Class Notes

Work & Energy

Class 9
 Contents

1. Work done by constant force

• Scientific Conception of Work
• Positive, Negative and Zero Work
• Work Done by Force of Gravity

2. Energy
• Kinetic Energy
• Work-Energy Theorem
• Potential Energy & Types
• Conservation of Mechanical Energy
• Conservation of Energy

3. Power
• Introduction to Power
• Commercial Unit of Power
 MIND MAP

Scientific
meaning of work
Positive Work

Work done = F × s Zero Work

Negative Work

Work Capacity to do work Work-Energy

Theorem
Energy

Work & 1
Work done =
Energy 2
m v 2 − u2

1
Kinetic Energy mv2
Mechanical 2
Power Energy
Potential Energy mgh

Conservation Without Conservation of

Rate of of energy mechanical energy
doing work friction

Commercial unit of
W electrical energy
P= kWh
t

#Learn with BYJUS

 1. Work done by Constant Force

1.1 Scientific Conception of Work

● Work done in moving a body is equal to the product of force exerted

on the body and the displacement moved by the body in the direction
of force

Work done = F × s
SI unit = 1 N × 1 m = 1 J
s
● F = Force applied ● s = Displacement in the direction of force

1.2 Positive, Negative Work

Positive work (by Boy): Negative work (by Friction):

F and s act in the F and s act in the
same direction. opposite directions.
W=Fxs W = -F x s
1.3 Zero Work

● Work done is said to be zero when:

Net force (F) = 0 Displacement (s) = 0 F ⊥ s

1.4 Work done by Force of Gravity

● If an object of mass m is raised through a height h, the work done on

the object is equal to mgh
● Work done by gravity can be positive or negative depending on the
direction of displacement of the body

mg H mg

W=Fs W=Fs
= −𝑚𝑔(H) = −𝑚𝑔(-H)
= -mgH = mgH
 2. Energy

• Energy is defined as the capacity to do work.

• Work done is the only way to transfer energy.
• SI unit of energy is joule (J).

2.1 Kinetic Energy

• Kinetic energy is defined as energy

possessed by virtue of the motion of a body.

1
KE = mv2
2 v m

• The kinetic energy of a moving body is measured by the amount of

work it can do before coming to rest

2.2 Work-Energy Theorem

• The total work done by the sum of all the forces acting on a particle
is equal to the change in the kinetic energy of that particle.

u v

Work done
1 Change in
= m v 2 − u2 =
2 kinetic energy
 2.3 Potential Energy
• The energy of a body due to its position or change in shape is known
as potential energy

Elastic Potential Energy Gravitational Potential Energy

• The energy stored by stretching • The energy stored due to the

or compressing an elastic virtue of position (here, height
object by an external force above the ground)

Work donegravity = –∆Ugravity

= –mg(h2 – h1)

• Any level can be considered as the reference (U = 0).

H
h

U = –mgh U=0 U = mgH

2.4 Mechanical Energy
• Total mechanical energy of a system is the sum of kinetic and
potential energies possessed by the object.

Etotal = KE + PE

Conservation of Mechanical Energy

• In a system with conservative forces, mechanical energy is always

conserved

Ei = Ef
KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf

2.5 Conservation of Energy

• Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed, it changes from one
form of energy into another form of energy.
 3. Power
• Power is the rate of doing work or rate of transfer of energy.
• SI unit: watt (W) or joule/sec (J/s)

W
P=
t

3.1 Commercial Unit of Electrical Energy

• The commercial unit of electrical energy is kilowatt-hour (kWh).

1kWh = 1000 W × 60 × 60 s
1kWh = 3.6 × 106 J

Special Note:

A force, like gravity, for which the potential energy is defined and can
be restored as kinetic energy is termed as a conservative force.
 Important Questions

Question-1

Sameer applied a constant horizontal force to a punching bag to

drag it 5 m on the ground. A constant frictional force of 2 N was
also acting on the bag. If the net work done on the bag is 30 J, then
find the force with which Sameer dragged the punching bag.
[3 marks]

Solution
Given:
Force applied (FS) = ? N
Frictional force (FF) = 2 N
Displacement = 5 m W=Fs
Net Work done = 30 J [1 mark]

Net Work = Work done by Sameer + Work done by frictional force

[1 mark]
⇒ 30 = (FS . 5) + (Ff . -5)
Negative indicates that displacement is happening in the opposite
direction of the frictional force.
⇒ 30 = 5 (FS ) + (2*-5)
⇒ 40 = 5FS
⇒ FS = 8 N [1 mark]
 Question-2

What is the work done by the force of gravity on a satellite moving

around Earth? Justify your answer. [2 marks]

Solution

Work is said to be done when:

(i) A net force acts on the body.
(ii) There’s a displacement of the body by applying force in or
opposite to the direction of the force. [1 mark]

If the direction of force is perpendicular to displacement, then the

work done is zero.

When a satellite moves around Earth, then the force of gravity on

the satellite is perpendicular to its displacement. Therefore, the
work done on the satellite by the Earth is zero. [1 mark]
 Question-3

The kinetic energy of an object of mass 2 kg moving with a velocity

of 5 ms-1 is 25 J. What will be its kinetic energy when its velocity
is doubled? What will be its kinetic energy when its velocity is
increased three times?
[2 marks]

u v

Solution
Given:
KE = 25 J, v = 5 m/s, m = 2 kg

KE when velocity is doubled:

KE = ½ mv2

= ½ × 2 × 102
= 100 J [1 mark]

KE when velocity is tripled:

KE = ½ mv2
= ½ × 2 × 152
= 225 J [1 mark]
 Question-4

Calculate the work required to be done to stop a car of 1500 kg

moving at a velocity of 60 km/h.
[3 marks]

Solution

Mass of the car, m = 1500 kg

km 5 50
Velocity of the car, v = 60 = 60 × 18 = m/s [1 mark]
h 3
1
Kinetic energy of the car during motion = mv 2
2
1 50 2
= (1500) 3 J
2
= 2,08,333.3 J
[1 mark]
Final kinetic energy of the car = 0 J

Work done = Change in kinetic energy

= 0 - 2,08,333.3
= -208333.3 J
[1 mark]

Hence, the work required to stop the car is -2,08,333.3 J.

Negative sign indicates work is done opposite to displacement.
 Question-5

A swimmer dives into the pool from a height of 10 m. At this height,

what will be their potential energy from Reference 1 and Reference
2, respectively, if their mass is 60 kg? Take g = 10 ms-2.
[3 marks]

Reference 1

10 m

Reference 2

Solution

Potential Energy Possessed by a object due to virtue of its position

(height) is given by:
PE = mgh [1 mark]

Potential energy w.r.t reference 1:

PE1 = m x g x h1
= 60 x 10 x 0 = 0 J [1 mark]

Potential energy w.r.t reference 2:

PE2 = m x g x h2
= 60 x 10 x 10
= 6000 J [1 mark]
 Question-6

A ball is dropped from a height of 10 m. If the energy of the ball

reduces by 40% after striking the ground, how high can the ball
bounce back? (g = 10 ms-2)
[2 marks]

10 m

Solution

Initial potential energy of the ball = mgh

= m × 10 × 10 = m × 100
[1 mark]
60
P.E left with the ball after striking the ground = × 100 × m
100

It is this energy (60 × m) which enables the ball to bounce back to a

height h’. Thus,
mgh’ = 60 m
h’ = 60 m
mg
h’ = 60 m
m × 10
h’ = 6 m [1 mark]
 Question-7

A ball of mass 5 kg is dropped from a height of 20 m as shown.

What will be the velocity of the ball just before it hits the ground?
Neglect the air resistance involved. Take g = 10 m/s2
[3 marks]

Solution
Given:
m = 5 kg, h = 20 m, g = 10 m/s2, v = ?

The conservation of mechanical energy states that the total

mechanical energy remains constant.

KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf [1 mark]

As the ball is dropped, its initial velocity is zero, thus the initial
kinetic energy KEi = ½ m(0)2 = 0
Also, when the ball is about to hit the ground, the total potential
energy possessed by the ball is zero as the height is almost zero
PEf = mg(0) = 0 [1 mark]
→ PEi = KEf
→ mgh = ½ mv2
→ g(20) = ½ v2
→ v = √ 2g(20)
→ v = √ (2*10*20)
→ v = √400
→ v = 20 m/s [1 mark]
 Question-8

The potential energy of a freely falling object decreases

progressively. Does this violate the law of conservation of energy?
Why? [1 mark]

Solution

• No, it doesn’t violate the law of conservation of energy. This is

because when the body falls from a height, its potential energy
changes into kinetic energy progressively.

• A decrease in the potential energy is equal to an increase in the

kinetic energy of the body.

• Throughout the method, the total mechanical energy of the body

remains conserved. Therefore, the law of conservation of energy
isn’t violated.
[1 mark]
 Question-9

A person performs 420 J of work in 5 minutes. Calculate power

delivered by him.
[2 marks]

Solution

Power = Work Done/Time taken

W
P=
t [1 mark]

= 420/(5 x 60)
[Since :Time = 5 mins = (5 x 60) s]

= 420/300
= 1.4 W [1 mark]
 Question-10

Lisa irons her clothes every day for 15 minutes with an electric
iron of power 1200 W. Find the electric energy consumed by the iron
in a day.
[2 marks]

Solution

Given:
t = 15 min
= 15/60 hours
P = 1200 W [1 mark]

𝐸 =𝑃∗𝑡

E=P*t
= 1200*(15/60) Wh
E = 300 Wh [1 mark]
 Forrmula Sheet

1 Work Done W=Fs

2 Kinetic Energy KE=

𝟏
mv2
𝟐

3 Work-Energy Theorem

𝟏
W= m ( v 2– u 2)
𝟐

4
Potential Energy

U=mgH

5 Work done by gravity

W gravity= - Δ U

6
Power
𝑾
P= =Fv
𝒕