Health Prediction Using Data Mining

ABSTRACT:

The Health Prediction system is an end user support and online consultation

project. Here we propose a system that allows users to get instant guidance on their health

issues through an intelligent health care system online. The system is fed with various

symptoms and the disease/illness associated with those systems. The system allows user

to share their symptoms and issues. It then processes users symptoms to check for various

illness that could be associated with it. Here we use some intelligent data mining

techniques to guess the most accurate illness that could be associated with patient’s

symptoms. If the system is not able to provide suitable results, it urges users to go for

blood test, x-ray, citi scan or which ever report it feels user’s symptoms are associated

with, so next time user may be able to login and upload an image of those reports. The

system also has a doctor login, these uploaded images are now sent to respective doctor

along with patient contact details. The doctors may now contact the patient for further

process.
 INTRODUCTION:

It might have happened so many times that we or someone ours need doctors help

immediately, but they are not available due to some reason. The Health Prediction system

is an end user support and online consultation project for correct prediction of illness

based on patients input. Here propose system allows users to get instant guidance on their

health issues through an intelligent health care system online. The smart health prediction

system is fed with various symptoms and the disease/illness associated with those

systems. The system allows user to share their symptoms and issues then system

processes patients symptoms to check for various illness that could be associated with it.

Here some intelligent data mining techniques to guess the most accurate illness that could

be associated with patient’s symptoms. If the system is unable to provide suitable results,

it informs the user about the type of disease or disorder it feels user’s symptoms are

associated with. If patients symptoms do not exactly match any disease in our database, is

shows the diseases user could probably have judging by his/her symptoms. Disease

prediction using patient input symptoms history and health data by applying data mining

and machine learning techniques is ongoing struggle for the past decades. Necessity:
Sometimes we need the help of doctors immediately, but due to some reasons they

unavailable. In project proposed system is user favourable to get guidance on health

issues instantly through online health care system. The System is helpful in emergency of

patients by suggesting the doctors and immediate prescriptions on their disease. patient

can get help from anywhere at any time. In medical fields, the foreign students have

solved some medical issues that are laborious to be settled in classic statistics by

classification of Bayesian. Without an extra information, classification rules are generated

by the samples trained by themselves.

SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION

Server Side Programming : PHP

Middleware Programming : JAVASCRIPT

Operating System : Windows 7.

Web Server : Internet Information Server

Client Script : HTML, CSS and Java Script

Database : Mysql5.0

HARDWARE SPECIFICATION

Processor : Intel Pentium IV Dual Core 2.8 GHz

Hard Disk : 160 GB

Monitor : LG 17” Color Monitor

RAM : 2 GB

Keyboard : 104 Keys Multimedia Keyboard

Mouse : Logitech Optical Mouse

CD – ROM : 52X CD-ROM.

Advantages:

 User can search for doctor’s help at any point of time.

 User can talk about their illness and get instant diagnosis.

 Doctors get more clients online.

Disadvantages:

 The system is not fully automated, it needs doctors for full diagnosis.

Application:
 This system can be used by all patients or their family members who need help in

emergency.

OBJECTIVES:

1. The objective of proposed system is to predict the accurate disease based on

users or patients input symptoms and after accurate prediction suggest the

prescription or medicines and also suggest nearby doctors with details. 2.

Patient can search for doctor’s help at any point of time and can talk about

their illness or health issues and get instant diagnosis. doctors may get more

patients online.

PROPOSED SYSTEM:

This system supports an end user and online consultation. Here propose a

framework that enables clients to get moment direction on their medical

problems through an astute social intelligent health care system online. The

framework is fed with different symptoms and the disease or illness

associated with those systems. Also the system allows user to share their

symptoms and issues. Data Mining is a field of research has already well

proven capabilities of identifying hidden patterns, analysis and knowledge

applied on different research domains, now gaining more popularity among

 researchers towards generating novel and deep insights of these large

biomedical datasets also. Uncovering new healthcare related knowledge to

support clinical decision making, is another dimension of data mining.

Through a deep literature survey, it is found that early disease prediction is

the most demanded area of research in health care sector. The basic idea

behind the project is to propose a system that allows users to get instant

guidance on their health issues. This smart health prediction system is fed

with various symptoms and the disease/illness associated with those

systems. This system allows user/patients to share their symptoms and issues

It then processes patients symptoms to check for various illnesses and based

on input it predict the disease or disorder it feels user’s symptoms are

associated with and also suggest the doctor to whom he or she can contact

and also book an appointment.

DESIGN METHODOLOGY AND ALGORITHM:

Data Mining Technique Data mining techniques such as association,

classification and clustering are used by healthcare organization to increase their

capability for building appropriate predictions regarding patient health information

from large data. This encompasses a number of technical approaches like clustering,

data summarization, classification

Classification:

Classification comprises of two steps: - 1) Training and 2) Testing.

Training builds a classification model on the basis of training data collected for

generating classification rules. The IF-THEN prediction rule is popular in data

mining; they signify facts at a high level of abstraction. The accuracy of classification

model based on the degree to which classifying rules are true which is estimated by

test data. Prediction: Prediction in data mining is to identify data points purely on the

description of another related data value. It is not necessarily related to future events

but the used variables are unknown. Prediction in data mining is to identify data points

purely on the description of another related data value.

The proposed system needs to include the functionality: 5.1 Patient

Registration Patients will need to register themselves first with their username and

password in order to use the system. 5.2 Patient Login Patients will need to log in to

their system with their username and password. 5.3 Live Chat Patient can use the live

chat functionality for any kind of clarifications or helps which will be required for the

application. 5.4 Viewing Diseases/Symptoms Details All the symptoms and past

diseases will be listed if any for the clarification in prediction. 5.5 Selection of Disease

Selection Patient can select the diseases, symptoms and can provide few personal

details which is listed on the application. 5.6 Diseases Prediction Based on the patient

diseases, symptoms and personal details like height and weights, decisions will be

made. 5.7 Results Reports will be generated based on all analysis made previously and
 then BMI and Report will be shown on the final stage of application. 5.8 Logout

Patient can securely logout after completing its task

FEASIBILITY STUDY:

The feasibility of the project is analysed in this phase and business proposal is
put forth with a very general plan for the project and some cost estimates. During system analysis the
feasibility study of the proposed system is to be carried out. This is to ensure that the proposed system is
not a burden to the company. For feasibility analysis, some understanding of the major requirements for
the system is essential.

ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY:
This study is carried out to check the economic impact will have on the system
will have on the organization. The amount of fund that the company can pour into the research and
development of the system is limited. The expenditures must be justified. Thus the developed system as
well within the budget and this was achieved because most of the technologies used are freely available.
Only the customised products have to be purchased.

TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY:

This study is carried out to check the technical feasibility, that is the technical requirements of the
system. Any system developed must not have a high demand on the availableavailable technical
resources. This will lead to high demands being placed on the client. The developed system must have a
modest requirement, as only minimal or null changes for the implementing this system.

OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY:

The aspect of study is to check the level of acceptance of the system by the user. This includes the
process of training the user to use the system efficiently. The user must not feel threatened by the
system, instead must accept it as a necessity. The level of acceptance by the users solely depends on
the methods that are employed to educate the user about the system and to make him familiar with it.
His level of confidence must be raised so that he is also able to make some constructive criticism,
which is welcomed, as he is the final user of the system.
USECASE DIAGRAM:
DFD LEVEL 0 DIAGRAM:

DFD LEVEL 1 DIAGRAM:

ACTIVITY DIAGRAM:
System Architecture Design

A system architecture is the conceptual model that defines the structure,

behavior, and more views of a system. An architecture description is a formal

description and representation of a system, organized in a way that supports

reasoning about the structures and behaviors of the system.

SEQUENCE DIAGRAM:
 ABOUT SOFTWARE

Technologies :

 PHP.

 MYSQL

 JAVASCRIPT

 HTML

 CSS

PHP
 PHP is a popular general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited to

web development. It was originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994. PHP originally

stood for Personal Home Page,but it now stands for the recursive initialism PHP:

Hypertext Preprocessor

The technology selected for implementing Student Information

Management System is PHP/MYSQL.Apache is used as the HTTP

server.The development was done in a ‘windows’ environment using

adobe dreamweaver CS5.

PHP is a general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited to

server- side web development where PHP generally runs on a web

server.PHP code is embedded into the HTML source document.Any

PHP code in a requested file is executed by the PHP runtime, usually

to create dynamic web page content.It can also be used for command-line

scripting and client-side GUI applications. PHP can be deployed on many

web servers and operating systems, and can be used with many relational

database management systems (RDBMS). It is available free of charge,

and the PHP Group provides the complete source code for users to build,

customize and extend for their own use.

Advantage of PHP

If you are familiar with other server side language like ASP.NET or JSP you might be

wondering what makes PHP so special, or so different from these competing alternatives

well, here are some reasons:

1. Performance

2. Portability(Platform Independent)

3. Ease Of Use

4. Open Source

5. Third-Party Application Support

6. Community Support

________________________________________

Performance

Scripts written in PHP executives faster than those written in other scripting language,

with numerous independent benchmarks, putting the language ahead of competing

alternatives like JSP, ASP.NET and PERL.

The PHP 5.0 engine was completely redesigned with an optimized memory manager to

improve performance, and is noticeable faster than previous versions.

In addition, third party accelerators are available to further improve performance and

response time.

________________________________________

Portability

PHP is available for UNIX, MICROSOFT WINDOWS, MAC OS, and OS/2. PHP

Programs are portable between platforms.

As a result, a PHP application developed on, say, Windows will typically run on UNIX

without any significant issues.

This ability to easily undertake cross-platform development is a valuable one, especially

when operating in a multi platform corporate environment or when trying to address

multiple market segments.

________________________________________

Ease Of Use

“Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication”, Said Leonardo da Vinci, and by that measure,

PHP is an extremely sophisticated programming language.

Its syntax is clear and consistent, and it comes with exhaustive documentation for the

5000+ functions included with the core distributions.

This significantly reduces the learning curve for both novice and experienced

programmers, and it’s one of the reasons that PHP is favored as a rapid prototyping tool

for Web-based applications.

________________________________________

Open Source

PHP is an open source project – the language is developed by a worldwide team of

volunteers who make its source code freely available on the Web, and it may be used

without payment of licensing fees or investments in expensive hardware or software .

This reduces software development costs without affecting either flexibility or reliability.

The open-source nature of the code further means that any developer, anywhere , can

inspect the code tree, spit errors, and suggest possible fixes, this produces a stable, robust

product wherein bugs, once discovered, are rapidly resolved – sometimes within a few

hours of discovery !.

________________________________________

Third-Party Application Support

One of PHP’s Strengths has historically been its support for a wide range of different

databases, including MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, and Microsoft SQL Server.

PHP 5.3 Supports more than fifteen different database engines, and it includes a common

API for database access.

XML support makes it easy to read and write XML documents though they were native

PHP data structures, access XML node collections using Xpath, and transform XML into

other formats with XSLT style sheets.

________________________________________

Community Support

One of the nice things about a community-supported language like PHP is the access it

offers to the creativity and imagination of hundreds of developers across the world.

Within the PHP community, the fruits of this creativity may be found in PEAR, the PHP

Extension and Application Repository and PECL, the PHP Extension Community
Library, which contains hundreds of ready-, made widgets and extensions that developers

can use to painlessly and new functionality to PHP.

MySQL

MySQL is a relational database management system (RDBMS) [1] that

runs as a server providing multi-user access to a number of databases.

MySQL is a popular choice of database for use in web applications and is

an open source product. The process of setting up a MySQL database

varies from host to host, however we will end up with a database name,

a user name and a password. Before using our database, we must

create a table. A table is a section of the database for storing related

information. In a table we will set up the different fields which will be

used in that table. Creating a table in phpMyAdmin is simple, we just type

the name, select the number of fields and click the ‘go’ button. we will

then be taken to a setup screen where you must create the fields for the

database.Another way of creating databases and tables in phpMyAdmin is

by executing simple SQL statements.We have used this method in order

to create our database and tables.

Apache
 The Apache HTTP Server is a web server software notable for playing a

key role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web. In 2009 it became

the first web server software to surpass the 100 million web site

milestone. Apache is developed and maintained by an open community of

developers under the auspices of the Apache Software Foundation. Since

April 1996 Apache has been the most popular HTTP server software in

use. As of November 2010 Apache served over 59.36% of all websites

and over 66.56% of the first one million busiest websites.

XAMPP

XAMPP is a small and light Apache distribution containing the most

common web development technologies in a single package. Its contents,

small size, and portability make it the ideal tool for students developing

and testing applications in PHP and MySQL. XAMPP is available as a

free download in two specific packages: full and lite. While the full

package download provides a wide array of development tools, XAMPP

Lite contains the necessary technologies that meet the Ontario Skills

Competition standards.The light version is a small package containing

 Apache HTTP Server, PHP, MySQL, phpMyAdmin, Openssl, and

SQLite.

Obtaining and Installing XAMPP

As previously mentioned, XAMPP is a free package available for

download and use for various web development tasks. All XAMPP

packages and add-ons aredistributed through the Apache Friends website

at the address: http://www.apachefriends.org/. Once on the website,

navigate and find the Windows version of XAMPP and download the

self-extracting ZIP archive. After downloading the archive, run and

extract its contents into the root path of a hard disk or USB drive. For

example, the extract path for a local Windows installation would simply

be C:\. If extracted properly we will notice a new xampp directory in the

root of your installation disk. In order to test that everything has been

installed correctly, first start the Apache HTTP Server by navigating to the

xampp directory and clicking on the apache_start.bat batch file.

Next we will test if the server is running correctly by opening an internet

browser and typing http://localhost/ into the address bar. If configured

correctly, we will be presented with a screen similar to that of the one

below.
XAMPP splash screen.
 In order to stop all Apache processes we do not close the running terminal

application, but instead run another batch file in the xampplite directory called

apache_stop.bat.

Creating a Database and Inserting Data

Now that we have run and tested Apache and PHP, the next step is running

MySQL and creating a database and table which will hold information to be

used by our website. In order to start MySQL, navigate to the xampp directory

and run the mysql_start.bat batch file.The XAMPP package contains an

application called phpMyAdmin which allows developers to administer and

maintain MySQL databases.We will be using phpMyAdmin to create a database

and table, and enter test data. Before testing phpMyAdmin, make sure that both

Apache and MySQL are running by opening their respective batch files:

apache_start.bat and mysql_start.bat. Along with Apache and MySQL running

in the background, we type http://localhost/phpMyAdmin/ into our web

browser. If successful we will be presented with a phpMyAdmin start page

similar to the one shown below.

 phpMyAdmin start page

The first step with phpMyAdmin running is creating a new database.We create a

new database by directly executing SQL statements as shown below.The

successful execution of the sql querry creates a database ‘student’ with two

tables in it.The tabels are admin_login and student_information.We also inserted

values in the admin table.The screenshot below shows the successful execution

of the query thus creation of a database named student.

Creation of database in mysql using phpMyadmin
 Thus we have learned to create a database in MYSQL by

executing sql statements. After creating the database and tables we

are now ready to use them in our website “Student Information

Management System” .

PHP Comments

Comments in PHP

A comment is non-executable lines. comment is used to write description for your

own understanding.Browser doesn't read the comments.

There are two types of comments used in php

1. Single line comments :

Single line comment used for short explanations. Declaration of Single line

comment are two types

Either Begin with(#)

Or backslash(//)

<?php
# This is the single line comment

# This is the next line comment

// This is also a single line comment.

?>

In the above Example. *First and second line comments begin with hash(#). *The

third one is begin with(//).

If we check the output of the given example. Browser show blank page. Because

comments are always non-executable..

another Eg of Single line Comment

<?php

$str= "welcome ";

//$str. =" student";

echo $str;

?>

Output welcome

In the above Example. We declare a variable to store the String("welcome") In

second line we concatenate string("student") with the Previous string("welcome")

In third line we check the output.It shows Welcome Only. Because the second line

statement has already specify a comment statement. So it can't take the

string("student") as a declaration.

2. Multi-lines comments :

Multi lines comments used to comment multiple lines. Here we can give

comments in bulk The bulk comments are enclose within (/*.....*/)

<?php
/*

This is a comment with multiline

Developer : sanjeev rai

view : Multiline Comments Demo

*/

?>

The all lines which is define in php evironment are Multiline comments. it is non-

executable.Because it enlose with Multiline comments statement.

another eg of Multi-line comments

<?php

/*
$str = "welcome ";

$str.= "users ";

*/

echo "Hello user how are you ? ";

?>

Output Hello user how are you ?

PHP Variables

PHP Variables

Variable is nothing it is just name of the memory location. A Variable is simply a

container i.e used to store both numeric and non-numeric information.

Rules for Variable declaration

Variables in PHP starts with a dollar($) sign, followed by the name of the variable.

The variable name must begin with a letter or the underscore character.
A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z,

0-9, and _ )

A variable name should not contain space

Assigning Values to Variables

Assigning a value to a variable in PHP is quite east: use the equality(=) symbol,

which also to the PHP's assignment operators.

This assign value on the right side of the equation to the variable on the left.

A variable is created the moment you assign a value to it:

Eg i

<?php

$myCar = "Honda";

echo $myCar;
?>

Output Honda

In the above example Create a variable ($mycar)containing a string with

value="Honda". To print the carname pass $mycar inside echo statement.

PHP Super global variables

Super Global Variables in PHP

PHP super global variable is used to access global variables from anywhere in the

PHP script. PHP Super global variables is accessible inside the same page that

defines it, as well as outside the page. while local variable's scope is within the

page that defines it.

The PHP super global variables are :

1) $_GET["FormElementName"]

It is used to collect value from a form(HTML script) sent with method='get'.

information sent from a form with the method='get' is visible to everyone(it display

on the browser URL bar).

2) $_POST["FormElementName"]

It is used to collect value in a form with method="post". Information sent from a

form is invisible to others.(can check on address bar)

3) $_REQUEST["FormElementName"]

This can be used to collect data with both post and get method.

4) $_FILES["FormElementName"]

: It can be used to upload files from a client computer/system to a server. OR

$_FILES["FormElementName"]["ArrayIndex"]

: Such as File Name, File Type, File Size, File temporary name.

5) $_SESSION["VariableName"]

A session variable is used to store information about a single user, and are available

to all pages within one application.

6) $_COOKIE["VariableName"]
A cookie is used to identify a user. cookie is a small file that the server embedded

on user computer.

7) $_SERVER["ConstantName"]

$_SERVER holds information about headers, paths, and script locations.

PHP data types

Data types specify the size and type of values that can be stored.Variable does not

need to be declared ITS DATA TYPE adding a value to it.PHP is a Loosely Typed

Language so here no need to define data type.To check only data type use

gettype( ) function.

To check value, data type and size use var_dump( ) function.

for eg : variable contains integer, float, and string value

Data types in PHP

There are 3 types of DATA TYPE

Scalar(predefined)

Compound(user-defined)
Special type

Scalar(It holds only single value)

Integer

Float/double

String

Boolean

Integer Data type

Integer means numeric data types. A whole number with no fractional component.

Integer may be less than greater than or equal to zero.

The size of an integer is platform-dependent, although a maximum value of about

two billion is the usual value (that's 32 bits signed).64-bit platforms usually have a

maximum value of about 9E18, except for Windows, which is always 32 bit

Integer value should be between -2,147,483,648 and 2,147,483,647

<?php

$num=100;

var_dump($num);
?>

Output int(100)

In the above example $num hold value=100. pass this variable with echo statement

to print the value:

Float/double Data type

It is also called numeric data types.A number with a fractional component.

<?php

$num=100.0;

var_dump($num);

?>

Output float(100)

$num hold value=100.0. pass $num inside echo statement to display the output.
String Data type

Non numeric data type String can hold letters,numbers and special characters.

String value must be enclosed eighter in single quotes or double quotes.

<?php

$str="Welcome user";

$str1='how r you?';

$str2="@";

var_dump($str);

var_dump($str1);

var_dump($str2);

?>
Output string(12) "Welcome user" string(10) "how r you?" string(1) "@"

In the above example We create three variable to hold three string values. To

display the output pass all three variables with echo output will display.

Boolean Data type

Boolean are the simplest data type.Like a switch that has only two states ON

means true(1) and OFF means false(0).

<?php

$true=true;

$false=false;

var_dump($true,$false);

?>

Output bool(true) bool(false)

In the above example declare variable $true hold value=true, variable($false) hold

value=false. Now check the datatype using var_dump( ) function. Output will in

boolean form: bool(true) bool(false)

Compound(Multiple values in single variable)

Array

Object

Array Data type

<?php

$arr=array(10,20,30,40,50);

var_dump($arr);

?>

Output array(5) { [0]=> int(10) [1]=> int(20) [2]=> int(30) [3]=> int(40) [4]=>

int(50) }
In the above example Variable( $arr) hold values an array . Now we want to print

the first element of an array. Then we pass variable($arr) name with index

value[0], fetch the first element corresponding to the index value. Output will 10

Object Data type

<?php

class Demo

public function show()

echo "This is show method<br/>";

}
$obj= new Demo();

//$obj->show();

//$obj->show();

var_dump($obj);

?>

Output object(Demo)#1 (0) { }

Special Data types

Null

Resource

Null Data type

The special Data type "NULL" represents a variable with no value.

<?php
$blank=null;

var_dump($blank);

?>

Output NULL

Resource Data Type

The special resource type is not an actual data type. It is the storing of a reference

to functions and resources external to PHP. A common example of using the

resource data type is a database call. for eg:

<?php

$con = mysqli_connect("localhost","root","","users");

?>

The function will return a resource type data to be stored into $con variable.
Some Predefine functions to Check data type

=> is_int( ) : Check given value is integer or not

=> is_float( ) : Check given value is float or not

=> is_numeric( ) : Check given value is either integer or float

=> is_string( ) : Check given value is string or not

=> is_bool( ) : Check given value is Boolean or not

=> is_array( ) : Check given value is array or not

=> is_object( ) : Check given value is object or not

=> is_null( ) : Check given value is null or not

WEB FORMS SERVER CONTROLS

 The term server controls always means Web Forms server controls,

because they are specially designed to work with Web Forms.

SERVER CONTROL FAMILIES

Web Forms provide different server control families

 HTML server controls

 PHP server controls

 Validation controls

 User controls

 Mobile controls

DATA BINDING

The system can bind Web Forms control properties to any data in a data store.

This so-called data binding gives us nearly complete control over how data moves

to the page and back again to the data store.

PAGE CLASS

When a page is loaded, the PHP runtime generates and instantiates

a page class. This object forms a collection of our separate components

(like visual elements and business logic). So all (visual and code) ele-

ments are accessible through this object.

HTML SERVER CONTROLS

 The system can convert simple HTML elements to HTML server

controls, let the PHP engine create an instance on the server, and now

they are programmable on the server. The conversion is done by simply

adding attributes to the HTML tag. The attributes runat=server informs

the framework to create a server-side instance of the control. If the sys-

tem additionally assigns an ID, the system can reference the control in our

code.

For example, the system can use the HTMLAnchor control to program against

the HTML <a> tag to dynamically generate the H Ref values, or use

HtmlTable (HTML <table>) to dynamically create tables and their con-

tent.

PHP FORM HANDLING

PHP form is used to take input from users. in PHP if you want to take input from

keyboard and display the output according to input, in that case you have to use

html form. html form's have a property : form method in which you have to set

either get or post method.

Action is used to give reference/link of another page. If we want to separate the

business logic (PHP script) from Presentation layer (HTML script) then use action

Property of Form . It reduce the complexity of bulk of codes. Because All scripts

are separately define on their own page. In the previous Form Post method PHP

script and HTML script were define on the same page ,so it show the design part

with the output of program. But using action property HTML script define on a

separate page and Business logic(PHP script) on another separate page.

VALIDATION CONTROLS

Another group of server controls are validation controls. These can be used

to check the user’s entries. Validation can be processed on the client and on the

server.

Validation on the client side can be performed using a client script. In that

case, the user will be confronted with immediate feedback-without a roundtrip to

the server. Server-side validation in addition provides, for example, security

against users bypassing client-side validation.

PHP PROVIDES THE FOLLOWING TYPES OF VALIDATION

PHP can validate form input server side, submitted by the user using HTML forms.
 You need to check a few things:

 Numbers only

 Empty values

 Input length

 Strip HTML tags

 Email address

MYSQL INTRODUCTION

MySQL is a relational database management system based on SQL –

Structured Query Language. The application is used for a wide range of purposes,

including data warehousing, e-commerce, and logging applications. The most

common use for mySQL however, is for the purpose of a web database.

SQL statements are used to perform tasks such as update data on a database,

or retrieve data from a database. Some common relational database management

systems that the SQL are: Oracle, Sybase, Microsoft SQL Server, Access, Ingress,

etc. Although most database systems use SQL, most of them also have their own

additional proprietary extensions that are usually only used on their system.
 The standard SQL commands such as “Select”, “Insert”, “Update”, ”Delete”,

”Create”, and “Drop” can be used to accomplish almost everything that one needs

to do with a database. This tutorial will provide you with the instruction on the

basics of each of these commands as well as allow you to put them to practice

using the SQL Interpreter.

TABLE BASICS

A relational database system contains one of more objects called tables. The

data or information for the database is stored in these tables. Tables are uniquely

identified by their names and are comprised of columns and rows. Columns

contain the column name, data type, and any other attributes for the column. Rows

contain the records or data for the columns.

SELECTING DATA

The select statement is used to query the database and relatives selected data

that match the criteria that you specify. Here is the format of a simple select

statement.

Select “column1” [,”column2”, etc] from “table name”

[Where “condition”]; [ ] =optional

 The column names that follow the select keyword determine which columns

will be returned in the results. The system can select as many column names that

you’d like, or you can use a “*” to select all columns. The table name that follows

the keyword from specifies the table that will be queried to retrieve the desired

results.

The where clause (optional) specifies which data values or rows

will be returned or displayed, based on the criteria described after the keyword

where.

Conditional selections used in the where clause

= Equal

> Greater than

< Less than

>= Greater than or equal

<= Less than or equal

< > Not equal to

LIKE
 The LIKE pattern matching operator can also be used in the conditional

selection of the where clause. Like is a very powerful operator that allows you to

select only rows that are “Like” what you specify. The percent sign “%” can be

used as a wild card to match any possible character that might appear before or

after the characters specified.

For example

Select first, last, city

From empinfo

Where first LIKE ‘Er%’;

This SQL statement will match any first names that start with ‘Er’. Strings

must be in single quotes. Or the systemcan specify

Select first, last

From empinfo where last LIKE ‘%s’;

This statement will match any last names that end in‘s’.

Select * from user

 Where first = ‘Erie’;

This will only select rows where the first name equals ‘Erie’ exactly.

CREATING TABLES

The create tables statement is used to create a new table. Here is the format

of a simple create table statement.

Create table “table name”

(“column1” “data type”,

“column2” “data type”,

“column3” “data type”);

FORMAT FOR CREATING TABLE BY USING OPTIONAL

CONSTRAINTS

Create table “table name”

(“column1” “data type”

[Constraints],
 “column2” “data type”

[Constraints],

“column3” “data type”

[Constraints],

[ ] = optional)

To create a new table, enter the keywords create table followed by the table

name, followed by an open parenthesis , followed by the first column name,

followed by the data type for that column, followed by any optional constraints,

any followed by a closing parenthesis before the beginning table and a closing

parenthesis after the end of the last column definition. Make sure you separate

each column definition with a comma. All SQL statements should end with a “;”.

The table and column names must start with a letter and can be followed by

letters, numbers, or underscore – not to exceed a total of 30 characters in length.

Do not use any SQL reserved keywords as names for tables or column names (such

as “select”, “create”, “insert”, etc).Data types specify what the types of data can be

for that particular column. If a column called “Last Name” is to be used to hold

names, then that particular column should have a “VarChar” (variable-length

character) data type.

COMMON DATA TYPES

Char(size) Fixed-length character string. Size is specified in

parenthesis. Max 255 bytes.

VarChar (size) Variable-length character string. Max size is specified

in parenthesis.

Number (size) Number value with a max number of columns digits

specified in parenthesis.

Date Date value

Number(size, d) Number value with a maximum number of digits of

“size” total, with a maximum number of “d” digits to

the right of the decimal

Number(size, d) Number value with a maximum number of digits of

“size” total, with a maximum number of “d” digits to

the right of the decimal.

What are constraints? When tables are created, it is common for one

or more columns to have constraints associated with them. A constraint is

basically a rule associated with a column that the data entered into that column
must follow. For example, a ‘unique” constraints specifies that no two records can

have the same value in a particular column. They must all be unique.

The other two most particular constraints are “not null” which specifies that

a column can’t be left blank, and “primary key”. A “primary key” constraint

defines a unique identification of each record (or row) in a table. Constraints can

be entered in this SQL interpreter, however, they are not supported in this Intro to

SQL tutorial & interpreter. They will be covered and supported in the future

release of the Advanced SQL tutorial- that is, if “response” is good.

INSERTING INTO A TABLE

The insert statement is used to insert or add a row of data into the table. To

insert records into a table, enter the key words insert into followed by the table

name, followed by an open parenthesis, followed by a list of column names

separated by commas, followed by a closing parenthesis, followed by the keyword

values, followed by the list of values enclosed in parenthesis. The values that you

enter will be held in the rows and they will match up with the column names that

you specify. Strings should be enclosed in single quotes, and numbers should not.
 Insert into “table name”

(First column...last column)

Values (first value...last value);

UPDATING RECORDS

The update statement is used to update or change records that match

specified criteria. This is accomplished by carefully constructing a where clause.

Update “table name”

Set “column name”= “new value”

[ ,”next column” = “newvalue2”...]

Where “column name” OPERATOR “value”

[and/or “column” OPERATOR “value”];

DELETING RECORDS

The delete statement is used to delete records or rows from the table.

Delete from “table name”

Where “column name”

OPERATOR “value”
 [and/or “column”

OPERATOR “value”]

To delete an entire record/row from a table, enter “delete form” followed by

the table name, followed by the where clause which contains the conditions to

delete. If you leave off the where clause, all records will be deleted.

DROP A TABLE

The drop table command is used to delete a table and all rows in the table.

To delete an entire table including all of its rows, issue the drop table command

followed by the table name. Drop table is different from deleting all of the records

in the table. Deleting all of the records in the table leaves the table including

column and constraint information. Dropping the table removes the table

definition as well as all of its rows.

Drop table “table name”

TABLE JOINS

All of the queries up until this point have been useful with the exception of

one major limitation- that is, you’ve been selecting from only one table are a time
with your SELECT statement. It is time to introduce you to one of the most

beneficial features of SQL & relational database system – the

Joins allow you to link data from two or more tables together into a single

query result – from one single SELECT statement. A “join” can be recognized in a

SQL SELECT statement if it has more than one table after the FROM keyword.
CONCLUSION:

In this Paper, idea behind the proposed system is to easily predict the disease

based on patients symptoms and provide correct prescription online and the patient

also get informed about specialist/doctors if they need. Some of the time the

circumstance happens when you need the specialist's assistance quickly, yet they

are not accessible because of some reason in that case proposed system will be

beneficial.

Reference:

 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?

arnumber=5228051&newsearch=true&queryText=health%20data%20min-

ing

 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?

arnumber=7344518&newsearch=true&queryText=health%20data%20min-

ing
 Dr.B.Srinivasan, K.Pavya, “A study on data mining prediction techniques in

healthcare sector”, in International Research Journal of Engineering and

Technology(IRJET), March-2016. [11]Dr.B.Srinivasan, K.Pavya, “A study

on data mining prediction techniques in healthcare sector”, in International

Research Journal of Engineering and Technology(IRJET), March-2016.

[12]N. A. Sundar, P. P. Latha, and M. R. Chandra, “PERFORMANCE

ANALYSIS OF CLASSIFICATION DATA MINING TECHNIQUES OVER

HEART DISEASE DATA BASE,” International Journal of Engineering Sci-

ence & Advanced Technology, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 470– 478, 2015.