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Graph Theory PDF

This document discusses graph theory and is presented by Dr. Nelson K. Bii. It defines graphs and directed graphs and discusses their representations using adjacency and incidence matrices. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to construct the adjacency and incidence matrices for various graphs.

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NJENGA Wagithi
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51 views11 pages

Graph Theory PDF

This document discusses graph theory and is presented by Dr. Nelson K. Bii. It defines graphs and directed graphs and discusses their representations using adjacency and incidence matrices. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to construct the adjacency and incidence matrices for various graphs.

Uploaded by

NJENGA Wagithi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Discrete

Mathematics
Graph Theory

Dr. Nelson K.
Bii

Discrete Mathematics
Graph Theory

Dr. Nelson K. Bii

13/09/2021

Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Strathmore University


Graph Theory

Discrete
Mathematics
Graph Theory

Dr. Nelson K.
Bii

Definition:
1 A graph (or undirected graph) G consists of a set V of
vertices and a set E of edges such that each edge e ∈ E is
associated with an unordered pair of vertices.
2 A directed graph (digraph) G consists of a set V of
vertices and a set E of edges such that each edge e ∈ E is
associated with an ordered pair of vertices.
Graph Theory contd...

Discrete
Mathematics
Graph Theory

Dr. Nelson K.
Bii

Note:
(a) An edge in a graph (directed or undirected ) that is
associated with a pair of vertices say v and w is said to be
incident on v and w ; and v and w are said to be incident
on e and to be adjacent vertices.
(b) If G is a graph (directed or undirected) with vertices V
and edges, E , we write G = (V , E ).
Graph Theory contd...

Discrete
Mathematics
Graphs and Matrices:
Graph Theory
Let G be a graph with vertices v1 , v2 , · · · , vm and edges
Dr. Nelson K.
Bii e1 , e2 , · · · , en , we define:
(a) The Adjacency Matrix of G
Let A = (aij ), be the n × n matrix defined by

1, if {vi , vj }is an edge i.e. vi is adjacent to vj
aij =
0, otherwise

(b) The Incidence Matrix of G


Let M = (mij ), be the m × n matrix defined by

1, if vertex i is incident on the edge ej
mij =
0, otherwise

Then M is the incidence matrix of G .


Graph Theory contd...Examples

Discrete
Mathematics
Graph Theory

Dr. Nelson K.
Example 1:
Bii
Find the adjacency matrix and the incidence matrix for the
graph shown below.
Graph Theory contd...Examples

Discrete
Mathematics
Solution: (i) Adjacency Matrix
Graph Theory Since G has 5 vertices, the adjacency matrix A is a 5 × 5
Dr. Nelson K.
Bii
matrix.

Solution: (ii) Incidence Matrix


Graph Theory contd...Examples

Discrete
Mathematics
Example 2:
Graph Theory Find the adjacency matrix and the incidence matrix for the
Dr. Nelson K.
Bii
following graphs.
(a)
Graph Theory contd...Examples

Discrete
Mathematics
Solution: (a) Adjacency and Incidence Matrices
Graph Theory

Dr. Nelson K.
Bii
Graph Theory contd...Examples

Discrete
Mathematics
Graph Theory Example 2 (b):
Dr. Nelson K.
Bii
Graph Theory contd...Examples

Discrete
Mathematics Solution: (b) Adjacency and Incidence Matrices
Graph Theory

Dr. Nelson K.
Bii
Graph Theory contd...Exercise

Discrete
Mathematics
Graph Theory

Dr. Nelson K.
Exercise:
Bii
(a) Draw a graph with the following incidence matrix.

(b) Find the adjacency matrix for the graph in (a) above.

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