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    Cell Membrane and Transport Mechanisms PDF

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    Aremu Abdulwahab
    The document discusses various mechanisms of transport across the cell membrane, including passive transport processes like simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. It also describes active transport processes like primary active transport via pumps like the sodium-potassium pump and calcium ATPase, as well as secondary active transport involving co-transport and countertransport. Vesicular transport mechanisms of endocytosis and exocytosis are also summarized.

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    Cell Membrane and Transport Mechanisms PDF

    Uploaded by

    Aremu Abdulwahab
    58 views24 pages
    The document discusses various mechanisms of transport across the cell membrane, including passive transport processes like simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. It also describes active transport processes like primary active transport via pumps like the sodium-potassium pump and calcium ATPase, as well as secondary active transport involving co-transport and countertransport. Vesicular transport mechanisms of endocytosis and exocytosis are also summarized.

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    The document discusses various mechanisms of transport across the cell membrane, including passive transport processes like simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. It also describes active transport processes like primary active transport via pumps like the sodium-potassium pump and calcium ATPase, as well as secondary active transport involving co-transport and countertransport. Vesicular transport mechanisms of endocytosis and exocytosis are also summarized.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    58 views24 pages

    Cell Membrane and Transport Mechanisms PDF

    Uploaded by

    Aremu Abdulwahab
    The document discusses various mechanisms of transport across the cell membrane, including passive transport processes like simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. It also describes active transport processes like primary active transport via pumps like the sodium-potassium pump and calcium ATPase, as well as secondary active transport involving co-transport and countertransport. Vesicular transport mechanisms of endocytosis and exocytosis are also summarized.

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    of 24

    Cell membrane and Transport

    Mechanisms

    ADEYEMI D.H.
    Department of Physiology
    CHS, UNIOSUN
    Transport Mechanisms
    • Cell membrane is selectively permeable to some
    molecules & ions.
    – Not permeable to proteins, nucleic acids, & other molecules.

    • Lipid or fat-soluble substances, e.g. O2, CO2, OH; enter


    directly into cell membrane through the lipid bilayer.

    • Water-soluble substances, e.g. ions, glucose, water;


    enter through proteins of the cell membrane.
    Background
    Transport Mechanisms
    • Transport through the cell membrane, either
    directly through the lipid bilayer or through the
    proteins, occurs by one of two basic processes

    • Passive transport (diffusion)


    – Does not require metabolic energy (ATP).

    • Active transport:
    – Requires ATP.
    Diffusion
    • It is the random movement of substance
    through the membrane, either directly or in
    combination with carrier protein down an
    electrochemical gradient.
    • There are three types
    a. simple diffusion
    b. facilitated diffusion
    c. osmosis
    Simple diffusion
    • It is the kinetic movement of molecules or ions
    which occurs through a membrane opening or
    through intermolecular spaces.
    • It can occur either
    – through the interstices of the lipid bilayer if the
    diffusing substance is lipid soluble
    – through watery channels that penetrate all the way
    through some of the large transport proteins
    Simple diffusion
    • The lipid solubility of a substance determines
    how fast it diffuses through the lipid bilayer
    • Water and other lipid insoluble substances have
    to pass through the protein channels.
    • These protein channels have two important
    characteristics
    – they are selectively permeable to certain substances,
    – many of the channels can be opened or closed by
    gates.
    • Ligand gated
    • Voltage gated
    Simple diffusion
    • The lipid solubility of a substance determines
    how fast it diffuses through the lipid bilayer
    • Water and other lipid insoluble substances have
    to pass through the protein channels.
    • These protein channels have two important
    characteristics
    – they are selectively permeable to certain substances,
    – many of the channels can be opened or closed by
    gates.
    • Ligand gated
    • Voltage gated
    Facilitated diffusion
    • It is also called carrier-mediated diffusion
    – That is, the carrier facilitates diffusion of the
    substance to the other side.

    • In facilitated diffusion, there is a maximum rate


    of diffusion possible notwithstanding the
    concentration of the diffusing substance.
    – This is because there is a maximum amount of
    substance that can be transported by the carrier at a
    given time.
    Facilitated diffusion
    Osmosis
    • Net diffusion of H20 across a
    selectively permeable
    membrane.
    • Movement of H20 from a high
    [H20] to lower [H20] until
    equilibrium is reached.
    • 2 requirements for osmosis:
    – Must be difference in
    [solute] on the 2 sides of
    the membrane.
    – Membrane must be
    impermeable to the
    solute.
    Active transport
    • It is a Protein-Carrier mediated uphill transport.
    – i.e. against electrochemical gradient (from lower to
    higher concentration).

    • Requires metabolic energy (ATP).

    • There are two types


    – Primary
    – Secondary
    Primary active transport
    • Energy is supplied directly from hydrolysis of ATP
    for the functioning of the protein carriers.
    • Molecule or ion binds to “recognition site” on one
    side of carrier protein.
    • Binding stimulates phosphorylation (breakdown of
    ATP) of carrier protein.
    • Carrier protein undergoes conformational change.
    – Hinge-like motion releases transported molecules to
    opposite side of membrane.
    • Some of these carriers transport only one molecule
    or ion for another.
    Primary active transport
    Primary active transport
    • Sodium-Potassium pump (Na+/K+ pump).

    • Primary active transport of calcium (Ca2+


    ATPase).

    • Primary active transport of hydrogen ions (H+/K+


    ATPase)
    Na+/K+ pump
    • It is a transport process that
    – pumps sodium ions outward through the cell membrane
    of all cells and at the same time pumps potassium ions
    from the outside to the inside.

    • It is an ATP enzyme that converts ATP to ADP and Pi.

    • Actively extrudes 3 Na+ and transports 2 K+ inward


    against concentration gradient.

    • It is important in the control of cell size


    Na+/K+ pump
    Secondary active transport
    • Transport of one or more solutes against an
    electrochemical gradient, coupled to the
    transport of another solute down an
    electrochemical gradient.

    • Energy needed for “uphill” movement obtained


    from “downhill” transport of Na+.

    • Hydrolysis of ATP by Na+/K+ pump required


    indirectly to maintain [Na+] gradient.
    Secondary active transport
    • If the other molecule or ion is moved in the
    same direction as Na+ (into the cell), the
    coupled transport is called either: „cotransport‟
    or „symport‟.

    • If the other molecule or ion is moved in the


    opposite direction as Na+ (out of the cell), the
    process is called either: „countertransport‟ or
    „antiport‟.
    Co-transport

    • All solutes move in the same direction i.e “into


    the cell”

    • e.g.
    - Na+– glucose Co transport
    - Na+– amino acid Co transport

    • In the intestinal tract, & kidney’s brush borders.


    Co-transport (Na+/glucose)
    Vesicular Transport
    • Vesicles or other bodies in the cytoplasm move
    macromolecules or large particles across the
    plasma membrane. Types of vesicular transport
    include:
    • Exocytosis: which describes the process of
    vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and
    releasing their contents to the outside of the
    cell. This process is common when a cell
    produces substances for export.
    Exocytosis
    Endocytosis
    • Endocytosis: which describes the capture of a
    substance outside the cell when the plasma
    membrane merges to engulf it. The substance
    subsequently enters the cytoplasm enclosed in
    a vesicle. This is further subdivided into
    • Pinocytosis: engulfing of small particles
    • Phagocytosis: engulfing of large particles
    Endocytosis
    • Endocytosis: which describes the capture of a
    substance outside the cell when the plasma
    membrane merges to engulf it. The substance
    subsequently enters the cytoplasm enclosed in
    a vesicle. This is further subdivided into
    • Pinocytosis: engulfing of small particles
    • Phagocytosis: engulfing of large particles

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