Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

The National Engineering University
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan Batangas City, Philippines 4200
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts

NARRATIVE REPORT

“MOTOR AND GENERATOR”

Submitted by:
Group 1
Abril, Ivan Rei U. (21-08584)
Arce, Jimmuel Jon - (21-02528)
Beronio, Allan Jr. S. (21-00112)
Comia, John Lloyd B. (21-02284)
Flores, Leandro Miguel D. (21-00531)
Manalo, Lawrence S. (21-06590)
Navarro, Kim M. (21-02828)
Rosales, Irish Nicole V. (21-08593)
EE-2203

Submitted to:
Engr. Ma. Angela Therese G. Roxas
Instructor

Date of Submission
March 16, 2023
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan Batangas City, Philippines 4200
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts

Electricity does not exist in any form in nature. and obtaining electricity has to be
generated using other forms of energy such as solar, wind, hydro, thermal, atom, etc.
Photovoltaic cells help us capture sunlight energy, and generators convert mechanical power
available in other forms to electricity. Subsequently, we can get mechanical power from wind,
flowing water, and steam with the help of turbines. Motors, on the other hand, are used to
convert electrical power back into mechanical power. Electric machines are, in essence, devices
that convert mechanical energy to electrical energy and vice versa.

Electrical machines are associated with numerous branches, concepts, and types; however
for this narrative report, the focus will be on electric motors and electric generators. Electric
motors and generators have undergone several changes since they were first developed in the
1740s based on the electrostatics concept and are now often known as universal motors.
Although they have comparable hardware needs, a motor and a generator operate differently.
Today, almost every electrical appliance uses motors and generators, which have become the
basic electrical tools. The power source, kind of winding, whether it has brush or brushless, and
whether it is air-cooled or water-cooled, all affect how different a motor and generator are from
one another.

I. The Motor
Firstly, let's discuss the Electrical Motor. The Electrical Motor is an electromechanical
device capable of transforming electric power into mechanical power and producing rotational
force. An electric motor works through the principle of electromagnetism, in which the working
of these motors depends on the interaction of the field at the stator with the flux generated by the
current armature windings at the rotor. Additionally, its working principle abides by the rule that,
if a current-carrying conductor is put into the field and force is applied to that conductor.
Moreover, to find the direction of the forces, we can use the left-hand rule of Fleming. And in
the case of a motor current-carrying conductor, there will be a rotor of the motor and the
magnetic field of the pole can be found on the stator.

A motor is composed of many different parts that let it function, and one such part of the
motor is called the Stator. The stator is the stationary part of a motor and may contain windings
or a permanent magnet, it also protects the internal structure of the motor from outer
environment conditions.
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan Batangas City, Philippines 4200
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts

The next part of the motor is the Rotor. The Rotor is the moving part in the
electromagnetic system of the electric motor wherein the rotation of this can occur because of the
interaction between magnetic fields and the windings that generate torque in the region of the
axis. Furthermore, a rotor can be used to assess the performance of all electric motor parts at any
given time, this is because it delivers the end-product of electromechanical conversion, which is
mechanical energy.

We also have Commutators, that is considered electric switch, that operates using a rotary
mechanism, to control the flow of current in the windings of an electric motor which in turn is
used to reverse the direction of current in the Rotor to maintain a repulsive force between the
rotor and stator poles moreover, it is one of the most important electric motor parts, as it
determines how effectively electricity will be converted to mechanical energy.

Then, we also have Windings, which are coiled wires that usually surround a metallic
core made from ferromagnetic material like iron or silica steel. The role of windings in an
electric motor is to create magnetic fields or help in the creation of magnetic poles. These fields
may either emanate from a permanent magnet or electric current, through the electromagnetic
effect. Windings are considered an important part as they initiate the magnetic conditions which
are required to operate the motor. They also act as inlets for the electric current which is needed
directly or indirectly by all electric motor parts.

Meanwhile, Bearings support the rotor and shaft of an electric motor, allowing them to
rotate with minimal resistance and its presence limits the effect of friction on the motor, thereby
minimizing energy losses. This makes it possible to transfer the mechanical energy from the
rotor to the load, with efficiency and effectiveness. In addition to minimizing friction, bearings
support the body or casing of the electric motor. Effectiveness of bearings depends on design,
composition, environmental conditions and load.

After that, we also have the insulation. The role of insulation in an electric motor is to
minimize electric interference and short-circuitry which can impede the performance of the
motor. Insulation can be attached to various electric motor parts that are involved in the transfer
and/or conversion of electric current. Such parts include the laminated core of the rotor and
stator, as well as the windings. Paper, resins, rubber, varnish, enamel, mica, glass fiber, etc. are
used as insulators.
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan Batangas City, Philippines 4200
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts

Then, the casing is an external component whose main role is to protect other electric
motor parts like the stator and rotor. Essentially, the casing acts as a boundary between the
internal structure of the electric motor, and the external environment, and mitigates the effect of
physicochemical factors like humidity and temperature, on the performance of the motor.

Next, another important component of a motor is called the brush, which is a primary
example of electric motor parts designated solely for current conduction. Brushes are required
chiefly because of the need to transfer current from a stationary source, to mobile components
and usually made from graphite, copper or any other material that suits the thermodynamic and
electrical requirements of the motor. Essentially, brushes act as a bridge to conduct electricity
from the supply source to the rotor.

And apart from that there are also Terminals that are the supply points for current inflow
to the electric motor. Their role is to supply and transfer AC or DC current from the source like
generator or a battery to the electric motor parts such as rotor, stator, brushes, commutator, etc.
where this current is required. The operational power is supplied to motors through their
terminals.

Types of motor
Motors are categorized in a number of types based on the input supply, construction and
principle of operation. Most motors described in the guide spin on an axis, but there are also
specialty motors that move linearly. Mainly, an electric motor has two types and they are AC
motor and DC motor.

1. AC Motor
An AC motor uses an alternating current to convert electrical energy into mechanical
energy through the use of a stator and a coil that are both powered by alternating current. The
stator is the motor's stationary component, and the rotor is its revolving component. AC motors
can be single- or three-phase, with three-phase motors typically being used for converting large
amounts of electricity. Small power conversions employ single phase AC motors. It is classified
into three types namely linear motor, synchronous motor and induction motor.

Linear motor has its unrolled stator and rotor. It produces a linear force along its length
instead of the rotational torque (force). Similar to rotary servo motors, linear motors are powered
by an AC power supply and servo controller. To generate a magnetic field, the linear motor's
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan Batangas City, Philippines 4200
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts

primary component is wired to the power source. Each coil's polarity can be altered by adjusting
the current phase in the coils. Mostly linear motors are used on sliding doors and in actuators.

Figure 1.1: Linear Motor

Synchronous motor changes the alternating current into mechanical power at the desired
frequency. In this motor, the speed of the motor is synchronized with the AC frequency. The
rotation of the rotor is synchronized with the frequency of the supply current and the speed stays
constant under varying loads, making it suitable for moving equipment at a constant speed and
used in high precision positioning devices such as robots, instrumentation, machines and process
control.

Figure 1.2: Synchronous Motor

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan Batangas City, Philippines 4200
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts

Induction motor or an asynchronous motor runs with asynchronous speed. This type of
engine uses electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding to produce
an electric current in the rotor and therefore in the torque. In residential, commercial, and
industrial settings, induction motors have been utilized the most commonly.

Figure 1.3: Induction Motor

They are the most common type of AC motor and are important in the industry due to
their load capacity. Given their versatility, these motors are a good power source for many
applications.
2. DC Motor
A DC motor, also known as a direct current motor, is a type of electrical device that uses
direct current to generate a magnetic field that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
A magnetic field is produced in the stator of a DC motor when it is powered. Magnets on the
rotor are attracted to and forced away by the field, which rotates the rotor. The commutator,
which is connected to brushes and the power source, supplies current to the motor's wire
windings in order to keep the rotor turning continuously. It is classified into two types namely
self excited motor and separately excited motors.

Self excited motors have an armature and field coil that is connected in series or partly
series, in parallel or partly parallel. They also have a single source of power. The armature and
field coil of self-excited DC motors are linked in series or partly in series, parallel or partly in
parallel, respectively. They only have one power source as well.
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan Batangas City, Philippines 4200
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts

Figure 1.4: Self Excited Motor

Separately excited motor is a motor whose field circuit is supplied from a separate
constant-voltage power supply. The armature and field windings get the primary supply in
distinct amounts. The main characteristic that sets these types of DC motors apart is that the field
windings are driven by a separate external DC supply, preventing the armature current from
flowing across them.

Figure 1.5: Separately Excited Motor

II. The Generator
Aside from the motor, we also have the generator which is a machine that transforms
chemical or mechanical energy from fuel sources into electricity for use in an external circuit.
Mechanical energy sources include things like steam turbines, gas turbines, water turbines,
internal combustion engines, wind turbines, and even hand cranks. British physicist Michael
Faraday created the Faraday disk in 1831, the first electromagnetic generator. About all of the
electricity needed by power grids is produced by generators.
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan Batangas City, Philippines 4200
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts

Together with electromechanical designs, photovoltaic and fuel cell driven generators use
solar energy and hydrogen-based fuels, respectively, to produce electricity.

Electromagnetic generators are classified into two types: dynamos and alternators.
Dynamos - An older term for a generator that produces direct current electricity is dynamo.
Electrons are only sent in one direction by DC power. For a straightforward generator, the issue
is that as the rotor turns, the current is finally reversed. Because alternating current is more
difficult to control and construct motors and lights for, early innovators had no idea what to do
with it. The commutator was created by early inventors as a means of capturing only the
generator's positive energy. The commutator is a switch that only permits one direction of current
flow.
Alternators - The engine's front contains alternators that are powered by the crankshaft. There are
several styles and sorts. Alternators in power plants powered by steam turbines are referred to as
turbo-alternators, while those with permanent magnets providing magnetic fields are known as
magnetos. Nonetheless, charging the electrical equipment in any mechanical application is the
main purpose of alternators.
The pulley on the alternator is driven by a separate drive belt in older automobiles. However, a
single belt or a serpentine belt powers all of the moving parts in modern automobiles instead of
the crankshaft. The majority of alternators are mounted using a bracket that fastens to the engine
at a certain location. The drive belt can be appropriately tightened using the adjustable bracket,
while the other bracket is set in place.

Mechanically, a generator is made up of a spinning component and a stationary component that

work together to generate a magnetic circuit:

Stator: The main distinction between the stator and rotor is that the stator is regarded as the
motor's static component. A frame, a winding, and a static core make up the stator. Although this
is only true for motors up to 22 kW, the housing or frame of the stator is composed of aluminum.
For the higher output motors, this material varies. The housing in these circumstances needs to
be made of cast iron. Every component is contained inside the housing. The stator is made up of
thin, layered laminations. The stator's core is made up of a significant number of these
laminations—nearly hundreds—that are wound with insulated wire.
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan Batangas City, Philippines 4200
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts

Figure 1.6: Stator

Rotor: The stator is considered to be the static component of the motor, which is the primary
distinction between the stator and rotor. The stator consists of a winding, a frame, and a static
core. The stator's housing or frame is made of aluminum, albeit this is only true for motors up to
22 kW. Its material differs for the higher performance motors. Cast iron must be used for the
housing in these conditions. The housing houses each component entirely. Thin, stacked
laminations make up the stator. Almost hundreds of these insulated wire-wound laminations
make up the stator's core, which is made up of a substantial number of them.

Figure 1.7: Rotor

The part of an electric machine (such as a motor or generator) that transmits alternating current is
known as an armature (AC). Through the commutator, which periodically changes current
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan Batangas City, Philippines 4200
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts

direction, or due to electronic commutation, the armature conducts AC even on DC (Direct

Current) devices (e.g. in a brushless DC motor).

The armature supplies the armature winding with housing and support. A permanent magnet or
electromagnet produces the magnetic field in electrical machines. The magnetic field created in
the air gap interacts with the armature winding. The stator may be a stationary or revolving
component (rotor) (stator).
The armature is the portion of an electrical machine that creates power. A generator, alternator,
or dynamo's armature windings generate the electric current that powers an external circuit.

These two components each generate a magnetic field, and the third has a wire winding through
which the shifting field induces an electric current:
Field (permanent) magnets or field winding: an electrical machine component that produces a
magnetic field. Permanent magnets or wire windings known as field coils can supply the
magnetic field of a dynamo or alternator. An excitation system in electrically excited generators
generates the field flux. A magneto (permanent magnet synchronous generator) is another term
for a generator that uses permanent magnets (PMs) (PMSG).

In the event of a power outage, generators are crucial for supplying the required
electricity to homes and businesses. CSDG sells the best brands of new and secondhand diesel
generators, which are suitable for powering your appliances and lighting. Generators, one of the
most important backup power sources, can help you satisfy your electrical needs in an
emergency because it can generate electrical energy by burning the fuel required to generate
electricity. This energy can then be used to power electric equipment. An engine, voltage
regulator, alternator, control panel, cooling system, and exhaust system are all part of the
generator.

Types of generator
There are various types of generators that are commercially used and utilized based on what
amount of power you want to obtain, and with this stated, there are three main types of
generators used - portable, inverter, and standby generators.
Portable generators provide electricity by running a gas-powered engine that turns an
on-board alternator to generate electrical power. Power outlets on the unit allow you to plug
extension cords, electric-powered tools and appliances into it. This type of generator is mostly
gas-powered but a few of them run on diesel fuel or hybrids of gas/liquid propane or even
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan Batangas City, Philippines 4200
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts

gas/liquid propane/natural gas and most of portable generators will power 120 or 240 volts
applications. It is also built for any harsh conditions/environment.

Figure 2.1: Portable Generator

Inverter generators on the other hand use inverter technology to produce clean, stable
electricity. This technology allows the generator to adjust its engine speed in response to the
electrical load, resulting in more efficient operation and less noise. Inverter generators are
typically smaller and lighter than traditional generators, making them ideal for camping and
other outdoor activities. Most models power only 120-volt outlets, so they usually power smaller
or more sensitive equipment and electronics than conventional portable generators.Smaller and
lighter than portable generators, they can fit in a car, boat or RV. Like portable generators, they
are also gasoline-powered.

Figure 2.2: Inverter Generator

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan Batangas City, Philippines 4200
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts

Standby generators are different to portable and inverter generators as this type of
generator serves as a backup power solution that provides power to your business operations,
commercial & industrial applications, or facilities in the event of a power outage. Standby
generators are usually stationary and require a concrete pad used as a foundation usually situated
outside your facility. Standby generators are a robust solution that can provide power for days
during extended power outages, depending on the fuel type and configuration of the generator.
Unlike prime or continuous generators, standby generators are only used for situations such as
power outages due to inclement weather, natural or man-made disasters, or regular blackouts due
to the aging power grid. It operates on diesel fuel, liquid propane, natural gas or some kind of
hybrid. Single-phase models support residential or commercial systems, while three-phase
models can provide power to industrial systems.

Figure 2.3: Standby Generator

III. Differences of motor and generator (ALLAN AND KIM)
Electric motors and generators are two types of equipment that transform electrical
energy to mechanical energy and vice versa. In terms of function an electric motor's primary
function is to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, whereas an electric generator's
primary function is to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. In design there are
stationary magnets and a spinning coil of wire in an electric motor, and stationary coils of wire
and a rotating magnet in an electric generator. In output, electric motors generate mechanical
energy, but electric generators generate electrical energy. In powersource, an electric motor must
be powered by an external source of electrical energy, but an electric generator must be powered
by an external source of mechanical energy. Other differences between generators and motors are
the following:
1. The Motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy, whereas the generator
does the opposite;
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan Batangas City, Philippines 4200
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts

2. Electricity is used in the motor, but the generator produces the electricity;
3. The Shaft of the motor is driven by the magnetic force developed between armature
and field windings whereas, in the case of the Generator the Shaft is attached to the
rotor and is driven by mechanical force;
4. The current is to be supplied to the armature windings in case of a Motor, and in
Generator, the current is produced in the armature windings;
5. Motor follows Fleming’s Left-hand rule while Generator follows Fleming’s
Right-hand rule; and
6. An example of a motor is an electric car or bike where an electric current is supplied
to the machine or device, and it gets converted into mechanical motion and, as a
result, the car or bike moves. An example of a generator is that in power stations the
turbine is used as a device which converts mechanical energy of force of water falling
from the dam to generate electric energy.

In application of these two, electric motors are often used in electric cars, industrial
machinery, and domestic appliances, whereas electric generators are commonly utilized in power
plants, wind turbines, and portable generators. In terms of efficiency, the efficiency of an electric
generator is always higher than an electric motor's. As magnetic flux leakage results in power
losses in a motor, the field winding in the generator's flux leakage is comparatively small. Hence,
it is unimportant if some flux is lost in the generator.

Conclusion
(additional infos)

An electric motor takes electricity and converts it into mechanical energy. It can be found
in a diverse range of applications, from industrial manufacturing machinery to everyday
household appliances. An electric motor is made up of two basic components. There is a rotor,
which is made up of coiled wires. The rotor turns a shaft to create mechanical power. The rotor is
situated in the middle of the stator component. The stator is the stationary component of
electromagnetic circuits in motors. It is made from coil windings or permanent magnets. A
generator, on the other hand, is a device that converts mechanical energy into electricity. Like
electric motors, electric generators have a diverse array of applications. They provide a good
source of backup power for residential, commercial, and industrial applications. (additional
infos)
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan Batangas City, Philippines 4200
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts

Furthermore, motors and generators play an important role in today’s society, from
household appliances to industrial equipment. (additional infos)

REFERENCES
● Briggs and Stratton. (n.d). Why Buy a portable generator?. Retrieved March 11, 2023 from
https://www.briggsandstratton.com/na/en_us/buying-guides/portable-generators/why-buy.ht
ml#:~:text=Portable%20generators%20provide%20electricity%20by,tools%20and%20applia
nces%20into%20it.
● Crowder, R. (2020). Electric machine. Retrieved March 13, 2023 from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/electric-machine
● Electrical Classroom. (n.d.). An overview of electric machines. Retrieved March 13, 2023
from https://www.electricalclassroom.com/electric-machines/
● Electrical Classroom. (n.d). Parts of a motor. Retrieved March 9, 2023 from
https://www.electricalclassroom.com/parts-of-a-motor/
● Gerther. (2022). What is an Inverter Generator and How does it work? (Pros and Cons
included). Retrieved March 11, 2023 from
https://generatorist.com/what-is-an-inverter-generator-how-does-it-work
● Grainger Editorial Staff. (2022). Generators Guide: How to choose and maintain the right
generator. Retrieved March 11, 2023 from
https://www.grainger.com/know-how/equipment-information/kh-types-of-generators-and-mai
ntenance
● Henry. (2019). What is motor, definition, types, working Principle, & applications. Retrieved
March 9, 2023 from
https://www.theengineeringknowledge.com/what-is-motor-definition-types-working-principl
e-applications/#:~:text=What%20is%20%EE%80%80Motor%EE%80%81%20The%20%EE
%80%80motor%EE%80%81%20is%20such%20an,by%20the%20current%20armature%20
windings%20at%20the%20rotor.
● Manney, D. (July 2017). Difference between Electric Motor and Generator. Retrieved March
12, 2023. from
 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan Batangas City, Philippines 4200
College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts

https://www.plantengineering.com/articles/differences-between-electric-motors-and-generato
rs/
● Mebunii, C. E. (2022). 14 Electric motor components an their functions explained. Retrieved
March 12, 2023 from
https://www.felsics.com/electric-motor-parts-14-parts-of-an-electric-motor/
● Solanki, A. Difference Between Motor and Generator. Retrieved March 12, 2023 from
https://circuitglobe.com/difference-between-motor-and-generator.html
● https://images.homedepot-static.com/productImages/0e2dffb6-2b3d-4565-a8b3-65c2a0eec3b
0/svn/westinghouse-inverter-generators-igen2500-64_1000.jpg
● https://ope.buckeyepowersales.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/eb5000xk3ag_pe_imglg.jpg
● https://www.sunpattikawa.com/product_images/j/684/36__89640_zoom.jpg
● Wood stock power Company. (n.d.).What is a standby generator? Retrieved March 11, 2023
from https://woodstockpower.com/blog/what-is-a-standby-generator/f

lloyd (bukas ko icitate)

https://www.iqsdirectory.com/articles/electric-motor/ac-motor.html
https://www.tecnotion.com/faq/what-is-a-linear-motor/#:~:text=Linear%20motors%20operate%2
0with%20an,of%20each%20coil%20is%20changed.
https://www.researchdive.com/blog/induction-motors-main-types-and-different-applications#:~:t
ext=called%20synchronous%20speed.-,Induction%20machines%20are%20the%20most%20freq
uently%2Dused%20type%20of%20motor,Simple%20and%20rough%20construction
https://www.iqsdirectory.com/articles/electric-motor/dc-motors.html
https://www.linquip.com/blog/separately-excited-dc-motor/
https://testbook.com/learn/physics-types-of-dc-motors/#:~:text=Self%2Dexcited%20DC%20mot
ors%20have,motor%20and%20Shunt%20DC%20motor.