الانتاج5

‫‪PRODUCTION‬‬
‫‪ENGINEERING‬‬
‫‪Lecture 5‬‬
‫المهندس‬
‫كرار كاظم‬
‫جامعة البصرة‬
‫كلية الهندسة‬
cemented in place
once the reservoir
has been drilled and
log
01 02 03 04
production casing or a
liner is run into the well To provide the communication
path between the reservoir and
the wellbore ,It will be necessary
to produce holes through the
wall of the casing
* This is accomplished by a technique called perforating

PERFORATING GUN SYSTEMS
Several key features classify perforating operations including:

wireline conveyed
(1) Whether the gun will be run on perforation (WCP)
or be conveyed on. tubing conveyed perforation

(TCP)
(2) Whether the pressure in the wellbore at the time of

perforating will be less than reservoir pressure, i.e. an,
underbalance
or be greater than reservoir pressure, i.e.

overbalance
.
TYPES OF PERFORATORS
• Bullet Perforators
• Jet Perforators
• Hydraulic Perforators ( for water injection well and sand)
‫‪Jet Perforators‬‬
‫‪consists of :‬‬
‫‪1. small primer igniter,‬‬
‫‪2. an outer casing,‬‬
‫‪3. explosive material‬‬
‫‪4. a conical liner‬‬
‫هنا تستخدم حشوات مركزه المفعول حيث‬

‫تخرج مجموعة الغازات الناتجة عن االنفجار‬
‫وتتوحد حول محور الطلقة مسببة ضغطا‬
‫وحرارة عاليتين جدا بحيث يخترق أي حاجز‬
‫يصادفه وذلك بنفس القطر والعمق وقد‬
‫قيس سرعة التدفق هذه وقدرت بـ ‪ 8000‬م‪/‬ثا‬
‫ووصل الضغط الى ‪ 300000‬ضغط جوي مما‬
‫يجعل من السهل فهم النتيجة الممتازة لهذا‬
‫النوع من التثقيب‪.‬‬
Jet Perforators
• High-pressure jet will penetrates the casing or liner to shoot into the reservoir formation
to form channels.
• To concentrate the impact of the explosive force on the target the charge case is
normally designed with a conical liner. This conical liner assists in concentrating the
explosive force of the charge so that it provides maximum penetration of the target over
a limited area as illustrated in Fig
• it can be seen that if a flat end is used for the shaped charge, the force of the explosion
is spread over a wide area of the target with very limited penetration. However, if a
conical cavity is introduced, the force of the explosion provides much greater
penetration of the target. However, if the conical cavity is lined with a metallic liner,
the penetration is substantially increased.
Jet Perforators
‫‪Bullet Perforators‬‬
‫التثقيب بالطلقات والمتفجرات‬

‫يتم تنزيل اجهزة التثقيب او المتفجرات بواسطة كابل خاص ملفوف على بكرة متحركة ويتم اعطاء المتفجرات او‬
‫الطلقات شرارة كهربائية عبر كبل كهربائي ضمن كبل الرفع والتنزيل‬
‫يوجد من هذه االنواع عدة قياسات لالستعمال يمكن انزالها انابيب التغليف او انابيب االنتاج ان كانت اقطارها اكبر من‬
‫‪½3‬‬
‫تتألف اجهزة التثقيب بالطلقات من عدة غرف فوالذية متصلة ببعض فاذا وصلت الى العمق المرغوب في البئر المراد‬
‫تثقيبه فيمكن وضع توتر كهربائي على الكبل الكهربائي الواصل بين سيارة الخدمة فوق سطح االرض وبين الحشوات‬
‫داخل البئر فيتوهج شريط االطالق وتشتعل البودرة ومن ثم الصاعق فالطلقة‬
‫يختلف التفجير من حيث ان العمل هنا يجري بحشوة فارغة مؤخرة المفعول حيث يجري بالقسم االول تثقيب انبوب‬
‫التغليف واختراق االسمنت فاذا وصلت الطلقة الى عمق معين في داخل الطبقة تفجرت ثانية مخترقة بذلك مسافة‬
‫اعمق من الطبقة المنتجة‪.‬‬
Bullet Perforators
• Bullets lose velocity when gun clearance

>0.5 in.
• Often use in a unconsolidated formations
• Cheaper to use, rarely been used today

Hydraulic “Sand-jet” Perforation
• Cutting action is obtained by jetting sand-laden fluid through an orifice

against the casing.
• Penetration is greatly reduced as wellbore pressure is increased from zero to

300 psi
• It uses high-pressure jetting of sand-laden fluid through an orifice
• Short penetration range

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‫‪PRODUCTION‬‬

* This is accomplished by a technique called perforating

Several key features classify perforating operations including:

or be conveyed on. tubing conveyed perforation

(2) Whether the pressure in the wellbore at the time of

or be greater than reservoir pressure, i.e.

‫هنا تستخدم حشوات مركزه المفعول حيث‬

‫التثقيب بالطلقات والمتفجرات‬

• Bullets lose velocity when gun clearance

• Often use in a unconsolidated formations

• Cheaper to use, rarely been used today

• Cutting action is obtained by jetting sand-laden fluid through an orifice

• Penetration is greatly reduced as wellbore pressure is increased from zero to

• It uses high-pressure jetting of sand-laden fluid through an orifice

• Short penetration range

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