What is a Planet?

This seemingly simple question doesn't have a simple answer. Everyone knows that
Earth, Mars and Jupiter are planets. But both Pluto and Ceres were once considered
planets until new discoveries triggered scientific debate about how to best
describe them—a vigorous debate that continues to this day. The most recent
definition of a planet was adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 2006.
It says a planet must do three things:

It must orbit a star (in our cosmic neighborhood, the Sun).

It must be big enough to have enough gravity to force it into a spherical shape.
It must be big enough that its gravity cleared away any other objects of a similar
size near its orbit around the Sun.
Discussion—and debate—will continue as our view of the cosmos continues to expand.

The Scientific Process

Science is a dynamic process of questioning, hypothesizing, discovering, and
changing previous ideas based on what is learned. Scientific ideas are developed
through reasoning and tested against observations. Scientists assess and question
each other's work in a critical process called peer review.

Our understanding about the universe and our place in it has changed over time. New
information can cause us to rethink what we know and reevaluate how we classify
objects in order to better understand them. New ideas and perspectives can come
from questioning a theory or seeing where a classification breaks down.

An Evolving Definition
Defining the term planet is important, because such definitions reflect our
understanding of the origins, architecture, and evolution of our solar system. Over
historical time, objects categorized as planets have changed. The ancient Greeks
counted the Earth's Moon and Sun as planets along with Mercury, Venus, Mars,
Jupiter, and Saturn. Earth was not considered a planet, but rather was thought to
be the central object around which all the other celestial objects orbited. The
first known model that placed the Sun at the center of the known universe with the
Earth revolving around it was presented by Aristarchus of Samos in the third
century BCE, but it was not generally accepted. It wasn't until the 16th century
that the idea was revived by Nicolaus Copernicus.

By the 17th century, astronomers (aided by the invention of the telescope) realized
that the Sun was the celestial object around which all the planets—including Earth—
orbit, and that the moon is not a planet, but a satellite (moon) of Earth. Uranus
was added as a planet in 1781 and Neptune was discovered in 1846.

Ceres was discovered between Mars and Jupiter in 1801 and originally classified as
a planet. But as many more objects were subsequently found in the same region, it
was realized that Ceres was the first of a class of similar objects that were
eventually termed asteroids (star-like) or minor planets.

Pluto, discovered in 1930, was identified as the ninth planet. But Pluto is much
smaller than Mercury and is even smaller than some of the planetary moons. It is
unlike the terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars), or the gas giants
(Jupiter, Saturn), or the ice giants (Uranus, Neptune). Charon, its huge satellite,
is nearly half the size of Pluto and shares Pluto's orbit. Though Pluto kept its
planetary status through the 1980s, things began to change in the 1990s with some
new discoveries.

Technical advances in telescopes led to better observations and improved detection

of very small, very distant objects. In the early 1990s, astronomers began finding
numerous icy worlds orbiting the Sun in a doughnut-shaped region called the Kuiper
Belt beyond the orbit of Neptune—out in Pluto's realm. With the discovery of the
Kuiper Belt and its thousands of icy bodies (known as Kuiper Belt Objects, or KBOs;
also called transneptunians), it was proposed that it is more useful to think of
Pluto as the biggest KBO instead of a planet.

The Planet Debate

Then, in 2005, a team of astronomers announced that they had found a tenth planet—
it was a KBO similar in size to Pluto. People began to wonder what planethood
really means. Just what is a planet, anyway? Suddenly the answer to that question
didn't seem so self-evident, and, as it turns out, there are plenty of
disagreements about it.

The International Astronomical Union (IAU), a worldwide organization of

astronomers, took on the challenge of classifying the newly found KBO (later named
Eris). In 2006, the IAU passed a resolution that defined planet and established a
new category, dwarf planet. Eris, Ceres, Pluto, and two more recently discovered
KBOs named Haumea and Makemake, are the dwarf planets recognized by the IAU. There
may be another 100 dwarf planets in the solar system and hundreds more in and just
outside the Kuiper Belt.

The New Definition of Planet

Here is the text of the IAU’s Resolution B5: Definition of a Planet in the Solar
System:

Contemporary observations are changing our understanding of planetary systems, and

it is important that our nomenclature for objects reflect our current
understanding. This applies, in particular, to the designation "planets". The word
"planet" originally described "wanderers" that were known only as moving lights in
the sky. Recent discoveries lead us to create a new definition, which we can make
using currently available scientific information.

The IAU therefore resolves that planets and other bodies, except satellites, in our
Solar System be defined into three distinct categories in the following way:

A planet is a celestial body that (a) is in orbit around the Sun, (b) has
sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it
assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, and (c) has cleared the
neighbourhood around its orbit.
A "dwarf planet" is a celestial body that (a) is in orbit around the Sun, (b) has
sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it
assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, (c) has not cleared the
neighbourhood around its orbit, and (d) is not a satellite.
All other objects,except satellites, orbiting the Sun shall be referred to
collectively as "Small Solar System Bodies".

Debate—and Discoveries—Continue
Astronomers and planetary scientists did not unanimously agree with these
definitions. To some it appeared that the classification scheme was designed to
limit the number of planets; to others it was incomplete and the terms unclear.
Some astronomers argued that location (context) is important, especially in
understanding the formation and evolution of the solar system.

One idea is to simply define a planet as a natural object in space that is massive
enough for gravity to make it approximately spherical. But some scientists objected
that this simple definition does not take into account what degree of measurable
roundness is needed for an object to be considered round. In fact, it is often
difficult to accurately determine the shapes of some distant objects. Others argue
that where an object is located or what it is made of do matter and there should
not be a concern with dynamics; that is, whether or not an object sweeps up or
scatters away its immediate neighbors, or holds them in stable orbits. The lively
planethood debate continues.

As our knowledge deepens and expands, the more complex and intriguing the universe
appears. Researchers have found hundreds of extrasolar planets, or exoplanets, that
reside outside our solar system; there may be billions of exoplanets in the Milky
Way Galaxy alone, and some may be habitable (have conditions favorable to life).
Whether our definitions of planet can be applied to these newly found objects
remains to be seen.