you have chosen your desired ordering, generate the
report.

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13 Temporary Hazards
To be able to enter temporary hazard information, you must answer ‘Yes’ to the option ‘Temporary
works’ listed under ‘Reason for Design’ for the records ‘Common Details’ (see section 5.2).

This tab is only visible when under ‘Reason

for Design’ on the ‘Common Details’ page,
the question "Temporary works" has the
answer 'Yes'.

Figure 13-1 Temporary Works

In the Temporary Works page (see Figure 13-1), click the 'Add New Temporary Hazard' button. This
will create a new set of questions to answer for temporary hazards (see Figure 13-2). Up to four
copies of the question set can be created.

If answer is 'No', the situation does

not apply, and there will be no need
to investigate that situation further.

If answer is 'Yes', the situation

Click to display a more detailed
does apply. A 'Further Info'
set of question concerning the
button is displayed.
temporary works.

Figure 13-2 Temporary Works Questions

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The set of questions describe typical situations that might be encountered during temporary works.
For each question indicate either (via Yes or No) whether or not each of the circumstances applies in
the situation being assessed.

If the answer is 'No', the situation does not apply, and there will be no need to investigate that
situation further.

If the answer is 'Yes', the situation does apply; a 'Further Info' button is displayed. Clicking this
button will display a more detailed set of question concerning the temporary works. Completing
these questions will assist in determining whether provision of a temporary vehicle restraint
system(s) is appropriate in each of the circumstances and act as a record for the factors considered.

Figure 13-3,

Figure 13-4 Temporary Works details (2)

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 , and
Figure 13-5 show the detailed set of questions and help menus available for temporary works.
Completion of these details will assist the Designer in determining whether provision of a temporary
vehicle restraint system(s) is appropriate in each of the circumstances and act as a record for the
factors considered. It should be noted that whilst it may not be considered cost effective to provide
temporary VRS for a single situation, it may be cost effective when the combination of circumstances
is considered. Where the response is ‘No’ to the questions, brief details as to why should be
recorded in the Comment field.

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 Temp Alignment Factors

Will there be a substandard

highway feature, such as a sharp
bend or realignment of the running
lanes through temporary traffic
management that would suggest
an additional risk of an errant
vehicle running into the work
zone?
Acceptable Risk no VRS

Is Risk level with no

VRS provision, but
having taken all
other practicable
control measures to
reduce risk, still
considered
Unacceptable?

Calculation of Risk Level

Where possible, run RRRAP for Hazard based on temporary offset

of running lane from Psb and temporary speed limit.

Figure 13-3 Temporary Works details (1) Where use of RRRAP is not applicable due to nature of hazard,
estimate whether risk would fall into 'Unacceptable', 'Tolerable' or
'Broadly acceptable region'. Add reasoning in Comments field.

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Figure 13-4 Temporary Works details (2)

Available Space?
Space necessary for VRS will include any
temporary lane closures and space for
workers, plant and equipment to load /
install / remove, etc the VRS safely.

Acceptable Disruption

Consider disruption during

installation, operation and
removal.

Details of VRS required

Include Working Width, Containment

Level, Length of Need, start chainage
/ location, end chainage, Terminal
performance criteria, any constraints
on type of VR System to be used.

Figure 13-5 Temporary Works details (3)

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A record of the temporary works information input into the RRRAP can be exported by using the ‘Full
Report’ option on the under the collation and report page.

Figure 13-6 Temporary Works report export

14 Saving and retaining a copy of the RRRAP

It is essential once the RRRAP process has been completed and the Design Organisation has
completed all its internal checks and is satisfied with the RRRAP’s content and outcome, that a copy
is retained, stored and backed up as appropriate. This may be on CD possibly with a secure master
copy and a working copy or copies as required, with secure long-term electronic back up. The files
archived should include:

• An exported copy of the RRRAP record (see section 4.4)

• A full PDF record report (see section 11.3)
• A PDF restraint summary report (see section 12.1)
• Any other relevant files to be used as evidence (individual detailed result reports, etc)

An important element of the RRRAP process is that it forms part of the Health and Safety file for the
Scheme, Maintenance Area and Highway Authority as appropriate, and that it is available to the
Client and all those who have a legitimate need to make use of it in the future.

Design organisations should discuss and agree with their Client at an early stage how this
requirement is to be fulfilled and implemented.

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