Play with Python: An intro to Data

Science

Ignacio Larrú Instituto de Empresa

Who am I?

• Passionate about Technology

From Iphone apps to algorithmic programming I
love innovative technology

• Former Entrepreneur:
Founded several companies from online memorabilia
e-commerce to structural civil engineering
calculations.

• Investment Banker:
I advise Spanish companies in M&A and IPO
processes

• Venture Capital & Bootcamp:

CFO, investment director at K Fund + Academic
Director of IE Data Science Bootcamp

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Big Data and Data Science
Big Data technologies

Data Science
Why is Data Science so difficult?
 Overview of the Data Science process

Validation!!!!

Framing the Problem Solving the Problem Action!!!

 Problem recognition
• Business comes first, think on what moves the needle

• Focus specific on decisions that will be made as a result of the analysis

– Helps everyone realize the reason for the analysis

– Makes identifying key stakeholders easier

– No decision …. No analytics?

• Plan your objective for your problem:

– Investigation
– Exploration
– A/B Testing
– Survey
– Prediction
– Past performance ( reporting)

• Scope of the problem should be expansive … but by the end of the

problem framing you should have a clear statement of the problem
 Exploratory Data Analysis

• Use descriptive statistics (median, mode, variance,

frequency tables, correlations lines, etc…) to
understand the important characteristics of a dataset
•Identify trends and outliers
Overview of Data processing algorithms (i)

1. Classification -> for each individual in a population, which of

a set of clasess this individual belongs to.

• Among all the customers of ACME, which are likely to

respond to a given offer?

2. Regression -> Estimate or predict, for each individual, the

numerical value of some variable for that individual

• How much will a customer use the service?

Overview of Data processing algorithms (ii)

3. Similarity matching -> identify similar indivduals based on

data known about them

• Other customers also bought…

4. Clustering -> Group individuals in a population together by

their similarity but not driven by nay specific purpose

• Do our customers form natural groups or segments?

5. Co – occurence ->Find associations between entitites

based on transactions involving them

• What items are commonly purchased together?

Can data visualizations hurt your analysis?
Can data visualizations hurt your analysis?
Can data visualizations hurt your analysis?
Can data visualizations hurt your analysis?
Lying with graphs

Source: Hbr.com
Lying with graphs

Source: Hbr.com
Python Data Science Stack
Hello World!

print(“hello World”)
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Python is interpreted

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Programming Python

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Comments in Python

# for a single line comment

‘’’…’’’ for a multiple line comment

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Variables in Python

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Variables in Python

• Don’t need to have a pre-defined type, they get the type from
the value they are pointing at

•Four main types:

• String – holds text based values
• name = “Ignacio”
•int – Integer numbers
•name = 10
•float – floating decimal numbers
• name = 10.4

•Boolean (True or False)

•More variable types (lists, tuples, dictionaries to be reviewed
during the course)
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Variables in Python

• A variable has
•a name (identifier)
•a type
• a scope
•and …a value

•A valid identifier is a non-empty sequence of characters with:

• The start character can be the underscore "_" or a capital
or lower case letter
• The letters following the start character can be anything
which is permitted as a start character plus the digits
• Identifiers are case-sensitive!
• Python keywords are not allowed as identifier names!

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Python vs. other languages

Python Statically typed languages

•Variable type determined at runtime •Bound to a type at compile type

•Variable bound to one object and the •Bound to an object at runtime

object has only one type
•Need to declare the variable before
•Varible can change type by changing using it
the type of the object bound to the
variable
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Python is a dynamically typed language

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Python is a strongly typed language

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With every great power…
•Guidelines

•Use descriptive names (x vs. sales_amount)

•Be consistent (user_name or userName?)

•Follow the traditions of the language

•Usually in Python variable names start with a
lowercase letter and avoid starting with an underscore

•Keep the length in check

•no user_total_sales_month_report

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Mathematical operators

Source:http://www.emcu.it/

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Mathematical operators

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Converting values

• float(x) - returns a floating-point value by

converting x

• int(x) - returns an integer value by converting x

• str(x) - returns a string value by converting x

•bool(x) – returns a boolean value

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If – else - elif

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If – else - elif

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Logical operators

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While Loop

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While and if

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For Loops

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Range() Function

range([start], stop[, step])

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Break, Continue and pass … with else

• Break -> End loop

•Continue -> End operation

•Pass -> Null statement used as placeholder

•Else at the end of loops:

•For -> ended normally the loop ( no break)

•While -> The loop condition is false

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Break, Continue and pass … with else

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Python simple data structures

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Sequences

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Strings are sequences

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Using len() and in

• len() function will return the length of a sequence

•The in operator checks if an element is a member of a

sequence
•If the element is a member the condition is true else it is
false

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Using len() and in

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Programming exercise

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Slicing Sequences

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Programming exercise

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Lists – Mutables sequences

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Lists – Adding new items

• append adds at the end of the list

•Insert(index,value) allows you to insert at a given index

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Lists – Remove

• remove(value)

•del function

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Lists – Remove items

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Sort() vs. Sorted()

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Tuples

• Inmutable secuences that can

contain elements of different types
that can be mutable

• If the contents not need to

change used tuples vs. lists

• Faster than lists

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Tuples are inmutable… but not its elements

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Sets – Non duplicative unordered collections

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Sets – Operations

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Sets – Math Operations

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Sets – Math Operations

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Dictionaries

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Dictionaries

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Dictionaries - operations

• update(d) to join dictionaries (or {**x,**y})

•copy() to creatr a shallow copy

•get(“key”) returns None if element doesn’t exist

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Dictionaries - operations

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Crossfit coding

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Session Wrap-up

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