Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 15 views

    Crystal Structure

    Uploaded by

    Murad Hossen
    This document discusses the structure of nonmetallic materials, including ionic crystals and covalent crystals. It describes how ions in ionic crystals are held together by electrostatic forces, giving them high melting points and hardness. It explains that the crystal structures of ionic compounds are determined by electrical neutrality and relative ion sizes. Common ionic crystal structures include sodium chloride, cesium chloride, and zinc blende structures. It also discusses covalent crystals like diamond and graphite, noting that diamond has a tetrahedral structure while graphite layers are weakly bonded, giving it conductive properties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Crystal Structure

    Uploaded by

    Murad Hossen
    15 views12 pages
    This document discusses the structure of nonmetallic materials, including ionic crystals and covalent crystals. It describes how ions in ionic crystals are held together by electrostatic forces, giving them high melting points and hardness. It explains that the crystal structures of ionic compounds are determined by electrical neutrality and relative ion sizes. Common ionic crystal structures include sodium chloride, cesium chloride, and zinc blende structures. It also discusses covalent crystals like diamond and graphite, noting that diamond has a tetrahedral structure while graphite layers are weakly bonded, giving it conductive properties.

    Original Description:

    The topic is about crystal structure

    Original Title

    Crystal structure

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses the structure of nonmetallic materials, including ionic crystals and covalent crystals. It describes how ions in ionic crystals are held together by electrostatic forces, giving them high melting points and hardness. It explains that the crystal structures of ionic compounds are determined by electrical neutrality and relative ion sizes. Common ionic crystal structures include sodium chloride, cesium chloride, and zinc blende structures. It also discusses covalent crystals like diamond and graphite, noting that diamond has a tetrahedral structure while graphite layers are weakly bonded, giving it conductive properties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    15 views12 pages

    Crystal Structure

    Uploaded by

    Murad Hossen
    This document discusses the structure of nonmetallic materials, including ionic crystals and covalent crystals. It describes how ions in ionic crystals are held together by electrostatic forces, giving them high melting points and hardness. It explains that the crystal structures of ionic compounds are determined by electrical neutrality and relative ion sizes. Common ionic crystal structures include sodium chloride, cesium chloride, and zinc blende structures. It also discusses covalent crystals like diamond and graphite, noting that diamond has a tetrahedral structure while graphite layers are weakly bonded, giving it conductive properties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 12

    Lec 03

    Structure of Nonmetallic Materials


    ONIC CRYSTALS
    Typical ionic solids contain discrete charged ions
    These ions are held together by strong electrostatic forces
    Large binding energies, high melting points, hardness and
    incompressibility of ionic solids
    sodium or potassium with electronegative nonmetals such as chlorine
    and oxygen.
    crystal structures of these substances are determined by two factors:
    the maintenance of electrical neutrality and the relative sizes of the
    ions.
    Electrical Neutrality
    If the charges on the anion and the cation are identical, the
    compound has the formula MX,, i.e. CsCl and NaCl
    If the valence of the cation is +2 and that of the anion is –1, then the
    formula is of the form MX2, i.e. SiO2.
    SiO2
    the coordination number of the cation is twice the coordination
    number of the anion.
    onic Radii
    he cations are normally
    mallerthan the anions
    he number of anions
    hat surround a central
    ation in an ionic solid is
    alled the coordination
    umber
    e ratio of the radius of
    e central cation to that
    the surrounding anion
    called the radius ratio.
    tical radius ratio.
    he packing geometry of one type of anion with the cation as the smaller ion is a function of the ion
    izes. This can be worked out from space filling geometry, when the following conditions
    orresponding to a stable configuration are satisfied simultaneously

    (i)) anions and cations considered as hard spheres always touch each other
    (ii) anions generally will not touch but may be close enough to be in contact with
    one another and
    (iii) as many anions as possible surround a central cation for the maximum
    reduction of electrostatic energy.
    Three common ionic crystal structures are the sodium chloride and
    caesium chloride and zinc blende structures

    ZnS Structure
    rNa /rCl = 0.97/1.81 = 0.536 0.414 < 0.536 < 0.732,,
    rCs /rCl = 1.67/1.81 = 0.92, 0.732 < 0.92 < 1.000,
    rZn /rS = 0.74/1.84 = 0.402.. 0.225 < 0.402 < 0.414,

    Example 3.3: Predict the coordination number for the ionic solids CsC
    and NaCl. Use the following ionic radii for the prediction:
    Cs+ = 0.170 nm Na+ = 0.102 nm Cl- = 0.181 nm
    Example 3.4: Calculate the ionic packing factor for CsCl. Ionic radii are
    Cs+ = 0.170 nm and Cl- =0.181 nm.
    ovalent Crystals
    Diamond cubic (DC) structure
    Tetrahedral structure.
    Special FCC Structure
    8 Atoms per unit cell
    Hardest structure
    No free electron
    Perfect insulator
    PF of DC structure

    APF is only 0.34


    Graphite structure
    The low pressure crystal form of carbon is graphite
    atoms are covalently bonded to only three nearest neighbours
    the layers themselves are only weakly bonded by van der Waals forces
    abundant supply of free electrons
    graphite is a good electrical conductor
    the free electrons cannot cross easily from layer to layer
    the resulting conductivity is highly anisotropic
    It was believed that graphite owed its lubricating properties to
    the weak van der Waals bonds between adjacent layers

    You might also like