Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS RESEARCH DESIGN

INTRODUCTION

Rationale of the Study

Transportation is one of the important things that keeps our world moving. It

doesn’t just let us travel to different places, but it also let us exchange goods from

different countries. However, with the pandemic, transportation has become an issue,

not just for transporting goods, but also for the people, especially students. The hours

they need to wait for any public transportation and the hours they need to travel just to

get on time for their classes is surprisingly longer than their actual class period. Though

going to school in the morning is not really a problem, students, specifically in Cebu

Technological University – Danao Campus who have evening classes, struggles to go

home every night. They needed to walk a kilometer to the bus terminal just so they

could go home safe.

According to Crisostomo (2002), the transportation within the country is quite

underdeveloped. However, the Government has been pushing an initiative to upgrade

the transport system through various infrastructure projects, hence the implementation

of PUV Modernization and Jeepney Phase-out by LTFRB that is now happening in our

country. With jeepneys, the only hope left for students, phasing-out, the public transport

available at night will not be enough to cater all the students going home at night.

Thus, a Bus Ticketing System can be implemented in Cebu Technological

University – Danao Campus to manage transportation for students. This system can be

used to track the number of students using the school bus, manage bus routes and
schedule, and ensure the safety of students while they are being transported. By using

a bus ticketing system, the school can keep track of how many students are riding the

bus each day, and the information can be used to monitor attendance and punctuality

which can help the school to identify and address any issues that may arise.

Theoretical Background

This section contains related articles, literatures, and studies which may guide the

researchers in finalizing the result of this study.

1.1 Bus Ticketing System for Davao Metro Shuttle (Dinopol & Cagape, 2016)

Students from Northlink Technological College, Inc. in New Pandan,Panabo City,

Davao del Norte, had proposed a system for a bus company to automate their ticketing

process. The bus conductor can automatically hand out tickets to passengers using a

handheld device, clearly printing information such the bus number, bus driver, bus

conductor, ticket number, seat number, destination (i.e. from and to), status (i.e.

student, regular, or senior), and payment. The payment will be calculated automatically

by the system using the passenger's destination and status as inputs. The bus driver no

longer needs to manually scan a bundle of duplicate tickets to collect payment.

1.2 Bus Ticketing Systems Modelling for Students in Surakarta City (Setiono et al.,

2019)

Increased community mobility is a result of high population expansion in order to

meet travel demands. This has an effect on the use of unregulated private automobiles,

which is contributing to transportation issues. Using public transit as a form of

transportation is the answer to the transportation issue. In order to encourage people to

appropriate public transportation. Thus, the Surakarta City Government offers a ride that

is particularly for students in order to address the needs of public transit. In light of this,

a ticketing BST bus/feeder system is required to keep an eye on and manage

passengers on public transportation. The study's goal is to create a ticketing system that

will allow students to ride the BST bus/feeder for public transportation. Students are

supposed to use this system, which includes free public transportation supplied by the

municipal government, to get to and from school without the requirement for parental or

guardian accompaniment.

Theoretical Lenses

This study is anchored in three theories namely: The theory of transportation by

Charles H. Cooley; Transportation Systems Engineering: Theory and Methods by Ennio

Cascetta; and Performance assessment and evaluation method for passenger

transportation: a step toward sustainability by Vanessa de Almeida Guimarães and Ilton

Curty Leal Junior.

The Theory of Transportation

The Theory of Transportation is a comprehensive analysis of the transportation

industry and its effects on the economy, society, and government policy. The theory

also explores the social and psychological impact of transportation, particularly how it

has facilitated communication and interaction among people and communities. Cooley

stated that at each given time and throughout its history, the nature of transportation

both overall and in specifics is entirely defined by how it interacts with physical and

social forces and situations. Just analyzing these relationships is all it takes to
understand transportation. Every type of social structure, every institution, is based on

the requirement for the mobility of objects and people (Cooley, 1894).

Transportation Systems Engineering: Theory and Methods

This book emphasizes the importance of a systems approach to transportation

engineering, which involves considering the entire transportation network as a whole,

rather than just individual components. The book covers topics such as traffic flow

theory, transportation demand modeling, transportation network optimization, and

transportation policy analysis. Many examples and exercises are included in the book to

assist students in applying mathematical modeling and analysis methods to practical

transportation issues. One of its studies includes the important elements of

transportation demand, which characterizes demand as the primary consideration in the

analysis and modeling of transportation systems given that the need to meet

transportation demand serves as the driving force behind transportation initiatives

(Cascetta, 2013).

Performance assessment and evaluation method for passenger transportation: a

step toward sustainability

The article by De Almeida Guimarães and Leal proposes a performance

assessment and evaluation method for passenger transportation systems that takes into

account the sustainability of the system. They argue that the current methods used to

assess the performance of transportation systems do not adequately consider the

social, environmental, and economic impacts of these systems. Therefore, they propose

a new framework that incorporates these sustainability factors into the assessment

process. The article provides a valuable contribution to the field of transportation

performance of passenger transportation systems.

Republic Act No. 4136

The Republic Act No. 4136 or the Land Transportation and Traffic Code provides

for the regulation and control of land transportation in the Philippines, including the

operation of buses and other public utility vehicles. It also sets guidelines for the

issuance of franchise and permits for public transportation operators.

Republic Act No. 7394

The Republic Act No. 7394 or the Consumer Act of the Philippines protects the

rights of consumers and ensures fair business practices in the Philippines. It can be

applied to bus ticketing systems by ensuring that customers are provided with accurate

and transparent information about ticket prices, schedules, and other related services.

Republic Act No. 8792

The Republic Act No. 8792 or the Electronic Commerce Act recognizes the

legality of electronic transactions in the Philippines and sets guidelines for the use of

electronic signatures, contracts, and other related matters. It can be applied to bus

ticketing systems by allowing the use of electronic tickets and other forms of digital

transactions.
 THEORIES LEGAL BASES

The Theory of Transportation Republic Act No. 4136 (The Land

Transportation Systems Republic Act No. 7394 (Consumer

Performance Assessment and

Challenges of the
University in providing
Transportation for
Students

The Implementation
of the system
 Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

This research aims to provide transportation for students at Cebu Technological

University – Danao Campus whose classes ends at night to ensure their safety when

going home.

This study specifically focuses on the following issues:

1. How effective is this to the safety of the students?

2. Will this cater all the students who travels at night going home?

3. Is this Bus Ticketing System efficient to students in terms of:

3.1 Affordability

3.2 Conveniency

3.2.1 Bus Schedule

3.2.2 Route

Significance of the Study

This study will be conducted in consideration with the following beneficiaries:

For the Future Researchers that they could use this as a guide if they will decide to

conduct the same study, and that this could give them useful information for the

betterment of their study.

For the Students in Cebu Technological University who have classes at night that this

could help them not to worry about transportation and their safety while going home.
For the Institution that this will give them an idea how difficult it is to go home at night

and realize how important this is in improving the safety and security of the students.

For the Parents/Guardians that this will give them relief and assurance that their

children will get home safe.

Transportation.

Public Transportation

Bus Terminal

PUV

PUV Modernization

Jeepney

Handheld Device

Ticket

BST Bus

Transport Systems

Public Transportation Operators