2.

5 Integration
a by Substitution

Each of the Integration

a so so a o Rules
o from the last
a lesson
as can
a now be ageneralized
a aas o
Reverse Chain is
Rule
integrals.
a
u-substitution
f F'Cx dx fax to

Sdy ffic d
For more
a complicated
o a integration
a problems,
ro simple rules for integration might fail, and you may have
to make
a some typesoof substitution to be able to integrate.

Procedure for u-substitution (for ∫ ____ dx problems requiring the method)

1. Let u = the function inside of a grouping symbol, a denominator, or a trig function

2. Differentiate the equation from step 1.

3. Substitute the u-expression for the x-expressions in the integral

Note: Most often, dx ≠ du . Don’t forget to substitute for dx .

4. Integrate

5. Substitute back, so that your final answer is again in terms of x.

x form u form (Reverse Chain Rule)

x n +1 u n +1
∫ x dx = + C, n ≠ −1 ∫ u u′dx = + C , n ≠ −1
n n
Power Rule:
n +1 n +1

Trig Rules: ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C ∫ cos u u ′ dx = sin u + C

∫ sin x dx = − cos x + C ∫ sin u u ′ dx = − cos u + C
∫ sec x dx = tan x + C ∫ sec u u ′ dx = tan u + C
2 2

∫ csc x dx = − cot x + C ∫ csc u u ′ dx = − cot u + C

2 2

∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C ∫ sec u tan u u ′ dx = sec u + C

∫ csc x cot x dx = − csc x + C ∫ csc u cot u u ′ dx = − csc u + C
 Examples: Integrate.

1. ∫ (3x − 1)
10
dx 0 3 1 Ex 2. ∫ (3t
2
+ 2t )(t 3 + t 2 ) dt
du 3Ett at
dx
4 3 ax
dx
du 3ax I do
Ju 3
27ÉzD
go.IT So du

to
3 u to t c
ICE f to
Is to
6x2
3. ∫ 4. ∫(y + 1) 2 dy
3
dx
4x − 5
3
do lax dx do y dy
Jg dx do Gx dx X dog dy
for g
tf do
I do
t au tc uh to
car see jf
I I Utc

sine Sina

o
5. ∫ sin ( 4x ) 6. ∫ 3θ cos θ dθ
2
dx veux du 20do
do Udx do
Eg
4 sin u do 4 dx
530904
ICcosu do
Tosu c cosy fcosu do

sino C
sin0 t c
 7. ∫ sin x cos x dx 8. ∫x x − 1 dx
2
d
due
cosxd fsinxicosxa.IE
ax T
So du ScottTudu
go
f utCuts du
g oh tut do

2x − 1
9. ∫ dx 0 2 3 x
2x + 3
do 2d
dx u4 2 1
do
É
I HEE If du
du

IS do
I du

ESE du
t fuk o u do
t Suk yo do

I 303 got C
03 yo t c

t 2 3 412 3 to
2.5 Assignment 1-28 all

Evaluate each integral. Show the u-substitution.

∫ (8x − 12) ( 4x ) ∫ 3t (2 + 4t ) dt
4
2 −4 −3
1. − 12x dx 2.

∫ (3 − 4w ) ( 4w − 6w + 7 )
10
∫ 5 (z − 4 )
2 3
3. dw 4. z2 − 8z dz

5. ∫ 90x
2
(
sin 2 + 6x3 dx ) 6. ∫ sec (1 − z ) tan (1 − z ) dz
5x2
7. ∫( ) (
15t −2 − 5t cos 6t −1 + t2 dt ) 8. ∫ dx
( )
6
x3 + 2

4w + 3
9. ∫ dw 10. ∫ 30x x + 1 dx
( 4w )
3
2
+ 6w − 1

( )
10

−3 t −4
11. ∫ 1−v
dv 12. ∫ t
dt

4
 1 1  1
13. ∫  2 +  2 dx 14. ∫y  y − dy
3

 x x  y

cos x sin x
15. ∫ 1 − cos 2
x
dx 16. ∫ 1 − cos x
dx

17. ∫ sec2x tan 2x dx 18. ∫ tan x sec2 x dx

2

cos x
19. ∫ sin 2
x
dx 20. ∫ π sin π x dx

21. ∫ cos 6x dx 22. ∫ x sin x dx

2

23. ∫ tan x sec2 x dx 24. ∫ sin(5x − 3π ) dx

csc ( x ) cot ( x )
25. ∫ 10 sin (2x ) cos (2x ) cos2 (2x ) − 5 dx 26. ∫ dx
2 − csc ( x )

csc2 x
∫ ( cos (3t ) − t ) ( sin (3t ) − t ) dt
5
∫ cot4 x dx
2 3
27. 28.
Selected Answers

4
1 15 2
( ) ( ) ( )
5
1. 4x2 − 12x +C 4. z − 8z 3
+C 5. −5 cos 2 + 6x3 + C
5 8

5 3
1
9. − +C 10. 12 ( x + 1 ) 2 + 20 ( x + 1 ) 2 + C
( )
2
4 4w2 + 6w − 1

5
2
( ) 1 1 1
11
12. t −4 +C 13. −  2 +  + C 17. sec (2x ) + C
11 5 x 2

3
1 5
18.
3
tan3 x + C 20. − cos π x + C 25. −
3
(
cos2 (2x ) − 5 ) 2
+C

1
( )
6
26. 2 2 − csc x + C 27. sin (3t ) − t3 +C
18