Department of Electrical Engineering

HIGH VOLTAGE
LAB MANUAL

Submitted To:

Sir Abdul Rehman Kashif

Submitted By:

Usman Dodhy
08-Elect-082
Section-B
 High-Voltage Engineering Lab

List of Experiments:

The following experiments will be performed in the lab:

1. Study of High Voltage Lab in University of Engineering and Technology Lahore

2. To Calibrate a Sphere Gap using its breakdown strength against gap setting
3. To Calibrate a Rod Gap using its breakdown strength against gap setting
4. To Investigate the voltage distribution over a suspension insulator string without guard
ring.
5. To Investigate the voltage distribution over a suspension insulator string with guard
ring.
6. To compare the flashover voltages wet and dry for a typical outdoor insulator.
7. To find out the critical 50% Impulse FlashOver Voltages on the 11KV type Insulator.
 Experiment # 1:

To Calibrate a Sphere Sphere Gap using its breakdown strength against gap setting

IVR Water Resistance Sphere Gaps

V2
230V TX1

IVR

0
0

Apparatus:

 150KV, 50cps single phase testing Transformer with associate Voltage Regulator and
Control Gear
 Protective Water Resistance (Meggared before test)
 Sphere Gaps

Procedure:
Connect the circuit as shown. Putting rod gaps one by one. Water Resistance
should be filled with distilled water and should have resistance of about 1Ω/volt. The
demonstrater will explain circuit layout and indicate all the systems on the board. Readings are
to be taken 3 times at each setting. The values are taken over the range of gap settings.

 0.5 cm
 1.0 cm
 1.5 cm
 2.0 cm
 2.5 cm
 3.0 cm
 3.5 cm
 4.0 cm
 4.5 cm
 5.0 cm
Precautions:

 Care should be taken to wind the voltage regulator back to zero before making further
test.
 Replace the water in the resistance if it gets warm.
 Correction Factor is to be applied at all readings by taking temperature and pressure
readings at the place of experiment.

Observations & Calculatons:

Barometric Pressure: 701 mm of Hg

Room temperature: 29 oC
Correction Factor K: ( b/760 ) * ( 293 / (273 + t )) = 0.894

Rod Breakdown Values Corrected

Average
No of Gap Value
1 2 3 Value
Readings Distance KV x K
cm KV KV KV KV KV
1 0.5 6.6 6.5 6.84 9.97 8.91
2 1.0 14.66 14.62 14.56 21.92 19.6
3 1.5 18.4 18.0 18.1 27.25 24.36
4 2.0 25.8 25.3 25.6 38.35 34.28
5 2.5 31.0 31.7 31.9 47.3 42.29
6 3.0 37.1 37.5 37.46 56.03 50.1
7 3.5 43.1 42.98 43.3 64.69 57.83
8 4.0 46.23 46.02 46.11 69.18 61.85
9 4.5 48.42 48.47 48.96 72.92 65.19
10 5.0 52 51.8 51.92 77.86 69.91
Comments on Graph:
The graph shows the relationship between the voltage applied across the gap and the distance
of gap. It is clear that when the gap distance is increased then more voltage is required for
breakdown of air.

Relevant Topics :

Breakdown voltage for sphere-gaps

The potentials required for breakdown between spheres are calculated on the basis of the
streamer theory of spark discharge. This theory is founded on atom-physical considerations, so
that the calculations are not of the usual empirical nature. Agreement within about 3 per cent.
of the values determined experimentally is obtained in the case of the symmetrical sphere-gap
for spacings up to a sphere diameter. The effect of variation of air density is also considered
and the calculations are again found to be in close agreement with experiment

Effect of Varying the Protective Resistance:

Due to capacity currents, corona and other leakage currents there will be a volt drop in the
water resistance prior to breakdown. Thus the voltage output of the transformer is not the
voltage across the test object. In order to standardize the voltage across drop to some extent a
resistance of about 1Ω per volt is often used. Using fresh distilled water in the resistance also
helps.
Corona Discharge:

Use the rod gap set at 5 cm to observe the formation of corona discharge reading up to
breakdown of gaps. The ionization of the air will mean that ozone will be formed. The smell of
ozone gas can be easily detected. For this test, large protective resistance is to be used.
 Experiment # 3:

To Calibrate a Rod Rod Gap using its breakdown strength against gap setting

IVR Water Resistance Sphere Gaps

V2
230V TX1

IVR

0
0

Apparatus:

 150KV, 50cps single phase testing Transformer with associate Voltage Regulator and
Control Gear
 Protective Water Resistance (Meggared before test)
 Mounted horizontally 5/8 inches square Rod

Procedure:
Connect the circuit as shown. Putting rod gaps one by one. Water Resistance should be filled
with distilled water and should have resistance of about 1Ω/volt. The demonstrater will explain
circuit layout and indicate all the systems on the board. Readings are to be taken 3 times at
each setting. The values are taken over the range of gap settings.

 0.5 cm
 1.0 cm
 1.5 cm
 2.0 cm
 2.5 cm
 3.0 cm
 3.5 cm
  4.0 cm
 4.5 cm
 5.0 cm

Precautions:

 Care should be taken to wind the voltage regulator back to zero before making further
test.
 Replace the water in the resistance if it gets warm.
 Correction Factor is to be applied at all readings by taking temperature and pressure
readings at the place of experiment.

Observations & Calculatons:

Barometric Pressure: 762 mm of Hg

Room temperature: 31 oC
Correction Factor K: ( b/760 ) * ( 293 / (273 + t )) = 0.966

Rod Breakdown Values Corrected

Average
No of Gap Value
1 2 3 Value
Readings Distance KV x K
cm KV KV KV KV KV
1 0.5 5.2 5.3 5.75 8.11 7.83
2 1.0 7.87 7.88 7.89 11.82 11.41
3 1.5 9.11 9.53 9.63 14.13 13.64
4 2.0 10.7 10.32 10.53 15.77 15.23
5 2.5 12.34 12.91 12.74 19.33 18.67
6 3.0 14.33 13.96 14.13 21.21 20.48
7 3.5 17.4 17.5 17.7 26.3 25.41
8 4.0 17.2 17.1 17.3 25.8 24.92
9 4.5 18.4 21.6 17.9 28.95 27.96
10 5.0 18.8 19.8 19.9 29.25 28.25
Comments on Graph:
The graph shows the relationship between the voltage applied across the gap and the
distance of gap. It is clear that when the gap distance is increased then more voltage is
required for breakdown of air.

Relevant Topics:
Corona Discharge:

Corona discharge is, by definition, a gas discharge where the geometry confines the gas
ionizing processes to high-field ionization region(s) around the active electrode(s). The
corona geometry is named positive, negative, bipolar, AC, or HF, according to the polarity of
the active electrode(s),while the current conduction in any corona region is called unipolar
or bipolar dependent on whether one or both ion polarities are of importance.

However, all discharge forms have ionization regions, and thus the really distinguishing
feature of coronas is the existence of a low field drift region connecting the ionization
region(s) with the eventual low field, passive electrodes. In this drift region ,ions and
electrons drift and react with neutrals, but with too low energy to ionize and too low
density to react with other ionized particles.

In unipolar conduction coronas, the drifting ions/electrons will always be of the corona
polarity (i.e. no plasma ) and their space charge field will be the dominating factor in
determining both the corona current/voltage characteristic and the current density
distribution in the discharge gap. Electrically, the drift region then behaves as a large, non-
linear resistor in series with the ionization region, often making external stabilizing
resistances superfluous.

The phenomenon is of particular importance in high voltage engineering where non-

uniform fields are unavoidable.

 It is responsible for considerable power losses from High voltage

transmission lines and often leads to deterioration of insulating materials by
the combined action of the discharge ions bombarding the surface and the
action of chemical compounds that are formed by the discharges.
 Hence following are the disadvantages of corona
a) Power losses in high voltage transmission lines
b) Deterioration of insulting material
c) Interference in communication
Types of Corona
1) Audible Corona
2) Visible Corona
Experiment # 4:

To Calibrate a Rod Cone Gap using its breakdown strength against gap setting

Apparatus:

 150KV, 50cps single phase testing Transformer with associate Voltage

Regulator and Control Gear
 Protective Water Resistance (Meggared before test)
 Mounted horizontally 5/8 inches square Rod and Cone shaped electrode

Procedure:
Connect the circuit as shown. Putting rod gaps one by one. Water
Resistance should be filled with distilled water and should have resistance of about
1Ω/volt. The demonstrater will explain circuit layout and indicate all the systems on
the board. Readings are to be taken 3 times at each setting. The values are taken
over the range of gap settings.
  0.5 cm
 1.0 cm
 1.5 cm
 2.0 cm
 2.5 cm
 3.0 cm
 3.5 cm
 4.0 cm
 4.5 cm
 5.0 cm

Precautions:

 Care should be taken to wind the voltage regulator back to zero before making
further test.
 Replace the water in the resistance if it gets warm.
 Correction Factor is to be applied at all readings by taking temperature and
pressure readings at the place of experiment.

Observations & Calculatons:

Barometric Pressure: 762 mm of Hg
Room temperature: 30 oC
Correction Factor K: ( b/760 ) * ( 293 / (273 + t )) = 0.971

Rod Breakdown Values Corrected

Average
No of Gap Value
1 2 3 Value
Readings Distance KV x K
cm KV KV KV KV KV
1 0.5 4.6 4.1 4.3 6.5 6.314
2 1.0 6.4 6.3 6.3 9.5 9.22
3 1.5 7.4 7.3 7.5 11.1 10.77
4 2.0 11.4 11.6 9.3 16.15 15.68
5 2.5 11.2 10.1 10.3 15.8 15.34
6 3.0 14.5 15.8 14.4 22.85 22.18
7 3.5 16.3 16.7 17.3 25.15 24.42
8 4.0 17.3 17.5 16.9 25.85 25.1
9 4.5 19.4 17.1 17.8 27.15 26.36
10 5.0 20.8 21.1 21.3 31.6 30.68
Comments on Graph:
The graph shows the relationship between the voltage applied across the gap and the
distance of gap. It is clear that when the gap distance is increased then more voltage is
required for breakdown of air.

Relevant Theory:

Paschen's Law
In 1889, F. Pashchen published a paper which set out what has become known as Paschen's
Law. The law essentially states that the breakdown characteristics of a gap are a function
(generally not linear) of the product of the gas pressure and the gap length, usually written
as V= f( pd ), where p is the pressure and d is the gap distance. In actuality, the pressure
should probably be replaced by the gas density.
It's important to know that Paschen only worked at higher pressures (>several Torr) and
gaps of more than several mm, so the familiar "Paschen curve" with the minima is a later
creation.

For air, and gaps on the order of a millimeter, the breakdown is roughly a linear function of
the gap length: V = 30pd + 1.35 kV, where d is in centimeters, and p is in atmospheres.

Much research has been done since then to provide a theoretical basis for the law and to
develop a greater understanding of the mechanisms of breakdown. Some of this will be
described in the rest of this section, but it should be realized that there are many, many
factors which have an effect on the breakdown of a gap, such as radiation, dust, surface
irregularities. Excessive theoretical analysis might help understanding why a gap breaks
down, but won't necessarily provide a more accurate value for the breakdown voltage in
any given situation.

Paschen's Law reflects the Townsend breakdown mechanism in gases, that is, a cascading
of secondary electrons emitted by collisions in the gap. The significant parameter is pd, the
product of the gap distance and the pressure. Typically, the Townsend mechanism (and by
extension Paschen's law) apply at pd products less than 1000 torr cm, or gaps around a
centimeter at one atmosphere. Furthermore, some modifications are necessary for highly
electronegative gases because they recombine the secondary electrons very quickly.

In general, an equation for breakdown is derived, and suitable parameters chosen by fitting
to empirical data.

Here are three equations:

Breakdown voltage:
Vbreakdown = B * p * d / (C + ln( p * d))

Breakdown field strength:

Ebreakdown = p * ( B / ( C + ln ( p * d)))

where:
C =ln( A / ln ( 1 + 1 / gamma))

where:
gamma is the (poorly known) secondary ionization coefficient.

For air:
A = 15 cm-1Torr -1
B = 365 Vcm-1 Torr-1
and gamma = 10-2
so
C = 1.18
Experiment # 5:

To Calibrate a Cone Cone Gap using its breakdown strength against gap setting

Apparatus:

 150KV, 50cps single phase testing Transformer with associate Voltage

Regulator and Control Gear
 Protective Water Resistance (Meggared before test)
 Cone shaped electrodes

Procedure:
Connect the circuit as shown. Putting rod gaps one by one. Water
Resistance should be filled with distilled water and should have resistance of about
1Ω/volt. The demonstrater will explain circuit layout and indicate all the systems on
the board. Readings are to be taken 3 times at each setting. The values are taken
over the range of gap settings.

 0.5 cm
 1.0 cm
 1.5 cm
 2.0 cm
 2.5 cm
 3.0 cm
 3.5 cm
 4.0 cm
 4.5 cm
 5.0 cm

Precautions:

 Care should be taken to wind the voltage regulator back to zero before making
further test.
 Replace the water in the resistance if it gets warm.
 Correction Factor is to be applied at all readings by taking temperature and
pressure readings at the place of experiment.

Observations & Calculatons:

Barometric Pressure: 762 mm of Hg
Room temperature: 26 oC
Correction Factor K: ( b/760 ) * ( 293 / (273 + t )) = 0.983

Rod Breakdown Values Corrected

Average
No of Gap Value
1 2 3 Value
Readings Distance KV x K
cm KV KV KV KV KV
1 0.5 6.9 6.7 6.2 9.9 9.732
2 1.0 7.6 7.7 7.35 11.325 11.132
3 1.5 8.9 8.2 8.2 12.65 12.434
4 2.0 9.0 9.4 8.89 13.64 13.408
5 2.5 10.36 10.35 10.30 15.505 15.241
6 3.0 12.74 11.96 12.27 18.485 18.17
7 3.5 16.5 16.4 13.8 23.35 22.95
8 4.0 17.5 16.47 15.95 24.96 24.53
9 4.5 18.7 16.5 17.87 26.53 26.078
10 5.0 17.79 17.71 17.69 26.445 25.995
Comments on Graph:
The graph shows the relationship between the voltage applied across the gap and the
distance of gap. It is clear that when the gap distance is increased then more voltage is
required for breakdown of air.
BREAK DOWN IN NON-UNIFORM FIELDS
In non-uniform fields, e.g. in point plane, sphere plane gaps or co-axial cylinders, the
applied field and the 1st Townsend’s coefficient “α” vary across the gap.

The electron multiplication is governed by the integral of “α” over the path.
At low pressures the Townsend’s criterion for sparks takes the form:
γ [ eαd -1] = 1
 d  
  exp    dx   11 2.8 
 o  
Whichcanbewrittenas :
 1
d

  dxlog e 1   2.9 

o   

Where d=gap length

For the case of co-axial cylinders the integration limits become the radii of the inner
and the outer cylinder.

Meek and Raether also discussed the break down in non-uniform field in the frame
of streamer theory. In this case the expression for the space charge field Er at the
head of avalanche, when it has crossed the distance x in non-uniform field is given
by:

At high pressures the break down usually take place at a lower voltage when the
smaller electrode is positive
In pure non-attaching gases notably in Argon and hydrogen the order of the break
down characteristics under the two polarities is reversed.

Addition of small amount of impurities e.g. Water, Vapors causes a large increase in
negative break down voltage.

The presence of water vapors shows a little effect on positive break down
characteristics.
Experiment # 6:

To Calibrate a Cone Flat Surface Gap using its breakdown strength against gap
setting

Apparatus:

 150KV, 50cps single phase testing Transformer with associate Voltage

Regulator and Control Gear
 Protective Water Resistance (Meggared before test)
 Cone and flat shaped electrodes

Procedure:
Connect the circuit as shown. Putting rod gaps one by one. Water
Resistance should be filled with distilled water and should have resistance of about
1Ω/volt. The demonstrater will explain circuit layout and indicate all the systems on
the board. Readings are to be taken 3 times at each setting. The values are taken
over the range of gap settings.

 0.5 cm
 1.0 cm
 1.5 cm
 2.0 cm
 2.5 cm
 3.0 cm
 3.5 cm
 4.0 cm
 4.5 cm
 5.0 cm

Precautions:

 Care should be taken to wind the voltage regulator back to zero before making
further test.
 Replace the water in the resistance if it gets warm.
 Correction Factor is to be applied at all readings by taking temperature and
pressure readings at the place of experiment.

Observations & Calculatons:

Barometric Pressure: 764 mm of Hg
Room temperature: 25 oC
Correction Factor K: ( b/760 ) * ( 293 / (273 + t )) = 0.988

Rod Breakdown Values Corrected

Average
No of Gap Value
1 2 3 Value
Readings Distance KV x K
cm KV KV KV KV KV
1 0.5 4.92 4.43 4.49 6.91 6.82
2 1.0 5.99 6.08 6.08 9.075 8.966
3 1.5 7.26 7.43 7.73 11.21 11.075
4 2.0 10.71 9.34 11.62 15.56 15.37
5 2.5 11.98 12.64 12.24 18.41 18.19
6 3.0 13.46 13.89 13.05 20.2 19.98
7 3.5 14.62 13.43 13.10 20.54 20.33
8 4.0 15.03 15.39 15.20 22.91 22.63
9 4.5 16.5 16.27 17.45 25.11 24.80
10 5.0 17.93 17.71 17.73 26.68 26.38
Comments on Graph:
The graph shows the relationship between the voltage applied across the gap and the
distance of gap. It is clear that when the gap distance is increased then more voltage is
required for breakdown of air.

Relevant Theory:
Apllications of Corona:

Surface treatment
Coronas are widely used as chemical reactors for surface treatment. Their oxidation and
reduction effects, Dassivating or corroding, have already been mentioned in the section
dealing with the electrochemical behavior of the discharge. Depending on the material to
be treated and the desired surface prooerties, the oDtimal corona gas composition,
discharge parameters and operating procedure
may be very different.

Chemical synthesis
Many chemical products can be synthetized by corona discharges, but ozone is so far the
only one of industrial importance. It is used for the treatment of water, preserving its
natural taste and avoiding the smell of chlorine, and for other applications utilizing its large
oxidation power. for instance in textile and paper industries

Radicals chemistry.
The radicals which represent one category of the species activated by corona can by
themselves find some uses. One example is given by T. Inomata et al (ref. 45) who have
investigated the possibility to improve combustion by the products of a silent discharge.

Diagnostic techniques.
Mobilities of ions created by corona discharges can be used for gas diagnostics, for instance to
detect and measure gas contaminants. Such apparatus, called 'plasma chromatograph", is already
commercialized, and usually works with a radioactive source for gas ionization. Time of flight
methods are then used for mobility measurements. Alternatively, a similar method developed in
the laboratory of two of the authors (M.G. and A.G.) uses corona to ionize the gas, while a
varying retarding field is used to obtain the mobility spectrum of the ions (ref. 46,47). Inversely,
the variations of the discharge current due to variations of the mean mobility of theionic species
can also serve for detection of gas contamination. Fire detectors based on this principe are
already industrially developed.

Electrostatic applications.
The fact that unipolar corona drift regions contain ions of one sign only, and no plasma, is
the obvious reason for their extended use as chargers in electrostatic apparatus, like
precipitators, paint guns,fertilizer projectors, separators, xerographic copiers, voltage
generators, and even lightning protectors. On the other hand, charges generated by other
means, typically by triboelectricity, may easily cause coronas and sparks of their own,
causing a considerable number of explosion accidents each year. A knowledge of coronas,
their transition to sparks, and their interaction with the chemical environment is essential
to further progress in these fields.
COMPARISON:
Experiment # 7:

To Investigate the voltage distribution over a suspension insulator string without

guard ring.

A
B
C
Water Resistance D
E
V2
230V V
V
0
0

Apparatus:

 Insulator string of 3,4 insulators

 Electrostatic Voltmeter
 150KV, Testing Transformer with Control & Protection Gear

Procedure:
The circuit arrangement of the experiment is shown in fig.The system
voltage 55KV is applied across the string voltage each unit is measured with respect
to ground using an electrostatic type Voltmeter. Thus voltage distribution across each
unit can be found out. Protective resistance is inserted to protect the secondary of
high Voltage Testing Transformer in the case of short circuit during breakdown.

Observations & Calculations:

(i) 3 insulators

Voltage applied on the string = V = 61.2 KV

Voltage KV
V2 29.5

V1 15.5

Voltage
Equation Value
Across Insulator
A V1 15.5
B V2 – V1 14
C V – V2 31.7

Efficiency = Voltage across string

n x Voltage across unit near power conductor

= 61.2KV / 3 x 31.7 KV = 63.4 %

 (ii) 4 insulators

Voltage applied on the string = V = 60.9 KV

Voltage KV
V3 30
V2 19
V1 10.5

Voltage
Equation Value
Across Insulator
A V1 10.5
B V2 – V1 8.5
C V3 – V2 11
D V - V3 30.9
Efficiency = Voltage across string
n x Voltage across unit near power conductor

= 60.9 KV / 4 x 30.9 KV = 49.27 %

Voltage versus Insulator

35
30
25
20
Voltage

15 Voltage
10
5
0
V4 V3 V2 V1 Insulator
Experiment # 8:
To Investigate the voltage distribution over a suspension
insulator string with guard ring.

A
B
C
Water Resistance D
E
V2
230V V
V
0
0

Apparatus:

 Insulator string of 5 insulators

 Electrostatic Voltmeter
 150KV, Testing Transformer with Control & Protection Gear

Procedure:
The circuit arrangement of the experiment is shown in fig.The system
voltage 55KV is applied across the string voltage each unit is measured with respect
to ground using an electrostatic type Voltmeter. Thus voltage distribution across each
unit can be found out. Protective resistance is inserted to protect the secondary of
high Voltage Testing Transformer in the case of short circuit during breakdown.

Observations & Calculations:

(i) 3 insulators

Voltage applied on the string = V = 56.55 KV

Voltage KV
V2 30

V1 17.5

Voltage
Equation Value
Across Insulator
A V1 17.5
B V2 – V1 12.5
C V – V2 26.55

Efficiency = Voltage across string

n x Voltage across unit near power conductor

= 56.55KV / 3 x 26.55 KV = 71 %
 (ii) 4 insulators

Voltage applied on the string = V = 53.7 KV

Voltage KV
V3 30
V2 19.5
V1 11.5

Voltage
Equation Value
Across Insulator
A V1 11.5
B V2 – V1 8
C V3 – V2 10.5
D V - V3 23.7
Efficiency = Voltage across string
n x Voltage across unit near power conductor

= 53.7 KV / 4 x 23.7 KV = 56.27 %

Voltage versus Insulator

35
30
25
20
Voltage

15 Voltage
10
5
0
V4 V3 V2 V1 Insulator
Experiment # 9:
To compare the flashover voltages wet and dry for a typical
outdoor insulator.

Water Resistance

V2
Insulator
230V V

0 0

Apparatus:

 Pin Type Insulator

 Water
 150KV Testing Transformer with control and protective gear

Procedure:

The purpose of this test is to show the two modes of flash over and to indicate
the difference in the two flashover voltages.

Precautions:
  Obtain the flashover voltage ‘dry’ for the insulator, repeating tests several time
in order to get a good average value.
 The dust on the insulator will lower the value.

Theory:

The flash over voltage of an insulator is considerably lower if its surfaces are
wet. These wet surfaces from a conducting path and the effective insulated path for
flashover is then shortened. Insulators are designed as that even under rain
conditions portions of the sheds remains dry and provide effective insulation. In the
laboratory rain tests are often made by spraying water at an angle 450 o to the
insulator subjected to voltage.

Observations & Calculations:

Barometric Pressure: 765 mm of Hg

Room temperature: 17 oC
Correction Factor K: ( b/760 ) * ( 293 / (273 + t )) = 1.02

Dry 1 min Power Frequency Withstand Voltage: 65.0KV

Wet 1 min Power Frequency Withstand Voltage: 35.0KV
Dry Power Frequency FlashOver Voltage: 77.0KV
Wet Power Frequency FlashOver Voltage: 43.7KV

No. of Readings Average Corrected

Type of Test 1 2 3 Value Value
KV KV KV KV KV
Dry
FlashOver 46.8 46.8 46.8 70.2 71.6
Voltage
Wet
FlashOver 20.8 20.8 20.8 31.2 31.82
Voltage

‘Dry’ 1 min Withstand or Not: Withstands

‘Wet’ 1 min Withstand or Not: Does not Withstand
Experiment # 10:
To find out the critical 50% Impulse FlashOver Voltages on the
11KV type Insulator.

Control Charging Impulse Insulator

Panel Unit Generator

CRO

Apparatus:

 Test Specimen (11KV Insulator)

 Impulse Generator
 Charging Unit
 Control Board
Procedure:

The Impulse Generator shall first be adjusted to deliver a positive 1/50usec

waveform. It is applied on to the insulator until the flashover occurs. When the flash
over occurs then it is tested for the voltage above it. If it again flashes, voltage is
increased to check. This process is repeated until for one subsequent voltage value,
there is a 50% chance of Flashover. All the process is repeated for the negative
waveform.

Observations & Calculations:

Barometric Pressure: 741m of Hg

Room temperature: 21C
Correction Factor K: ( b/760 ) * ( 293 / (273 + t )) = 0.9716

Type of Insulator: 11KV Pin type

Type of Impulse Applied: Negative

No of Voltage
Flash or Not (F/N)
Readings KV
1 95 N
2 100 N
 3 105 N
4 110 N
5 115 N
6 120 N
7 125 N N N
8 130 N F F N N F N N
9 135 F F F N F F
10 140 F

50% Critical Impulse Flash Over Voltage = 130 x 0.9716 = 126.308 KV