Vector

Identities
Scalar Triple Product Identity
Vector Triple Product Identity

By: Nyce Lyne M. Sumile

Scalar Triple Product Identity

Example: ⃗
A=3i− j+2 k ⃗
B=2 i+ j−k ⃗
C =i−2 j+2 k

Show that ⃗
A ∙ (⃗ ⃗ ) =⃗
B ×C B ∙ (⃗
C×⃗ ⃗ ∙ (⃗
A )=C A×⃗
B)

Left hand side x y

3 −1 2
A ∙ (⃗
Solving for LHS; ⃗ ⃗ ) =2 1 −1 A (1st row), B(2nd row) and C
B ×C
1 −2 2
(3rd row) components
Determinants

Note: Write the coefficients of vectors A, B and C components as our

determinants.

Expand (signs should be alternate ( + - + ));

¿3 |−21 −12 |−(−1)|21 −12 |+2|21 −21 |

¿ 3|2−2|+ 1|4+1|+ 2|−4−1|

¿ 5+ (−10 )

⃗
A ∙ (⃗ ⃗ ) =5
B ×C

2 1 −1
B ∙ (C
Solving for x; ⃗ A ) =1 −2 2
⃗×⃗ B (1st row), C (2nd row) and A
3 −1 2
(3rd row) components
Determinants
Note: Write the coefficients of vectors B, C and A components as our

determinants.

Expand (signs should be alternate ( + - + ));

| | | | |
¿ 2 −2 2 −1 1 2 −1 1 −2
−1 2 3 2 3 −1 |
 ¿ 2|−4 +2|−1|2−6|−1|−1+6|
¿−4 +4−5
⃗ ⃗×⃗
B ∙ (C A ) =5

1 −2 2
Solving for y; ⃗
C ∙ (⃗
A×⃗
B ) =3 −1 2 C (1st row), A (2nd row) and B
2 −1 −1
(3rd row) components
Determinants
Note: Write the coefficients of vectors C, A and B components as our

determinants.

Expand (signs should be alternate ( + - + ));

¿1 |−11 −12 |−(−2)|32 −12 |+ 1|32 −11 |

¿ 1|1−2|+2|−3−4|+2|3−(2)|

¿−1−14+ 10
⃗
C ∙ (⃗
A×⃗
B ) =5

General Conclusion: Thus, ⃗

A ∙ (⃗ ⃗ ) =⃗
B ×C B ∙ (⃗
C×⃗ ⃗ ∙ (⃗
A )=C A×⃗
B) is true for

⃗
A=3i − j+2 k ⃗
B=2 i+ j−k ⃗
C =i−2 j +2 k

Vector Triple Product Identity

Example: ⃗
A=3i− j+2 k ⃗
B=2 i+ j−k ⃗
C =i−2 j+2 k
Show that ⃗
A ×( ⃗ ⃗ )= ( ⃗
B ×C A∙⃗
C)⃗
B− ( ⃗
A ∙⃗
B) ⃗
C

Left hand side Right hand side

Solution:
i j k
A ×( ⃗
Solving for LHS ⃗ ⃗ )= ⃗
B ×C A × 2 1 −1
1 −2 2

Expand (signs should be alternate ( + - + ));

¿⃗
A ×i |−21 −12 |− j|21 −12 |+k|21 −21 |
Simplify

¿⃗
A ×i ( 2−2 )− j ( 4 — 1 )+ k (−4−( 1 ))

¿⃗ A × (( ⃗
A × ( 0 i−5 j−5 k ) ¿ ⃗ ⃗ ))
B ×C

Get the components of vector A from the given and cross it with the cross
product of vectors B and C. The equation will be in the form.

3 i− j+2 k × 0i −5 j−5 k =⃗
A ×( ⃗
B ×⃗
C)

i j k
A ×( ⃗
⃗ ⃗ )=3 −1 2
B ×C
0 −5 −5

Expand (signs should be alternate ( + - + ));

| | | | |
¿ i −1 −1 − j 3 2 + k 3 −1
−5 −5 0 −5 0 −5 |
¿ i ( 5+10 )− j (−15−0 ) +k (−15−0 )
⃗
A ×( ⃗ ⃗ )=15 i+15 j−15 k
B ×C

Solving for RHS ( ⃗

A∙⃗
C) ⃗
B – (⃗
A∙⃗
B) ⃗
C.

Substitute the given to the equation:

(3 i− j+2 k )∙(i−2 j+2 k )(2 i+ j−k ¿−(3i− j +2 k )∙ ( 2i+ j−k ) (i −2 j+ 2 k)

Simplify using the dot product properties:

(Note that we can only obtain greater values than 0 if we get the product of

two the same unit vectors.)

Properties:

i∙ i= j∙ j=k ∙k =1

i∙ j= j ∙ k=k ∙ i=0

Operation/ signs should be (-), it will only be changed depending on the sign

of the component.

(3 i− j+2 k )∙(i−2 j+2 k )(2 i+ j−k ¿−(3i− j +2 k )∙ ( 2i+ j−k ) (i −2 j+ 2 k)

¿(3+ 2+ 4)(2 i+ j−k )−( 6−1−2)(i −2 j+ 2 k)

¿ 9(2i+ j−k )−3(i−2 j+ 2 k)

=(18 i+ 9 j−9 k )−(3 i−6 j+6 k )

Combine like terms: =(15 i+ 15 j−15 k )

General Conclusion: Thus, ⃗

A ×( ⃗ ⃗ )= ( ⃗
B ×C A∙⃗
C)⃗
B− ( ⃗
A ∙⃗
B) ⃗
C is true for

⃗
A=3i − j+2 k ⃗
B=2 i+ j−k ⃗
C =i−2 j +2 k
Integration Concepts
and
Formulas

Simple Trigonometric Functions

Logarithmic Functions
Exponential Functions
Examples on Integrating Trigonometric Functions:

1.) Solve: ∫ sin 2x cos 3x dx.

Solution:

Given: ∫ sin 2x cos 3x dx.

Now, by using the trigonometric identity: sin x cos y = (½)[sin(x+y) + sin (x-

y)]

Therefore, ∫ sin 2x cos 3x dx = (½)[∫ sin 5x dx – ∫sin x dx]

= (½) [(-⅕ cos 5x + cos x] + C

= (-1/10) cos 5x + (½)cos x + C

Therefore, ∫ sin 2x cos 3x dx = (-1/10) cos 5x + (½)cos x + C.

2.) Find the integral of ∫ sin3x dx.

Solution:

Given: ∫ sin3x dx.

∫ sin3x dx = ∫ sin2x sin x dx.

∫ sin3x dx = ∫ (1- cos2x) sin x dx

Now, substitute cos x = t, hence -sinx dx = dt

Therefore, ∫ sin3x dx = -∫ (1-t2) dt

= – ∫dt + ∫t2dt

= -t +(t3/3) + C

As, cos x = t,

∫ sin3x dx = – cos x + (⅓)cos3x + C.

Hence, the integral of ∫ sin3x dx is – cos x + (⅓)cos3x + C.

3.) Solve: ∫sin3x cos2x dx

Solution:
Given: ∫sin3x cos2x dx

∫sin3x cos2x dx = ∫sin2x sin x cos2x dx

We know that sin2x = 1-cos2x.

Therefore, ∫sin3x cos2x dx = ∫(1-cos2x)cos2x sinx dx

Now, put t = cos x, and hence dt = -sin x dx

Hence,

∫sin2x cos2x sin x dx = -∫(1-t2)t2 dt

= -∫(t2-t4) dt

Now, integrate the above function, we get ∫sin 2x cos2x sin x dx= -[(t3/3) -

(t5/5)] + C

Now, again substitute t = cos x, we get ∫sin2x cos2x sin x dx

= -(⅓) cos3x + (⅕)cos5x + C

Therefore, ∫sin3x cos2x dx = -(⅓) cos3x + (⅕)cos5x + C

Integrating Logarithmic Functions

EXAMPLES:

1.) Evaluate ∫ ln 2x dx 2.) Evaluate ∫ log x dx

3.) Evaluate ∫ ln (2x+3) dx

For this problem, we use u-substitution. Let u=2x+3. Then we have du=2dx, or

dx=1/2du, and the given integral can be rewritten as follows:

4.) Evaluate ∫ ln (x−2)^3 dx

According to the properties of logarithms, we have;

Now let u=x−2. Then we have du=dx, and the integral can be rewritten as
follows:

5.) Evaluate ∫ x ln x dx.

To solve this, we use the principle of integration by parts.

THEOREM used:
Exponential Functions

EXAMPLE:

1.) Find the indefinite integral using C as the constant of integration.

:
2.) Find the indefinite integral using C as the constant of integration.

Typical Cases

Case 1: Suppose we have an exponential function clubbed as

x
∫ e (f (x)+f ’ ( x))dx . In this case, the integral is e x f ( x )+ C .

3.) Find the indefinite integral of ∫ e x (sin( x )+ cos( x ))dx using C as the
constant of integration.

Solution: We have the integral in the form of ∫ e x (f ( x)+f ’ (x)) dx where f(x)=sin
(x). So our integral is e x ¿.

Case 2: Suppose we have an integration of the form I = ∫ e ax cos ( bx +c ) dx . Its

integral is
ax
I= e ¿ ¿
Note: The above example is also applicable for the form ∫ e ax sin ( bx+ c ) dx .

4.) Find the indefinite integral of ∫ e2 x cos ( 5 x +3 ) dx using C as the

constant of integration.
2x
e ( 2 cos ( 5x+3 ) + 5 sin (5x+3))
Answer: = +C
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