Civil Engineering

Strength of Materials

Comprehensive Theory
with Solved Examples and Practice Questions

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Strength of Materials
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First Edition: 2015

Second Edition: 2016
Third Edition: 2017
Fourth Edition: 2018
Fifth Edition: 2019
Sixth Edition: 2020
Seventh Edition: 2021
Eighth Edition: 2022

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Contents
Strength of Materials

Chapter 1 Chapter 2
Properties of Materials............................. 1 Simple Stress-strain and
1.1 Introduction....................................................................... 1 Elastic Constants.....................................15
1.2 Normal Stress.................................................................... 1 2.1 Stress
................................................................................15
1.3 Strain
.................................................................................. 2 2.1.1 Normal Stress....................................................15
1.4 Tension Test for Mild Steel............................................ 3 2.1.2 Shear Stresses or Tangential Stresses.......16
1.4.1 Specifications of Specimen............................ 4 2.2 Matrix Representation of Stress and Strain..........17
1.4.2 Stress Strain Curve for Tension...................... 4 2.2.1 Stress Tensor (3D Stress Element)..............17
1.4.3 Actual Curve v/s Engineering 2.2.2 Matrix Representation of Strains................20
Curve in Tension................................................. 5 2.3 Differential Form of Strains........................................20
1.4.4 Compression Curve for Mild Steel............... 5 2.4 Allowable Stresses.........................................................22
1.4.5 Stress-strain Curve for other 2.5 Saint Venant Principal..................................................23
Grades of Steel in Tension............................... 5 2.6 Hooke’s Law.....................................................................24
1.4.6 Stress-strain Curve for Various Materials... 6 2.6.1 Assumption in Hooke’s Law.........................24
1.5 Properties of Metals........................................................ 6 2.7 Elastic Constants............................................................24
1.5.1 Ductility................................................................. 6 2.7.1 Relationship between Elastic Constants..... 26
1.5.2 Brittleness............................................................. 6 2.8 Applications of Hooke’s Law......................................27
1.5.3 Malleability........................................................... 6 2.9 Volumetric Strain...........................................................28
1.5.4 Hardness............................................................... 6 2.10 Deflection of Axially Loaded Members..................32
1.6 Creep
.................................................................................. 6 2.10.1 Principle of Superposition............................34
1.7 Stress Relaxation.............................................................. 7 2.10.2 Axial Deflection of Varying Cross-Sectional Bar...... 36
1.8 Elasticity.............................................................................. 7 2.11 Statically Indeterminate
1.8.1 Proof Stress.......................................................... 8 Axial Loaded Structures..............................................46
1.8.2 Elasto-Plastic Behaviour of Metals............... 8 2.12 Axial Deflection in Interconnected Members.....50
1.8.3 Types of Material Behaviour........................... 8 2.13 Temperature Stresses...................................................52
1.9 Toughness.......................................................................... 9 2.13.1 Temperature Stresses in Composite Bar...... 58
1.10 Fatigue................................................................................. 9 2.14 Stresses in Bolts and Nuts...........................................67
1.11 Failure of Materials in Tension and Compression... 10 2.15 Strain Energy...................................................................69
1.11.1 Ductile Metals in Tension Test.....................10 2.15.1 Strain Energy due to Shear Force...............70
1.11.2 Brittle Metals in Tension Test........................10 2.15.2 Strain Energy in Terms of
1.11.3 Ductile Metals in Compression Test..........10 Principal Stresses.............................................70
1.11.4 Brittle Metals in Compression Test............10 2.15.3 Strain Energy Stored due to
Objective Brain Teasers....................................12 Bending Moment.............................................70

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 2.15.4 Strain Energy Stored due to Torque..........70 Chapter 5
Objective Brain Teasers....................................78
Bending Stress in Beams......................202

Conventional Practice Questions..................86
5.1 Effect of Bending........................................................ 202

Chapter 3 5.2 Simple Bending or Pure Bending.......................... 202

Shear Force and Bending Moment........87 5.2.1 Assumptions in Theory of Pure Bending.......203

3.1 Types of Loading............................................................87 5.2.2 Neutral Axis..................................................... 203

3.2 Types of Supports..........................................................88 5.2.3 Equation of Pure Bending.......................... 204
3.2.1 2D Supports.......................................................88 5.2.4 Limitations of Equation of Pure Bending.......205
3.2.2 3D Supports.......................................................89
5.3 Nature of Bending Stress......................................... 205
3.3 Types of Beam.................................................................90
5.4 Section Modulus......................................................... 207
3.4 Stability in 2-D Structures...........................................91
3.5 Procedure of Analysis...................................................91 5.5 Moment of Resistance (MOR)................................. 208

3.6 Shear Force.......................................................................95 5.6 Bending Stresses in Axially Loaded Beams....... 213
3.6.1 Sign Convention for Shear Force................96 5.7 Force on a Partial Area of a Section...................... 217
3.7 Bending Moment...........................................................96 5.8 Bending Stress Distribution in
3.7.1 Sign Convention for BM.................................97
Composite Beam........................................................ 219
3.8 Important Points about SFD and BMD...................99
5.8.1 Equivalent Section........................................ 220
3.9 Curve Tracing for SFD and BMD............................ 100
3.9.1 Maximum Bending Moment.................... 101 5.9 Flitched Beam.............................................................. 225

3.10 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams.. 102 5.9.1 Top and Bottom Flitched Beam............... 225
3.10.1 SFD and BMD by Integration.................... 111 5.10 Beam of Uniform Strength...................................... 229
3.10.2 Effect of Concentrated
5.11 Biaxial Bending............................................................ 230
Moment on SFD and BMD......................... 122
Objective Brain Teasers............................................... 246
3.10.3 Shear Force and Bending Moment
Conventional Practice Questions............................. 252
Diagrams for Frames.................................... 129
3.11 Loading Diagram and BMD from SFD................. 139
3.12 Loading Diagram from BMD................................... 144
Chapter 6
Objective Brain Teasers.............................................. 165
Shear Stress in Beams..........................254
Conventional Practice Questions............................. 178 6.1 Shear Stress Distribution in Beams....................... 254
6.1.1 Shear Stress Distribution in
Chapter 4 Rectangular Section..................................... 256
Centroids and Moments of Inertia......180 6.1.2 Shear Stress Distribution in
4.1 Centroid......................................................................... 180
Triangular Section......................................... 258
4.2 Moment of Inertia....................................................... 182
6.1.3 Shear Stress Distribution in
4.3 Product of Inertia........................................................ 183
4.4 Parallel Axis Theorem................................................ 184 Circular Sections............................................ 260

4.5 Perpendicular Axis Theorem................................... 185 6.1.4 Shear Stress Distribution in I-section..... 262
4.6 Properties of Plane Areas......................................... 185 6.1.5 Shear Stress Distribution in
4.7 Principal Axes and Principal Some Other Sections................................... 263
Moments of Inertia..................................................... 188
6.2 Shear Stresses in Composite Sections................. 265
4.8 Rotation of Axes.......................................................... 189
Objective Brain Teasers............................................... 271
Objective Brain Teasers............................................... 197
Conventional Practice Questions............................. 200 Conventional Practice Questions............................. 273

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Chapter 7 8.4 Shear Stress Distribution in Circular Section.... 345
Principal Stress-Strain and 8.5 Design of Shaft............................................................ 346
Theories of Failure................................274 8.6 Power Transmitted by Shaft.................................... 348
7.1 Principal Plane............................................................. 274 8.7 Series Combination of Shaft................................... 351
7.2 Principal Stresses........................................................ 274 8.8 Parallel Combination of Shaft................................. 351
7.2.1 Analytical Method........................................ 274 8.9 Strain Energy in Torsion............................................ 356
7.3 Principal Stress in Beams.......................................... 286 8.10 Torsion in Thin Walled Tubes.................................. 358

7.4 Graphical Method (Mohr’s Circle Method)........ 292 8.10.1 Angle of Twist in Thin Walled Tube......... 359

7.4.1 Properties of Mohr’s Circle......................... 293 8.11 Torsion of Non-circular Section............................. 361

7.4.2 Construction of Mohr’s Circle................... 294 8.12 Indeterminate Shaft................................................... 362

8.13 Shaft Subjected to Combined
7.5 Analysis of Strain......................................................... 301
Bending Moment and Twisting Moment.......... 365
7.5.1 Analytical Method........................................ 301
8.13.1 Equivalent Bending Moment................... 366
7.5.2 Graphical Method
8.13.2 Equivalent Torque......................................... 367
(Mohr’s Circle Method)................................ 304
8.14 Shaft Subjected to Combined
7.5.3 Properties of Strain Mohr’s circle............ 305
Axial Force and Torsional Moment....................... 369
7.6 Total Strain Energy in Terms of Principal Stress.....306
8.15 Theories of Failure for Shaft Design..................... 372
7.7 Strain Rosette............................................................... 307
Objective Brain Teasers............................................... 390
7.8 Theories of Elastic Failure......................................... 312
Conventional Practice Questions............................. 396
7.8.1 Maximum Principal Stress Theory
(Rankine’s Theory)......................................... 312
Chapter 9
7.8.2 Maximum Principal Strain Theory
Deflection of Beams.............................398
(St. Venant’s Theory)..................................... 315
9.1 Introduction.................................................................. 398
7.8.3 Maximum Shear Stress Theory
9.2 Methods for Determining Slope
(Guest & Tresca’s)........................................... 316
and Deflection............................................................. 398
7.8.4 Maximum Strain Energy Theory
9.2.1 Double Integration Method...................... 398
(Haigh and Beltrami).................................... 318
9.2.2 Use of Discontinuity Function :
7.8.5 Maximum Shear Strain Energy Theory or
Macaulay’s Method..................................... 413
Distortion Energy Theory
9.2.3 Area Moment Method:
(Mises-Henky Theory).................................. 321
(Mohr’s Method)............................................ 424
7.8.6 Octahedral Shear Stress Theory............... 322
9.2.4 Conjugate Beam Method........................... 441
Objective Brain Teasers................................ 330
9.2.5 Strain Energy Method................................. 449
Conventional Practice Questions............... 337
9.2.6 Method of Superposition........................... 458
9.2.7 Application of Maxwell’s Reciprocal
Chapter 8
Theorem........................................................... 460
Torsion of Shafts...................................339
Objective Brain Teasers.............................................. 475

8.1 Introduction.................................................................. 339
Conventional Practice Questions............................ 483

8.2 Difference between Bending
Moment and Twisting Moment............................. 339
8.3 Assumptions Involved in the
Chapter 10
Theory of Pure Torsion.............................................. 339 Pressure Vessels....................................485
8.3.1 Sign Convention of Torque........................ 340 10.1 Thin Cylindrical Shell ................................................ 485

8.3.2 Effects of Torsion........................................... 340 10.1.1 Stresses in the Thin Cylindrical Shell...... 485

8.3.3 Polar Section Modulus................................ 342 10.2 Analysis of Thin Cylindrical Shell with
Closed Flat Ends.......................................................... 485

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 10.2.1 Hoop Stress or Circumferential 11.3 Euler’s Theory for Buckling Failure........................ 518
Stress (sh)......................................................... 486 11.3.1 Assumptions of Euler’s Theory................. 519
10.2.2 Longitudinal Stress (sL)............................... 486 11.3.2 Effective Length of Column (Le).............. 520
10.2.3 Radial Stress (sR)............................................ 487 11.3.3 Critical Stress.................................................. 522
10.3 Strains in Cylindrical Shell........................................ 487 11.3.4 Limitations of Euler’s Theory..................... 523
10.3.1 Hoop Strain (Major Principal Strain)....... 487 11.3.5 Graph between s and l................................ 523
10.3.2 Longitudinal Strain (Minor Principal 11.4 Maximum Lateral Deflection of Column............ 525
Strain)............................................................... 488 11.5 Rankine’s Gorden Theory......................................... 526
10.3.3 Volumetric Strain in Cylinder.................... 488 11.6 Column with Eccentric Loading............................ 528
10.3.4 Maximum Shear Stress............................... 491 11.6.1 Condition for No Tension........................... 529
10.4 Analysis of Thin Spheres........................................... 492 11.6.2 Middle Third Rule.......................................... 529
10.5 Strains in Sphere......................................................... 493 11.6.3 Middle Fourth Rule....................................... 530
10.6 Stresses in Riveted Cylindrical Shell..................... 494 11.7 Eccentric Loading about both x-axis
10.7 Thin Cylinders with Hemispherical and y-axis......................................................... 532
Ends ............................................................................. 495 Objective Brain Teasers............................................... 535
10.7.1 Thickness of Cylinder for Conventional Practice Questions............................. 538
Same Hoop Stress......................................... 495
10.7.2 Thickness of Cylinder for No Distortion at ... Chapter 12
Junction............................................................ 495 Theory of Springs.................................540
10.8 Pressure Vessels Subjected 12.1 Springs............................................................................ 540
to Axial Force............................................................... 496 12.2 Types of Springs.......................................................... 540
10.9 Thick Cylinder............................................................... 500 12.2.1 Bending Springs............................................ 540
10.9.1 Analysis of Thick Cylinder : 12.2.2 Torsional Spring............................................. 540
(Lame’s Theorem).......................................... 500 12.2.3 Helical Spring................................................. 541
10.9.2 Stresses in Thick Cylinder........................... 500 12.3 Springs in Series and Parallel.................................. 544
10.10 Analysis of Stresses..................................................... 501 Objective Brain Teasers............................................... 548
10.10.1 Determination of A and B......................... 502 Conventional Practice Questions............................. 550
10.10.2 Variation of Radial and Hoop Stresses .503
10.11 Analysis of Thick Sphere........................................... 503 Chapter 13
10.11.1 Hoop and Longitudinal Stresses ........... 503 Shear Centre..........................................551
10.11.2 Radial Stress.................................................. 503 13.1 Introduction................................................................. 551
10.12 Design of Pressure Vessels....................................... 506 13.2 Location of Shear Centre......................................... 551
10.13 Strengthening of Cylinder....................................... 507 13.3 Shear Flow.................................................................... 552
Objective Brain Teasers............................................... 513 13.4 Shear Centres of Thin-walled Open Sections... 553
Conventional Practice Questions............................. 515 13.5 Thin Walled Semicircular Cross-section............. 555
13.6 Shear Centres of Some Important Sections..... 556
Chapter 11 Objective Brain Teasers.............................................. 557
Theory of Columns...............................516 Conventional Practice Questions............................ 558
11.1 Compression Member.............................................. 516
11.2 Types of Equilibrium.................................................. 516 nnnn
11.2.1 Elastic Instability and Critical Load......... 517

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