Introduction to

Data
Communication
Introduction

• Data communications is the transfer of information from one point to

another. ‘Data’ refers to information that is represented by a sequence
of zeros and ones; the same sort of data that is handled by computers.
Many communications systems handle analog data; examples are the
telephone system, radio, and television. Modern instrumentation is
almost wholly concerned with the transfer of digital data.
• Any communications system requires a transmitter to send
information, a receiver to accept it and a link between the two. Types
of links include copper wire, optical fiber, radio, and microwave. Some
short distance links use parallel connections; meaning that several
wires are required to carry a signal.
 Data Communications
• It is much like a regular communication among people , which
consists of the following parts;
• MESSAGE
• SENDER
• MEDIUM
• RECEIVER

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Data
• information that has been processed and organized, it can be
alphabetical, numeric, or symbolic information, including
binary-coded alphanumeric symbols, microprocessor
op-codes, control codes, user addresses, program data, or
database information.
 Brief History of Data
Communications
• Telegraph was invented and Samuel F.B. Morse developed Morse
code in 1837
• Emile Baudot invented a telegraph multiplexer, which allowed
signals from up to six different telegraph equipments in 1874
• Telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876
Standards Organizations
• International Standards Organization (ISO)
• Consultative Committee for International Telephony and
Telegraphy (CCITT)
• American National Standards Intitute (ANSI)
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
• Electronics Industries Association (EIA)
 ISO
(International Standards
Organization)
• the international organization for standardization
• creates the sets of rules and standards for graphics,
document exchange, and related technologies
• responsible for endorsing and coordinating the work of
the other standards organizations
 ITU-T (CCITT) Consultative
Committee for International
Telephony and Telegraphy
• the standards organization for the United Nations and develops
the recommended sets of rules and standards for telephone
and telegraph communications
• developed three sets of specifications: the V series for modem
interfacing, the X series for data communications, and the I and
Q series for Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
ANSI (American National
Standards Institute )
•official standards agency for the United
States
•US voting representative for ISO
 IEEE (Institute of
Electrical and Electronics
Engineers )
• US professional organization of electronics, computer,
and communications engineers
 EIA (Electronics
Industries
Association )
• Developed the RS (recommended Standard) series of
standards for data and telecommunications
Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)
• A general term that describes the interface equipment used at
the stations to adapt the digital signals from the computers and
terminals to a form more suitable for transmission
• Any piece of equipment between the mainframe computer and
the modem or the station equipment and its modem

Examples of DTE's are computers, printers, application servers,

file servers, routers and bridges, dumb terminals...etc. DTE do
not generally communicate with each other.
 Data Communications
Equipment (DCE)
• A general term that describes the equipment that converts digital signals to
analog signals and interfaces the DTE to the analog transmission medium
• It is essentially a modem (modulator/demodulator)

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The data transmission modes can be characterized in
the following two types based on the number of bits
sent simultaneously in the network:

1.Serial Data Transmission

2 . Parallel Data Transmission

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 Serial Data
Transmission
• There is a single transmission line used
• Only one bit is transmitted at one time
• It is often called serial-by-bit transmission
• Used for long distance communications

This type of transmission mode is best suited

for long-distance data transfer, or the amount of
data being sent is relatively small.
For Example, Data transmission between two
computers using serial ports.
Following are the advantages of using a serial transmission mode:

1.It can be used for long-distance data transmission as it is

reliable.
2.The number of wires and complexity is less.
3.It is cost-effective.

Following are the disadvantages of using a serial transmission mode:

1.The Data transmission rate is slow due to a single transmission

channel.
Parallel Data
Transmission
To transfer data on a parallel link, a
separate line is used as a clock signal.
This serves to inform the receiver when
data is available.
For Example, Data transmission between computer and
printer.

In addition, another line may be used

by the receiver to inform the sender
that the data has been used, and its
ready for the next data.
Following are the advantages of using a parallel transmission mode:

1.It is easy to program or implement.

2.Data transmission speed is high due to the n-transmission channel.

Following are the disadvantages of using a parallel transmission mode:

1.It requires more transmission channels, and hence cost-ineffective.
2.Interference in data bits, likewise in video conferencing.
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 Data Communications Circuit
Configurations
• Two-point configuration involves only • Multipoint configuration
two locations or stations; e.g. the involves three or more stations or
transfer of information between a terminals; e.g. the interconnection
mainframe computer and a remote of a single mainframe computer to
computer terminal, two mainframe many remote computer terminals
computers, or two remote computer
terminals
The data transmission modes can be characterized in the following three types based on the
direction of exchange of information:

1.Simplex
2. Half-Duplex

3. Full Duplex
Transmission
Modes
Examples of a simplex transmission
is everywhere in our daily life:
• Simplex (SX)

Simplex is when signals travel

in one direction and one
direction only.
In this devices the communication
It is like a one way street. It is
is only one direction
simple . That is why it is called
simplex
A radio or TV station usually sends
signals to the audience but never
receives signals from them,thus a radio
or TV signal transmission is considered
a simplex.
Following are the advantages of using a Simplex transmission mode:

1.It utilizes the full capacity of the communication channel during data
transmission.
2.It has the least or no data traffic issues as data flows only in one direction.

Following are the disadvantages of using a Simplex transmission mode:

1.It is unidirectional in nature having no inter-communication between

devices.
2.There is no mechanism for information to be transmitted back to the
sender(No mechanism for acknowledgement).
Transmission Modes
• Half-Duplex (HDX)

Half duplex transmission is when signals travel in both directions , but

one at a time.

One example is a walkie talkie.

Both transmitter and reciver can send signals , but they must take turns.
Following are the advantages of using a half-duplex transmission mode:

1.It facilitates the optimum use of the communication channel.

2.It provides two-way communication.

Following are the disadvantages of using a half-duplex transmission mode:

1.The two-way communication can not be established simultaneously at

the same time.
2.Delay in transmission may occur as only one way communication can be
possible at a time.
Transmission
Modes
• Full-Duplex (FDX)

Full duplex is a two way communications and signals travel

in both directions simultaneously

Telephone call is an example.

Following are the advantages of using a full-duplex transmission mode:

1.The two-way communication can be carried out simultaneously in

both directions.
2.It is the fastest mode of communication between devices.

Following are the disadvantages of using a half-duplex transmission mode:

1.The capacity of the communication channel is divided into two parts.

Also, no dedicated path exists for data transfer.
2.It has improper channel bandwidth utilization as there exist two
separate paths for two communicating devices.