Introduction to arduino Evive and pictoblox

Presented By C.K.Vinodh

CEN
(Centre for Computational Engineering and Networking)

Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Ettimadai,Coimbatore,India

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S.NO CONTENT Page
1 Arduino overview no3
2 Arduino mega pinout 6
3 Power 8
4 Pin maping 9
5 Ardunio mega analog pin sampling rate. 14
6 Resolution 15
7 PWM 16
8 Pictoblox 19
9 Evive 23
10 Evive IOT kit 37
11 sensors 45
12 Arduino blink 46
13 Arduino fade 50
13 Example code for library function 52
14 Evive blink 55
15 Evive Dable and pictoblox light on off 56
17 Evive pwm 65
18 Basic of Electrical and Electronics 69

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 ARDUINO

Overview

The Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board based on

the ATmega2560. It has 54 digital input/output pins (of which 15 can be
used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4 UARTs (hardware serial ports),
a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP
header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power
it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Mega 2560 board
is compatible with most shields designed for the Uno and the former boards
Duemilanove or Diecimila.

The Mega 2560 is an update to the Arduino Mega, which it replaces.

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Getting Started

Find inspiration for your projects with the Mega 2560 board from our tutorial
platform Project Hub.

You can find in the Getting Started with Arduino MEGA2560 Rev 3 section
all the information you need to configure your board, use the Arduino
Software (IDE), and start tinkering with coding and electronics.

From the Tutorials section you can find examples from libraries and built-in
sketches as well other useful information to expand your knowledge of the
Arduino hardware and software.

Need Help?

Check the Arduino Forum for questions about the Arduino Language, or
how to make your own Projects with Arduino. Need any help with your
board please get in touch with the official Arduino User Support as
explained in our Contact Us page.

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Tech specs

MICROCONTROLLER ATmega2560
OPERATING VOLTAGE 5V
INPUT VOLTAGE 7-12V
(RECOMMENDED)
INPUT VOLTAGE (LIMIT) 6-20V
DIGITAL I/O PINS 54 (of which 15 provide
PWM output)
ANALOG INPUT PINS 16
DC CURRENT PER I/O PIN 20 mA
DC CURRENT FOR 3.3V PIN 50 mA
FLASH MEMORY 256 KB of which 8 KB used
by bootloader
SRAM 8 KB
EEPROM 4 KB
CLOCK SPEED 16 MHz
LED_BUILTIN 13
LENGTH 101.52 mm
WIDTH 53.3 mm
WEIGHT 37 g

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Pinout Diagram

Download the full pinout diagram as PDF here.

Learn more

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  ARDUINO DOCSFor the full technical documentation, tutorials
and much more, visit Arduino Docs
FAQs

Programming

The Mega 2560 board can be programmed with the Arduino Software
(IDE). For details, see the reference and tutorials.

The ATmega2560 on the Mega 2560 comes preprogrammed with

a bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an
external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500
protocol (reference, C header files).

You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller
through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header using Arduino
ISP or similar; see these instructions for details.

The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware source
code is available in theArduino repository. The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded
with a DFU bootloader, which can be activated by:

 On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the

board (near the map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2.
 On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2
HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode. You can
then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU
programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you
can use the ISP header with an external programmer (overwriting the
DFU bootloader). See this user-contributed tutorial for more
information.

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Warnings

The Mega 2560 has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's
USB ports from shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide
their own internal protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of protection.
If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically
break the connection until the short or overload is removed.

Power

The Mega 2560 can be powered via the USB connection or with an
external power supply. The power source is selected automatically.

External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter

(wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm
center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can
be inserted in the GND and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.

The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied

with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and
the board may become unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage
regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is
7 to 12 volts.

The power pins are as follows:

 Vin. The input voltage to the board when it's using an external power
source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other
regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or,
if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.

 5V. This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board.
The board can be supplied with power either from the DC power jack
(7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-
12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the
regulator, and can damage your board. We don't advise it.

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  3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum
current draw is 50 mA.

 GND. Ground pins.

 IOREF. This pin on the board provides the voltage reference with
which the microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can
read the IOREF pin voltage and select the appropriate power source
or enable voltage translators on the outputs for working with the 5V or
3.3V.

Memory

The ATmega2560 has 256 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 8
KB is used for the bootloader), 8 KB of SRAM and 4 KB of EEPROM
(which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).

Input and Output

See the mapping between Arduino pins and Atmega2560 ports:

PIN MAPPING ATmega2560

Each of the 54 digital pins on the Mega can be used as an input or output,
using pinMode(),digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at
5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive 20 mA as recommended
operating condition and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by
default) of 20-50 k ohm. A maximum of 40mA is the value that must not be
exceeded to avoid permanent damage to the microcontroller.

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In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX); Serial 1: 19 (RX) and 18 (TX); Serial 2: 17

(RX) and 16 (TX); Serial 3: 15 (RX) and 14 (TX). Used to receive (RX)
and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. Pins 0 and 1 are also connected to
the corresponding pins of the ATmega16U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.

 External Interrupts: 2 (interrupt 0), 3 (interrupt 1), 18 (interrupt 5), 19

(interrupt 4), 20 (interrupt 3), and 21 (interrupt 2). These pins can be
configured to trigger an interrupt on a low level, a rising or falling
edge, or a change in level. See the attachInterrupt() function for
details.

 PWM: 2 to 13 and 44 to 46. Provide 8-bit PWM output with

the analogWrite() function.

 SPI: 50 (MISO), 51 (MOSI), 52 (SCK), 53 (SS). These pins support

SPI communication using theSPI library. The SPI pins are also
broken out on the ICSP header, which is physically compatible with
the Arduino /Genuino Uno and the old Duemilanove and Diecimila
Arduino boards.

 LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the
pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

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  TWI: 20 (SDA) and 21 (SCL). Support TWI communication using
the Wire library. Note that these pins are not in the same location as
the TWI pins on the old Duemilanove or Diecimila Arduino boards.

See also the mapping Arduino Mega 2560 PIN diagram.

The Mega 2560 has 16 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of
resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground
to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using
the AREF pin and analogReference() function.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:

 AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with

analogReference().
 Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used
to add a reset button to shields which block the one on the board.

Communication

The Mega 2560 board has a number of facilities for communicating with a
computer, another board, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega2560
provides four hardware UARTs for TTL (5V) serial communication. An
ATmega16U2 (ATmega 8U2 on the revision 1 and revision 2 boards) on
the board channels one of these over USB and provides a virtual com port
to software on the computer (Windows machines will need a .inf file, but
OSX and Linux machines will recognize the board as a COM port
automatically. The Arduino Software (IDE) includes a serial monitor which
allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the board. The RX and TX
LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the
ATmega8U2/ATmega16U2 chip and USB connection to the computer (but
not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).

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A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the
Mega 2560's digital pins.

The Mega 2560 also supports TWI and SPI communication. The Arduino
Software (IDE) includes a Wire library to simplify use of the TWI bus; see
the documentation for details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library.

Physical Characteristics and Shield Compatibility

The maximum length and width of the Mega 2560 PCB are 4 and 2.1
inches respectively, with the USB connector and power jack extending
beyond the former dimension. Three screw holes allow the board to be
attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7
and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the
other pins.

The Mega 2560 is designed to be compatible with most shields designed

for the Uno and the older Diecimila or Duemilanove Arduino boards. Digital
pins 0 to 13 (and the adjacent AREF and GND pins), analog inputs 0 to 5,
the power header, and ICSP header are all in equivalent locations.
Furthermore, the main UART (serial port) is located on the same pins (0
and 1), as are external interrupts 0 and 1 (pins 2 and 3 respectively). SPI is
available through the ICSP header on both the Mega 2560 and
Duemilanove / Diecimila boards. Please note that I2C is not located on the
same pins on the Mega 2560 board (20 and 21) as the Duemilanove /
Diecimila boards (analog inputs 4 and 5).

Automatic (Software) Reset

Rather then requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload,
the Mega 2560 is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software
running on a connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines
(DTR) of the ATmega8U2 is connected to the reset line of the
ATmega2560 via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted
(taken low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino
Software (IDE) uses this capability to allow you to upload code by simply
pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment. This means that the
bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be well-
coordinated with the start of the upload.

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This setup has other implications. When the Mega 2560 board is connected
to either a computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a
connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the following half-
second or so, the bootloader is running on the ATMega2560. While it is
programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of
new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after
a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board receives one-time
configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the software
with which it communicates waits a second after opening the connection
and before sending this data.

The Mega 2560 board contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-
reset. The pads on either side of the trace can be soldered together to re-
enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may also be able to disable the
auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line;
see this forum thread for details.

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 Ardunio mega analog pin sampling rate.

For a 16 MHz Arduino the ADC clock is set to 16 MHz/128 = 125 KHz.
Each conversion in AVR takes 13 ADC clocks so 125 KHz /13 = 9615 Hz.
That is the maximum possible sampling rate, but the actual sampling rate in
your application depends on the interval between successive
conversions calls.

The sampling frequency or sampling rate, fs, is the average number of

samples obtained in one second, thus fs = 1/T. Its units are samples per
second or hertz e.g. 48 kHz is 48,000 samples per second.

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 What is resolution?

Resolution in this context refers to the conversion of an analog voltage to a

digital value in a computer (and vice versa). A computer is a digital
machine and thus stores a number as a series of ones and zeroes. If you
are storing a digital 2-bit number you can store 4 different values: 00, 01,
10, or 11. Now, say you have a device which converts an analog voltage
between 0 and 10 volts into a 2-bit digital value for storage in a computer.
This device will give digital values as follows:
Voltage 2-Bit Digital Representation

0 to 2.500
2.5 to 501
5 to 7.510
7.5 to 10 11
So in this example, the 2-bit digital value can represent 4 different
numbers, and the voltage input range of 0 to 10 volts is divided into 4
pieces giving a voltage resolution of 2.5 volts per bit. A 3-bit digital value
can represent 8 (23) different numbers. A 12-bit digital value can represent
4096 (212) different numbers. A 16-bit digital value can represent 65536
(216) different numbers. It might occur to you at this point that a digital
input could be thought of as a 1-bit analog to digital converter. Low
voltages give a 0 and high voltages give a 1.

analogRead()
[Analog I/O]

Description

Reads the value from the specified analog pin. Arduino boards contain a
multichannel, 10-bit analog to digital converter. This means that it will map
input voltages between 0 and the operating voltage(5V or 3.3V) into
integer values between 0 and 1023. On an Arduino UNO, for example,
this yields a resolution between readings of: 5 volts / 1024 units or, 0.0049
volts (4.9 mV) per unit. See the table below for the usable pins, operating
voltage and maximum resolution for some Arduino boards.

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The input range can be changed using analogReference(), while the
resolution can be changed (only for Zero, Due and MKR boards)
using analogReadResolution().

On ATmega based boards (UNO, Nano, Mini, Mega), it takes about 100
microseconds (0.0001 s) to read an analog input, so the maximum
reading rate is about 10,000 times a second.

OPERATING USABLE MAX

BOARD
VOLTAGE PINS RESOLUTION

Uno 5 Volts A0 to A5 10 bits

Mini, Nano 5 Volts A0 to A7 10 bits
Mega,Mega2560,
5 Volts A0 to A14 10 bits
MegaADK
Micro 5 Volts A0 to A11* 10 bits
Leonardo 5 Volts A0 to A11* 10 bits
Zero 3.3 Volts A0 to A5 12 bits**

Due 3.3 Volts A0 to A11 12 bits**

MKR Family boards 3.3 Volts A0 to A6 12 bits**

*A0 through A5 are labelled on the board, A6 through A11 are

respectively available on pins 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, and 12
**The default analogRead() resolution for these boards is 10 bits, for
compatibility. You need to use analogReadResolution() to change it to 12
bits.

PWM

The Fading example demonstrates the use of analog output (PWM)

to fade an LED. It is available in the File->Sketchbook->Examples-
>Analog menu of the Arduino software.

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Pulse Width Modulation, or PWM, is a technique for getting analog
results with digital means. Digital control is used to create a square
wave, a signal switched between on and off. This on-off pattern
can simulate voltages in between the full Vcc of the board (e.g.,5V
on Uno, 3.3 V on a MKR board) and off (0 Volts) by changing the
portion of the time the signal spends on versus the time that the
signal spends off. The duration of "on time" is called the pulse
width. To get varying analog values, you change, or modulate, that
pulse width. If you repeat this on-off pattern fast enough with an
LED for example, the result is as if the signal is a steady voltage
between 0 and Vcc controlling the brightness of the LED.

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 PWM

In the graphic below, the green lines represent a regular time

period. This duration or period is the inverse of the PWM
frequency. In other words, with Arduino's PWM frequency at about
500Hz, the green lines would measure 2 milliseconds each. A call
to analogWrite() is on a scale of 0 - 255, such that
analogWrite(255) requests a 100% duty cycle (always on), and
analogWrite(127) is a 50% duty cycle (on half the time) for
example.

Once you get this example running, grab your arduino and shake it
back and forth. What you are doing here is essentially mapping
time across the space. To our eyes, the movement blurs each LED
blink into a line. As the LED fades in and out, those little lines will
grow and shrink in length. Now you are seeing the pulse width.

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 Pictoblox

Installing
https://thestempedia.com/tutorials/getting-started-pictoblox

Getting started
https://thestempedia.com/tutorials/getting-started-pictoblox

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PictoBlox, like Scratch, has the following basic elements:
1. Sprites
2. Stage
3. Blocks
4. Script
Sprites

A sprite is an object, or a character, which performs different actions in the

projects. It understands and obeys the instructions given to it. The bear you
see in the image is a sprite. His name is Tobi. He will be your coding buddy
in PictoBlox!

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A sprite has costumes, which are one of the many appearances of the
sprite. Some sprites have multiple costumes, and you’ll use blocks to
perform actions.

Stage

The stage is the area where the sprite performs actions according to your
program. The stage has its own scripts and sounds. You can decorate the
stage using images; these images are called backdrops. You can choose
a backdrop from PictoBlox’s inbuilt library, paint one yourself, upload an
image from your computer or even click a picture.

Script

A script is a program or a code in PictoBlox/Scratch lingo. It is a set of

‘blocks’ that are arranged below one another in a specific order to perform
a task or a series of tasks. You can write multiple scripts all of which can
then run simultaneously. You can write the scripts only in the scripting area
which is in the center of the screen.
Blocks

A block is like a jigsaw puzzle piece that is used to write programs by

simply dragging and dropping them below one another in the scripting area.
Using blocks to write codes eliminates the errors that might occur while
writing codes in traditional programming languages.
Block Palette

The block palette is under the Code tab. It consists of different palettes
such as Motion, Sound, and Control. Each palette has different blocks that
perform functions specified by the palette name. E.g., the blocks in the
Motion palette will control the motion of the sprite and the blocks in the
Control palette will control the working of the script depending on specific
conditions.
There are other varieties of block palettes that can be loaded from the Add
Extension button located at the left bottom.

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Modes

PictoBlox has two modes:

1. Stage Mode: In this mode, you can write scripts for the sprite and
boards like evive to interact with sprites in real-time. If you disconnect
the board with Pictoblox, you cannot interact anymore.
2. Upload Mode: This mode allows you to write scripts and upload it to
the board so that you can use even when it is not connected to your
computer, for example, you need to upload a script for making moving
robots.

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 EVIVE

Features

23
Power Module
evive has its own inbuilt Li-ion 2200mAh battery, giving it portability and
durability. It can also be powered externally by a USB wall charger, power
bank, DC wall adapter, laptops and >12V batteries. These inputs have
reverse polarity, overvoltage and overcurrent protection to protect you and
your evive in the event of any mistakes. evive also has a host of power
output ports, with a fixed 5V/3A supply, fixed 3.3V/0.8A supply and a
tunable voltage supply from 1.25 – 30V/3A.

Power Switch

Internal Battery

Power Input

5V Output

Variable Voltage Output

LED Indicators
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Reverse Polarity Protection

Overcurrent Protection

Overvoltage Protection

Hardware Interaction
With two knob potentiometers, 2 tactile switches, 2 slide switches, a 5-way
navigation key and 12 capacitive touch inputs, evive makes it incredibly
easy to interact with your projects without any messy circuits.

Knob Potentiometer

25
Tactile Switches

Slide Switches

5-way Navigation Key

12 Capacitive Touch Inputs

Plug and Play Hardware Interface

Direct outputs for running DC motors, stepper motors, pneumatics, relays
and servos (for low current consuming hardware approx. 1A) make it as
easy as plugging in your device into evive and directly playing with it using
the hardware interaction module. For controlling high current consuming
devices, it has 2 ports with signal outputs to control your motor drivers.

DC Motor

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DC Motor Driver

Servo Motor

Stepper Motor

Relay

Pnuematics

Modes of Feedback
evive has multi-modal feedback, both visual and auditory. The 1.8” TFT
screen with 18-bit colour and a resolution of 160x128px displays the menu
27
which controls evive, but can be programmed according to your custom
needs. It has 1 single-colour and 2 dual-colour programmable LEDs, along
with fixed LEDs for serial communication, power indication and battery
charging status. The auditory mode consists of a 2k-10kHz piezo buzzer.

Piezo Buzzer

TFT Screen

Programmable LEDs

Data Aquisition Module

evive has a precise data acquisition module, with 2 24-bit ADCs capable of
voltage sensing (voltmeter) up to +/- 30V with 10mV accuracy, and current
sensing (ammeter) up to +/- 3A with 3mA accuracy, at a maximum sensing
frequency of 75 kHz. With the on-board real-time clock, it can log data with
timestamps, and store it in an SD card or transmit it via serial or Bluetooth.

28
Real Time Clock

Ammeter (-3A to +3A)

Voltmeter (-5V to +5V)

Voltmeter (-30V to +30V)

2 Channels

24-bit ADC

SD Card Adapter

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Mini Oscilloscope
evive can be used as mini oscilloscope to visualize voltage and current
measurements. Is has lots of function like scaling voltage level, time scaling
to see the reading in better way, trigger to start the measurement at some
set value, scanning modes like single or continuous, offset, save readings
to SD card and send data to computer.

2 Channels

Time Scaling

Upto 1kHz Frequency

Send Data over USB

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Internet of Things
The IoT hub contains ports for the ESP-8266, HC-05 and XBee modules,
which provides WiFi, Bluetooth and RF connectivity. The modules can be
plugged in directly and used.

Bluetooth (HC05)

Wi-Fi ESP8266)

XBee

Menu Interface (evive Firmware)

31
evive offers a novel way of interacting with your hardware and code, via the
menu-interface displayed on the TFT screen and controlled using the 5-
way switch. The pre-defined menu functionality includes driving motors and
servos, data sensing and mini-oscilloscope, serial monitor, data logging,
function generator and pin states. Users can also add their own functions
easily and access them through the user defined functions submenu.

Multiple User Programs

TFT Serial Monitor

Status Indicator

Plug and Play Controls

Current and Voltage Sensing

Pin State Monitor

32
Beta Function Generator
evive is also a mini-function generator with a 12-bit DAC and an IIC
interface. The pre-defined menu offers generation of sine, square,
triangular and sawtooth waves upto 530 Hz and 2.5V amplitude.

Sine Wave

Triangular Wave

Square Wave

Saw-tooth Wave

33
Arduino Core Interface
The Magic Lid gives access to the entire Arduino Uno pinout which can be
used for Uno shields. 28 Digital I/O, 10 Analog In, 15 PWM and 6 interrupt
pins are accessible through the Magic Lid. The MEGA’s SPI, IIC and TTL
interfaces are also available. evive also has two 3.3V digital I/O for your
3.3V CMOS logic level devices.

Digital I/O Pins

Analog Input Pins

PWM Pins

Interrupt Pins

34
Serial Pins

3.3V CMOS

Uno Sheild Stack

IIC

SPI

Physical
evive is compact, light-weight and drop-safe. VESA-compatible 75mm
mounting holes are provided to mount evive wherever you need. Although
35
evive has a mini-breadboard inside its magic lid for small circuits, you can
attach your regular-size breadboards to evive by the breadboard mounts
provided.

Size

Weight

Mount Holes

Cooling Vents

Breadborad Mount

36
 What you get with evive IoT Kit?

1 X evive (without internal battery)

1 x 3.7V 2600mAh Lithium Ion Battery

1 x Flathead Screwdriver

5 x M3 Bolts of 12mm length (VESA Mounting)

37
2 x Light Dependent Resistors

1 x DC to Terminal Block

1 x HC05 Bluetooth Module

1 x ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module

38
4 x 5V Relay

1 x PIR Motion Sensor

1 x Temperature Sensor DHT11

1 x Soil Moisture Sensor

39
1m x Feeder Pipe

2 x Drip Emitter

2 x T Connector

2 x Emitter Stakes

40
1 x Teflon Tape

1 x Bulb Holder Assembly

1 x Water Pump 12V 3 W

1 x 12V 2A Power Adapter

41
1 x EU-US Converter (Provided on Request)

EU-AU Converter (Provided on Request)

Jumper Cables: 25 X Male to Male Jumper Cable | 25 X Male to Female

Jumper Cable | 25 X Female to Female Jumper Cable

42
Multiple Programming Platforms
Compatible with several of hobbyists’ favorite programming platforms like
the Arduino IDE, PictoBlox, MATLAB, and Python among others.

43
 SENSORS
sensor is a device that produces an output signal for the purpose of
sensing a physical phenomenon.
In the broadest definition, a sensor is a device, module, machine, or
subsystem that detects events or changes in its environment and sends the
information to other electronics, frequently a computer processor. Sensors
are always used with other electronics.
A sensor's sensitivity indicates how much its output changes when the
input quantity it measures changes. For instance, if the mercury in a
thermometer moves 1 cm when the temperature changes by 1 °C, its
sensitivity is 1 cm/°C (it is basically the slope dy/dx assuming a linear
characteristic).

Sensor deviations.
Since sensors cannot replicate an ideal transfer function, several types of
deviations can occur which limit sensor accuracy:

 Since the range of the output signal is always limited, the output signal
will eventually reach a minimum or maximum when the measured
property exceeds the limits. The full scale range defines the maximum
and minimum values of the measured property
 The sensitivity may in practice differ from the value specified. This is
called a sensitivity error. This is an error in the slope of a linear transfer
function.
 If the output signal differs from the correct value by a constant, the
sensor has an offset error or bias.
 Nonlinearity is deviation of a sensor's transfer function from a straight
line transfer function. Usually, this is defined by the amount the output
differs from ideal behavior over the full range of the sensor, often noted
as a percentage of the full range.
 Deviation caused by rapid changes of the measured property over time
is a dynamic error. Often, this behavior is described with a bode
plot showing sensitivity error and phase shift as a function of the
frequency of a periodic input signal.
 If the output signal slowly changes independent of the measured
property, this is defined as drift. Long term drift over months or years is
caused by physical changes in the sensor.

44
 Noise is a random deviation of the signal that varies in time.
 A hysteresis error causes the output value to vary depending on the
previous input values. If a sensor's output is different depending on
whether a specific input value was reached by increasing vs. decreasing
the input, then the sensor has a hysteresis error.
 If the sensor has a digital output, the output is essentially an
approximation of the measured property. This error is also
called quantization error.
 If the signal is monitored digitally, the sampling frequency can cause a
dynamic error, or if the input variable or added noise changes
periodically at a frequency near a multiple of the sampling
rate, aliasing errors may occur.
 The sensor may to some extent be sensitive to properties other than the
property being measured. For example, most sensors are influenced by
the temperature of their environment.
All these deviations can be classified as systematic errors or random
errors. Systematic errors can sometimes be compensated for by means of
some kind of calibration strategy. Noise is a random error that can be
reduced by signal processing, such as filtering, usually at the expense of
the dynamic behavior of the sensor.

Resolution
The sensor resolution or measurement resolution is the smallest change
that can be detected in the quantity that it is being measured. The
resolution of a sensor with a digital output is usually the numerical
resolution of the digital output. The resolution is related to the precision with
which the measurement is made, but they are not the same thing. A
sensor's accuracy may be considerably worse than its resolution.

What type of sensors we use is the sensors that convert physical

parameters to electrical signals

45
 Arduino blink and the Fade

Bread board connection

46
 Schematic diagram

Understanding the circuit

From LED data sheet maximum LED current = 30 mA

Optimum = 20 mA = 0.02 A
Voltage = 5V
Forward Voltage drop across LED =2 V
Voltage across resistor = 5 – 2 = 3 V (Kirchhoff voltage law)
We know by ohms law V = I * R
So our resistor should be R = 3 / 0.02 = 150 ohm

47
We know the Power P = V * I
So resistor power drop is 3 V * 0.02 A = 0.06 W
So we can choose a 0.25 W resistor

3V

2V

Blink code

// the setup function runs once when you press reset or power the board
void setup() {
// initialize digital pin LED_BUILTIN as an output.
pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
}

48
// the loop function runs over and over again forever
void loop() {
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the
voltage level)
delay(1000); // wait for a second
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the
voltage LOW
delay(1000); // wait for a second
}

49
 Fade

// Variable Declaration
int led = 9; // the PWM pin the LED is attached to
int brightness = 0; // how bright the LED is
int fadeAmount = 5; // how many points to fade the LED by

// the setup routine runs once when you press reset:

void setup() {
// declare pin 9 to be an output:
pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
}

// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:

void loop() {
// set the brightness of pin 9:
analogWrite(led, brightness);

// change the brightness for next time through the loop:

brightness = brightness + fadeAmount;

// reverse the direction of the fading at the ends of the fade:

if (brightness <= 0 || brightness >= 255) {
fadeAmount = -fadeAmount;

50
 }
// wait for 30 milliseconds to see the dimming effect
delay(30);
}

51
 Example code for library function

/*
LiquidCrystal Library - Hello World

Demonstrates the use a 16x2 LCD display. The LiquidCrystal

library works with all LCD displays that are compatible with the
Hitachi HD44780 driver. There are many of them out there, and you
can usually tell them by the 16-pin interface.

This sketch prints "Hello World!" to the LCD

and shows the time.

The circuit:
* LCD RS pin to digital pin 12
* LCD Enable pin to digital pin 11
* LCD D4 pin to digital pin 5
* LCD D5 pin to digital pin 4
* LCD D6 pin to digital pin 3
* LCD D7 pin to digital pin 2
* LCD R/W pin to ground
* LCD VSS pin to ground
* LCD VCC pin to 5V
* 10K resistor:

52
* ends to +5V and ground
* wiper to LCD VO pin (pin 3)

*/

// include the library code:

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

// initialize the library by associating any needed LCD interface pin

// with the arduino pin number it is connected to
const int rs = 12, en = 11, d4 = 5, d5 = 4, d6 = 3, d7 = 2;
LiquidCrystal lcd(rs, en, d4, d5, d6, d7);

void setup() {
// set up the LCD's number of columns and rows:
lcd.begin(16, 2);
// Print a message to the LCD.
lcd.print("hello, world!");
}

void loop() {
// set the cursor to column 0, line 1
// (note: line 1 is the second row, since counting begins with 0):
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

53
 // print the number of seconds since reset:
lcd.print(millis() / 1000);
}

54
 Evive Blink

//This c++ code is generated by PictoBlox

#include <evive.h>

void setup() {
//put your setup code here, to run once:
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);

void loop() {
//put your main code here, to run repeatedly:

digitalWrite(13, true);
delay(1 * 1000);
digitalWrite(13, false);
delay(1 * 1000);
}

55
 Evive, Dabble and pictoblox Light on off

Relay driver circuit

56
57
HC-05 pinout, specifications, datasheet and HC05 Evive
connection
HC-05 Bluetooth module is a Bluetooth to serial converter that connects microcontrollers
(like Arduino) to other Bluetooth enabled devices. HC-05 pinout and specifications are given
below.

HC-05 Pinout with Description:

PIN NO. Pin Name Pin Description

This pin is used to bring the Bluetooth module in AT commands

mode. By default, this pin operates in data mode. The Key/EN pin
1. KEY/En should be high to operate Bluetooth in command mode. In HC-05,
the default baud speed in command mode is 38400bps and 9600 in
data mode.

58
2. VCC Used to power the Bluetooth module. Give 5V / 3.3 V to this Pin.

3. GND The ground pin of the module

Connect this pin with the RXD pin of the Microcontroller. This pin
transmits Serial data (wireless signals received by the Bluetooth
4. TXD
module are converted by module and transmitted out serially on this
pin)

Connect this pin to the TXD pin of the Microcontroller. The HC-05
5. RXD Bluetooth module receives the data from this pin and then transmits
it wirelessly.

It is used to check if the module is connected or not. It acts as a

6. STATE
status indicator.

HC-05 Specifications

59
 Bluetooth protocol: Bluetooth Specification v2.0+EDR (Enhanced Data Rate)
 Frequency: 2.4GHz ISM band
 Modulation: GFSK (Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying)
 Emission power: ≤4dBm, Class 2
 Sensitivity: ≤-84dBm at 0.1% BER
 Speed: Asynchronous communication: 2.1Mbps (Max) / 160 kbps, Synchronous
communication: 1Mbps/1Mbps
 Security: Authentication and encryption
 Profiles: Bluetooth serial port
 Supply Voltage: +3.3V to 6.0 V
 Supply Current: 30mA
 Working temperature: -20 ~ +75Centigrade
 Dimension: 26.9mm x 13mm x 2.2 mm
 HC-05 Bluetooth module follows the IEEE 802.15.1 standardized protocol, through
which one can build a wireless Personal Area Network (PAN). It uses frequency-
hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) radio technology to send data over the air.

60
61
62
63
//This c++ code is generated by PictoBlox
#include <evive.h>

//Included Libraries
#include <Dabble.h>

void setup() {
//put your setup code here, to run once:
Dabble.begin(115200);
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);

void loop() {
//put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
Dabble.processInput();

if(Terminal.compareString("light on")) {
digitalWrite(13, false);
}
if(Terminal.compareString("light off")) {
digitalWrite(13, true);
}
}

64
Pulse width modulation

65
66
67
//This c++ code is generated by PictoBlox

#include <evive.h>

void setup() {
//put your setup code here, to run once:
pinMode(9, INPUT);
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);

void loop() {
//put your main code here, to run repeatedly:

analogWrite(13, (analogRead(9) / 3));

}

68
 Basics of Electrical and Electronics

Voltage

According to structure of an atom, we know that there are two types of

charges: positive and negative. A force of attraction exists between these
positive and negative charges. Certain amount energy (work) is required to
overcome the force and move the charges to a specified distance. All
opposite charges possess a certain amount of potential energy because of
separation between them. The difference in potential energy of charges is
called potential difference.
Potential difference in electrical terminology is known as
voltage, and is denoted by V. It is denoted by watt (W) per unit charge (Q)

i.e. V

or V
where dw is the small change in energy
and dq is the small change in charge.
Where energy (W) is expressed in joules (J), charge (Q) in coulombs (C),
and voltage in (V). One volt is the potential difference between two points
when one joule of energy is used to pass one coulomb of charge from one
point to another.

69
 Current

There are free electrons available in all semiconductor and conductive

materials. These free electrons move random in all directions within the
structure in the absence of external pressure or voltage. If a certain amount
of pressure is applied across the material, all the free electrons move in
one direction depeding on the polarity of the applied voltage as shown in
the figure.

- V +

The movement of electrons from one end of the material to other end of the
material constitute an electrical current denoted by I. The conventional
direction of current flow is opposite to the flow of – ve charges
i.e. the electrons.

Current is defined as the rate of flow of electrons in a conductive or semi

conductive material. It is measured by the number of electrons that flow
past a point in a unit time.

70
Expressed mathematically I

Where I is the current, Q is the charge of electrons and t is the time or

I
where dq is small change in charge of electrons and dt is small change in
the time.

In practice unit ampere is used to measure current, denoted by A. One

ampere is equal to one coulomb per second. One coulomb is the charge
carried by 6.25 * electrons.

71
Power and Energy

Energy is the capacity for doing work. i.e. energy is nothing but stored
work. Energy may exist in so many forms such as mechanical, chemical,
electrical and so on. Power is the rate of change of energy, and is denoted
by P. If certain amount of energy is used over a certain length of time then

P= = *

= V * I = VI W
Energy is measured in joules (J), time in seconds (s), and
power in watts (W).

By definition one watt is the amount of power generated

when one joule of energy is consumed in one second.
Thus no joules consumed in one second is always equal
to number of watts.

72