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    Plants Hormones, Responses and Feedback Mechanisms Week 3 Gen Bio 2

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    kurt jenric
    Plants have complex regulatory mechanisms to acquire nutrients from soils and defend against pathogens. They produce hormones and physiological responses to increase nutrient uptake from deficient soils. For example, plants proliferate lateral roots to absorb more nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorus. Biotechnology now aids reproduction and crop production through techniques like genetic engineering. Transgenic crops are given traits for herbicide and pest resistance by introducing heterologous DNA using Agrobacterium. Genome editing also allows targeted mutagenesis of specific genes. However, confinement methods are employed to prevent uncontrolled spread of transgenic strains to other fields and crops.

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    Plants Hormones, Responses and Feedback Mechanisms Week 3 Gen Bio 2

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    kurt jenric
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    Plants have complex regulatory mechanisms to acquire nutrients from soils and defend against pathogens. They produce hormones and physiological responses to increase nutrient uptake from deficient soils. For example, plants proliferate lateral roots to absorb more nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorus. Biotechnology now aids reproduction and crop production through techniques like genetic engineering. Transgenic crops are given traits for herbicide and pest resistance by introducing heterologous DNA using Agrobacterium. Genome editing also allows targeted mutagenesis of specific genes. However, confinement methods are employed to prevent uncontrolled spread of transgenic strains to other fields and crops.

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    Plants Hormones, Responses and Feedback Mechanisms Week 3 Gen Bio 2

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    Plants have complex regulatory mechanisms to acquire nutrients from soils and defend against pathogens. They produce hormones and physiological responses to increase nutrient uptake from deficient soils. For example, plants proliferate lateral roots to absorb more nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorus. Biotechnology now aids reproduction and crop production through techniques like genetic engineering. Transgenic crops are given traits for herbicide and pest resistance by introducing heterologous DNA using Agrobacterium. Genome editing also allows targeted mutagenesis of specific genes. However, confinement methods are employed to prevent uncontrolled spread of transgenic strains to other fields and crops.

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    Download as pdf or txt
    46 views3 pages

    Plants Hormones, Responses and Feedback Mechanisms Week 3 Gen Bio 2

    Uploaded by

    kurt jenric
    Plants have complex regulatory mechanisms to acquire nutrients from soils and defend against pathogens. They produce hormones and physiological responses to increase nutrient uptake from deficient soils. For example, plants proliferate lateral roots to absorb more nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorus. Biotechnology now aids reproduction and crop production through techniques like genetic engineering. Transgenic crops are given traits for herbicide and pest resistance by introducing heterologous DNA using Agrobacterium. Genome editing also allows targeted mutagenesis of specific genes. However, confinement methods are employed to prevent uncontrolled spread of transgenic strains to other fields and crops.

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    GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 ORGANISMAL BIOLOGY

    PLANTS HORMONES, RESPONSES, AND FEEDBACK MECHANISMS


    Plants Hormones, Responses, and Feedback Mechanisms
    To achieve the ideal growth, plants need
    to have a constant level of essential elements. However, these nutrients are
    available as irregular patchy distribution in most soils. This leads to limited
    accessibility of nutrients for plants. To cope with this, plants trigger
    physiological and developmental responses to acquire nutrients. These responses
    alter the whole plant morphology and metabolism. Some lead to an induced
    expression of chemical transporters and collection of enzymes and compounds
    to remobilize the sources present. Adaptive mechanisms are also utilized by
    plants to increase or decrease growth in organs that directly or indirectly
    participates in nutrient acquisition (Figure 1.1). An example of this is the
    proliferation of lateral roots for plants to increase nutrient uptake from nitrogen,
    sulfur, or phosphorus deficient soils. Such process demands energy and organic
    carbon so it can proceed to transportation and accumulation of carbohydrates in
    organs used for nutrient acquisition.

    In another instance, plants alter the growth patterns based on stress Figure 1.1 Comparison of a hormone
    conditions such as a decline in nutrient availability. Some plants store deficient or hormone insensitive
    anthocyanins to fight against photoinhibition brought about by low nitrogen dwarf mutant arabidopsis plant
    or phosphorus. Plants may also opt to change their metabolic pathways like (right) with a wild- type plant of the
    using other forms of glycolytic enzymes to skip nucleotide phosphate or same age (left).
    phosphorus-dependent glycolytic reactions. At present, molecular components within network-mediated
    nutrient signaling pathway have been identified to reflect the network and the responses they trigger. Plants
    also use other means of barrier, such as physical and chemical, for protection against entrance of pathogenic
    substances. As soon as a pathogen is recognized by the plant system, an inducible defense cascade occurs
    which involves Oxidative burst, expression of defense related genes, formation of compounds
    withantimicrobial properties, and programmed cell death. A zigzag model represents the plant immune
    system in which the microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMP)by the pattern recognition of host cell
    results to MAMP-triggered immunity (Rajendraand Jones, 2009). The activation of this response increases
    the plant's survival against diseases. Plant hormones also play an important role in plant defense against
    pathogenic microorganisms. Not only do these plant hormones perform such function, but they also regulate
    the development and signal networks in plants. Some of the known phytohormones are salicylic acid (SA),
    jasmonic acid JA), ethylene (ET), abscisic acid(ABA), auxin, gibberellic acid (GA), cytokinin (CK),
    brassinosteroids (BR), and peptidehormones (Table 1.1).
    Table 1.1 Plant Hormones and their Growth and Defense Function

    PLANTS HORMONES, RESPONSES, AND FEEDBACK MECHANISMS 1


    GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 ORGANISMAL BIOLOGY

    However, keep in mind that in natural environments, plants are bombarded with multiple biotic and abiotic
    stress. Therefore, plants utilize a combination of complex regulatory mechanisms to ensure an efficient
    defense response against various pathogens, pests, and other environmental stress.

    Reproduction and Modern Biotechnological Application


    Biotechnology has advanced significantly over the previous years that breeding crops and mass
    production are now aided by plant tissue culture and molecular biology techniques. Genetic engineering n
    plants were introduced in the1980s to create transgenic crops that are of high-yield and pestresistant. This
    technology utilizes Agrobacterium tumefaciensto randomly introduce heterologous DNA into plants (see
    Figure 1.2), thereby directly manipulating the regulatory elements or expression ofendogenous genes. This
    procedure is an effective tool to increase herbicide tolerance and insect resistance but is not useful if multiple
    traits are to be introduced. Thus, new genetic tools are adapted to
    allow site-specific integration, multiple or multigene transfer, and
    regulation of gene expression.

    Here we begin with the process regulating gene expression


    of through synthetic promoter and synthetic transcriptional
    activators. Both are designed to fine tune gene expression. For
    example, using synthetic promoters, a phytosensor may be
    developed to detect pathogens. This is activated in plants by using
    a functional is-regulatory element combined with signal
    transduction pathways. The plant then releases a fluorescent
    protein when bacterial pathogens are present in the environment as
    driven by the promoters and induced by signal defense compounds
    such as SA, ETand JA (Hammond-Kosack et al, 2003). In the case
    of synthetic transcriptional activators and suppressors, an
    engineered DNA binding domains and catalytic effector is used.
    For instance, an engineered zinc-finger protein (ZFP) is used to
    activate or repress genes in plants by binding to the target DNA
    sequence, utilizing a different activation domain and by
    establishing competing transcription factors on the same binding
    site (Urnov et al., 2010).
    Figure 1.2 Plant in vitro cultures with Another method to successfully perform multigene transfer
    agrobacterium sp. in plants is to assemble and synthesize large DNA molecules in a
    single transgene vector or transform large DNA constructs. Though
    it is not possible to synthesize a whole plant genome, small artificial chromosomes may be formed to by-pass
    the cloning step, which will take longer time to accomplish. Large gene construct and multigene transfer can
    then be integrated to a host plant through the organelle or via nuclear transformation.

    Genome editing is also a promising technology since the gene of interest may be deleted, mutated, or
    integrated depending on the target trait. In transgenic tobacco plants, herbicide resistance is developed by
    aiming at the acetoacetate synthase genes. In soybean genome, ZFNs are edited to incur mutation on the DCL
    genes that participate in RNA silencing. This will lead to an efficient transmission of heritable targeted
    mutagenesis that can be passed on to the succeeding generation.

    Since the government and the public fear that transgenic traits may be uncontrollably transferred to
    related plant species through simple pollen or seed transfer, transgene plants are confined to reduce or
    eliminate the escape of this strain from target fields and crops. This confinement includes the induction of
    male or female sterility, modification and removal of transgenic genes, introduction of genome
    incompatibility, and removable of selectable marker genes. These measures are implemented since the aim of
    plant biotechnology is to maintain the crop’s sustainability rather than to cause a severe crop scarcity. Thus,
    extreme measures must be employed to reduce public concern on the possibility of random integration of
    DNA in crops and facilitate deregulation of transgenic crops.

    PLANTS HORMONES, RESPONSES, AND FEEDBACK MECHANISMS 2


    GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 ORGANISMAL BIOLOGY

    References and Further Readings:

    Bari, Rajendra, and Jonathan DG Jones. "Role of plant hormones in plant defence responses" Plant molecular
    biology, vol. 69, no. 4, 2009, pp. 473-488.

    Barker, Allen V, and David J. Pilbeam, eds. Handbook of plant nutrition. CRC press, 2015.

    Broadley, Martin R., Philip J. White, John P. Hammond, Ivan Zelko, and Alexander Lux. "Zinc in plants."
    New Phytologist vol. 173, no. 4, 2007, pp. 677--702.

    Grierson, C. S., S. R. Barnes, Mark W. Chase, M. Clarke, Don Grierson, K. J. Edwards, G. J. Jellis et al.
    "One hundred important questions facing plant science research. NewPhytologist vol. 192, no. 1, 2011, pp. 6-
    12.

    Hammond-Kosack, Kim E, and Jane E. Parker. "Deciphering plant-pathogen communication: fresh


    perspectives for molecular resistance breedingCurrent Opinion in Biotechnology vol. 14, no. 2, 2003, pp.
    177-193.

    Mengel, Konrad, Harald Kosegarten, Ernest A. Kirkby, and Thomas Appel, eds. "Nitrogen." Principles of
    Plant Nutrition, pp. 397-434. Dordrecht; Boston; London:Kluwer, 2001.

    Ozturk, Munir, Serdal Sakcali, Salih Gucel, and Huseyin Tombuloglu. "Boron and plants" In Plant
    Adaptation and Phytoremediation, pp. 275-311. Springer: Netherlands,2010.

    Rubio, Vicente, Regla Bustos, María Luisa Irigoyen, Ximena Cardona-López, Mónica Rojas-Triana, and
    Javier Paz-Ares. "Plant hormones and nutrient signaling" Plant molecular biology vol. 69, no. 4, 2009, pp.
    361-373

    . Seregin,I.V, and A. D. Kozhevnikova. "Physiological role of nickel and its toxic effects on higher plants."
    Russian Journal of Plant Physiology vol. 53, no. 2, 2006, pp. 257-277.

    Teale, William D., Ivan A. Paponov, and Klaus Palme."Auxin in action: signalling, transport and the control
    of plant growth and development." Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology vol. 7, no. 11, 2006, 847-859.

    Toenniessen, Gary H, John C. OToole, and Joseph DeVries. "Advances in plant biotechnology and its
    adoption in developing countries' Current opinion in plant biology vol. 6, no. 2, 2003, pp. 191-198.

    Urnov, Fyodor D., Edward J. Rebar, Michael C. Holmes, H. Steve Zhang, and Philip D. Gregory."Genome
    editing with engineered zinc finger nucleases"' Nature Reviews Genetics vol. 11, no. 9, 2010, pp. 636-646.

    Weiss, David, and Naomi Ori. "Mechanisms of cross talk between gibberellin and other hormones." Plant
    physiology vol. 144, no. 3, 2007, 1240-1246.

    PLANTS HORMONES, RESPONSES, AND FEEDBACK MECHANISMS 3

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