In this chapter, we will study the direction cosines, direction ratios of a line joining different conditions using vector algebra. two points and discuss about the different forms of equations of lines in space under THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY |TOPIC 1| Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios of a Line ‘We know thar the position of a point in a plane can be determined, if the coordinates (x, 9) of the point with reference to two mutually perpendicular lines called X and Y-axes are known, In order to locate a point in space, wo coordinate axes is insufficient. So, we need three coordinate axes called X, Yand Zaxes. Coordinate Axes and Coordinate Planes in Three-Dimensional Geometry Let X’OX, YOY and Z’ OZ be three mutually perpendicular lines intersecting at O. The point Os called the origin and the lines X’OX, Y’OY and Z ‘OZ are called X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis, respectively. These three lines are also called the rectangular coordinate axes, These lines constitute the rectangular coordinate system. CHAPTER CHECKLIST * Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios ofa Line + Lines in Space €shree Dimensional Geometry these three axes, taken in paits determine three mutually zndicular planes XOY, YOZ and ZOX or simply MMe, ¥Z-plane and ZX-plane, called rectangular ‘ordinate planes which divide the space into eight parts called octants. tion of YZ-plane is x = Q, equation of plane is y= 0) wa Sg ge COORDINATES OF A POINT IN SPACE ‘The coordinates ofa point are the distances from thé ofigin tothe fect ofthe perpendicular, drawn from the point on the respective coordinate axes, 71¢0,0,2 A0.y.2) (0.218 te ya) lo.e00 y ‘B(0,y, 0) x“Aix.0.0)-C',y.0) The coordinates of the origin O are (0, 0, 0). The coordinates of any point on the X-axis, Yaxis and Z-axis willbe a (x,0,0), B(0, y,0) and C(0,0, 2), respectively andthe coordinates of any point in space wll be Pls, 9,2) ‘Note Fact about coordinates of point P(x. y, 2) x= Perpendicular distance of P from YZ-plane, y= Perpendicular distance of P from XZ-plane 2 = Perpendicular distance of P from X¥-plane Important Formulae 6) Distance between two points Let Px, yy, 2,) and lx, 22) be two points referred t0 a system of rectangular axes, then PQ= le — x)? +(92~ +(e) 2). Wi) Section formula Let the two given points be Por yue2,) and Qlez, ¥223) and the point Rx, y,2) divides PQ in the given ratio min internally, then n tty P Q CK ze) Woes 22) na( mata my) + ny, mtn) mtn" mtn’ mtn i the point divides PQ externally in the ratio m :n, i m4 mn P 0 R Muze) a.¥e.22) 403 m-n " m=n " m=n (mca Myy— me ==) (ii) Mid-point of a line The mid-point of the line joining points A(x,, y,,z,) and Blx,, 73,23) is site nth m+22) 2° 27 2) (iv) Centroid of a triangle The centroid of ABC wich vertices A(x, 91,2), Bley, y2,22) and Class Yyez3) is c-(ftets AAD*Is ey teyt } 3 3 3 Note Centrold of a tetrahedron The coorérites cf the centroit of a tetihedron, whose vertices are (x,y, 2) (Xp. Yo. 25) 8 Yoo 25) 21d (ty Ya, 24) At%tGIM NEP BB+BsZ) 4 ar i EXAMPLE |1| Find the distance of a point P(a.b, ¢) from X-axis, {allIndia 2014¢) Sol. Draw a perpendicular line from P to the X-axis, then coordinates of intersection point is Qa, 0,0) ++ Required distance, = Yle-a) +(0— BF + (0c)? (distance = (x, - x #Q,- y+ c = YO+b He? =A He DIRECTION COSINES OF A LINE ‘Ase know that ia ditected line (say Z) passing through the origin makes angles @,B and y with X, Yand Z-ases respectively, called direction angles, chen cosine values of these angles, Le. cosa, cosBi and cosy are known as the direction cosines of the directed line (or OA). The direction cosines are represented by J, m and n. Thus, 1=cos0l,m =cosB and n=cosy.404 If the direction of directed line is reversed (je. opposite), then the direction angles are replaced by their supplements, i R—a, 7B and m-y. Also, the signs of direction ‘cosines are reversed, ,—m,— 1). Note {0 Aine in space can be extended in two opposite directions and: 0 tt has two sets of direction cosines. To have a unique set of recton cosines for a ghen line in space, we must take the NER Ine as a drected ine. (@ 1 the aver ine in space does not pass through the origin, then ‘order to find ts direction cosines, we draw a ine through the ‘ongh and parallel to the given fine. Now, take one of the Grectes ines tom the orign and fnd lis direction cosines and then use the result that two parallel nes have same set of rection cosines ( (@) DC's of he Kans are 1.0,0 () DCs ot me Yomas are 0.1.0 (©) DCs of ne Zax are 0, 0,1 EXAMPLE |2| Ifa line makes angles 90°, 135%, 45° with the X, ¥ and Z-axes, respectively. Find its direction cosines. INCERT] Sol Let direction cosines of the line be J, mand n. Given, a = 90°, =135° andy = 45° Hence, the direction cosines ofan are0, > and A Relation between Direction Cosines of a Line Let direction cosines of line RS be/,m and n, Now, draw a line passing through origin and parallel ro the given line. Take a point Plx,y,2) on this line and draw a perpendicular PA from Pon X-axis, Let OP i: etal eo OPT y = | ash Similarly, y= nr and 2 = nr of, | Allfnone | MATHEMATICS Class 194, 27 4m? +n) 202 4m? +n?) fur distance OP =1 = x? + 9? +2? =,2) = Pamtn which isthe required relation between direction cosines of line. EXAMPLE [3] Find the direction cosines of a line which makes equal angles with coordinate axes. ae (NCERT; All India 2019, Sol Let the line makes an angle & with each of the three coordinate axes, then its direction cosines are ! = coscr, m= cos and n= cos ‘We know that [? +m? +n = cos? +c0s7a +cos*a =1=9 30s”! BB Hees antes cosines of alin are. e "BBS Direction Cosines of a Line Passing through Two Points The direction cosines of a line passing through the points Als, us2) and Blxy, yo, 22) are given by gel = cs'a=1 = cosa= 3 1 oS a> B27 st and 22721 where, AB = (xy ~ x4)? + (yp = 9)? + (22 — 24) DIRECTION RATIOS OF A LINE Any three numbers a, 6 and ¢ proportional to the direction cosines , mand m respectively, are called the direction ratios or direction numbers of the line. mon L Suppose, = T=" =é (say), & being a constant. => 1 ak, m= bk and n= ck But we know that /? 4? 44? = 1 # (ak)? + (64)? + (0h)? = 1 = Par tb +e2)=1 fst & are be? Jatapire? and ¢spree Dimensional Geometry tos f bande ae dietion ais, then dation tb t ta ¢ in| > OSS | cosines ath +e? Jats beee? Ts| sexe sgns should be taken all postive o ll negative ‘ h LL if. and care direction ratios ofa line, then fe; F#0 is also a set of direction ratios, So, any two bet iesion ais of ine are ako proportional. pence, fora line, there are infinitely many sts of direction tio Direction Ratios of a Line Passing through Two Points ‘he direction ratios of a line passing through two points Psy 321) aNd QA>, Yo22) are given by nyo-ty Jao Jy and 2) ~ 24. Nal Dtecton ratios of to pal ines are proportional, as wo sarale lines have same set of direction cosines. EXAMPLE |4| If a line has direction ratios 2, -1, 2, then determine its direction cosines. INCERT] Sol Given direction ratios are (2,~1, 2) ie. a=. b="1 and c=2 Then, Va? +6? +c = (2)? +(-1) +(2 = V9 =3 Now, direction cosines are a 2 lar +biee? 3 6 m= Vestee c ue Vivier 3 KXAMPLE [5] Find the direction ratios and direction (sings of the line passing through two points (2, -4, 5) #4(0, 1, -1), SH Leta, 9 5))=(2 ~4,9) Bay Je 4) #04 -1) Then, DR's of line AB is(0- 2,1 + 4, -1 -5). i. (2, 5, ~6) Now, DC's of AB are and 2 5 Varese (Co) ea? +58 +6)?” 6 y+ + Hence, D¢’s ofline ABare 405 EXAMPLE |6| Find the direction'cosines of the sides of the triangle whose vertices are (3, 5, -4), (-1, 1, 2) and (5, -5,-2). INCERT] Sol. Let the vertices of ABC be A(3,§,~4), Blt, 1,2) and (-5,-5,-2). Then, the direction ratios of side AB are 4), (1-5), 2-(— 4)} ie. (-4, -4, 6) ifthe given points are A(x,, y,,z,) and Blx,, ¥,2)), then DR's of AB=(x,~%4, ¥o~ yy. -%)) and the direction cosines of ABare ( 4 6 «(4 2 3) adi wa) We ii 7 “+ if a. band c are direction ratios, then direction cosines a b c | os Veab +e Ves +e) Similarly, the direction ratios of side BC are [{-S-(-1)}, (-5-1),(-2-2)), ie-(-4,-6.-4) and the direction cosines of BC are 4-6 -4) ai wisn) ° (We The direction ratios of side AC are ((-5-3),(-5-5), {(-2-(-4)]], Le. (-8 -10, 2) and the direction cosines of AC are Se 2 ox 58 -5 is} We we we)” ee Te CONDITION FOR COLLINEARITY OF THREE POINTS Suppose A(x, yy, 23), Blsy, y>.23) and Clery, y5, 23) are thee points in a space. Then, direction ratios of lin joining A and B, Band C are (xy —xy, yy ~ yy, 5 ~2,)and (25-2, 95 ~ yor 25 ~ 29), respectively. I direction ratios of AB and BC are proportional, chen these points are collinear, otherwise not. EXAMPLE |7| Show that the points A(2, 3, - 4), B(1, ~2,3) and C(3, 8, ~ 11) are collinear, (NCERT] Sol. Given points are A(2,3, ~4} Bf, 2, 3)and C(S 8-1. Direction ratios of line joining A and Bare (-2-2-33-(-a)} ie (4-37) Direction ratios of ine joining Band Care (3-184 2-1-3) be. (210-1), Now, ratios of DR’s of AB and BC are bot ‘Thus, the ditection ratios of ABand BC are proportional So, ABis parallel to BC. But Bis common to both AB and BC, Hence, A, Band C are collinear points406 TOPIC PRACTICE 1 | OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS 1 The coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point (2, 5,7) on the X-axis‘are given by INCERT Exemplar] ()@,0,0) 0)(0,5,0) (©) (0,0,7) (200,57) 2 Distance of the point (a, 8, 7) from Y-axis is INCERT Exemplar] (6 ©) 1B ()IBL + yt (a) fe +v 3. Ifthe direction cosines of a line are k, kand k, then INCERT Exemplar] (ak>0 W)O 2cos?0 +1 ~sin?B =1=9 2cos*0 -sin*B = => 2c0s70 ~3sin*0 =O [--sin®p = 3sin®0 (giver = tan?@wi Dimensional Geometry. The direction ratios of the line segment joinin seen) and QU, Jy) may ering xy Ie H OPK, ay, = 4,3, =, 6, sir as xample (Ans 5 unis) ‘as we know that tvo parallel lines have same set of " girection cosines. Therefore, required direction cosines are the direction cosines of Z-axis, i, 0, 0,1, 18 g._Siilaras Example 2 [a as 4 4, Given = 90, =6? andy =6,Then, cos? 90? + c0s760" + cos? =1 [i c0s?a+ cos? + cos?y =1] _ 0+} +e0!0=1 = cos'0=3-3 as 0= A B = cxO="> = 0230 [rOisanacute ange] {0._ Solve as Question 9. (Ans, 30°, 1507 AL Since, the line makes angles 0, B and y with postive direction of coordinate axes, therefore cos c, cos B and cos yare the direction cosines of the line So, we have cos’ at +-cos® +cos?y =1 vl t Stes? +1~sin®B 41-8 vesin? x+ cos? x =I] = 3-1=sin’ec + sin? +sin?y, Hence, sin'a +sin?+sin?y = 2 /ITOPIC 2| “Lines in Space | | Miner sight ine is curve such that al the points on | pile segmene joining any ovo pois of i is on it. A in space can be determined uniquely, if 1 its ditection andthe coordinates of a point on it are own, (it pases through evo given points, Yuation ofa Line through a Given nt and Parallel to a Given Vector h R EQUATION 2 "stor equation of a line / ig’, OuRh a point A. with gE @ and parallel to a FMB is P= a4 AB, where y, Ag t Positon vector of an Point Pon the line and Aisa real number, 407 2 Sisal A 18. Similar as Example 5, [Ans.3, ~4,~6] Similar as Example 5, [fm - 15. ‘As we knot that any three numbers proportional to the direction cosines are called the direction ratio. So, infinite sets of direction ratios can be found, one of them isi, v2, 1. {multiplying direction cosines by 2] 16. Let Q divides PRin the ratio k:1. Then, the coordinates of Qare( +3, 2 ae) ka kat” kel Butts given that coordinates of Q are, 4,6) 943 B42 _ | 10k ka” el” ee On solving all these equations, we get k =1/2 So, Q divides PRin the ratio 1:2 17. cos 2a + cos 2 + cos 2) + sin*c + sin? + sin*y = (cos?at ~ sin*c.)+ (c0s®B ~ sin®)+ (cosy ~sin*y) +sin?a. + sin®B +sin?y (+> cos 20 = cos*@ -sin'6] = cos" + cos? + cosy = 18, “Hint Use cos 20 = 2c0s*® ~1, Now, solve as Question 17 The vector equation of a straight line passing through the origin and parallel co given vector & is PeAb Note (UB =a'i-+0°j-+0°R, thena’, band" ar direction ratios of the line and conversely, ita’ bY and are dtecton ratios of a line, then B =2'7 +b" j +k will be parallel to the ne (U7 =(aj + ag + a4h)+ A (Oy + by] + bd then coordinates (any point on te ine are given by consdeing F=xi + yj + zhand comparing the coeticient ot} and i, Ue, atte sit yjszk 7 +a] +a) f+ 2107 + be] + 65h) =a) + AD) i + (a, + AOg)] + (ay + Ady) 3 159,4 Uni yy =a, + 2b, and z= ay 4 2b, Then, (r= a, +20, y= a, + 2g, 2= 35 + A by) represent the coordinates of any point on the line.408 CARTESIAN EQUATION The cartesian equation of a line passing through a point Aly. 1021) and having direction ratios ab and ¢ is =e ITN Ea a é ¢ where, (x, 7,2) are coordinates of any point on the line. If L m and n are the direction cosines of the line, then equation of the line is xox ITI eT Z m n ‘The cartesian equation of a line passing through origin and having direction ratios (a, 6,<) is < Method to Convert Vector Equation of Line in Cartesian Form Suppose vector equation of 7 =Z+A8 is given, then to convert it into cartesian form. First, put the values of @, B and Faxi+ gf+ah. Then, compare the coefficients of , j and & from both sides, ro get required equation in carcesian form. Note To find the coordinates of any point on te ine, consider 2=% 2 YW 2-4 23, where dis some real number © we xeahe x, y=Dh4 yandz=ch + 2, Then, (r= % + aby, + Od 2= 2, +A) tepresent ihe coordinates of ‘any point onthe ine EXAMPLE |1] Find the vector and the cartesian equations of the line passing through the point (5, 2,4) and which is parallel to the vector 5i + j ~ 7k. Sol. Given point is(5, 2-4), whose position vector will be Ge si+ 2) -4k and parallel vector is B = si + j- 7k ‘The required vector equation of line is, Pesi+2j-ak+ 2051 + j-7k) For cartesian equation, write Fea says (24 aj-(4+ 7a)k (xi + yf t 2k) = (5-4 5A) + (2+ 2)}-(4 4 TA (On comparing the coefficients of 7, Jand k, we get xX=545A, y= 24 hand 2=—-(4 +74) 2=3_), and 22422 z+4_) | All/none | MATHEMATICS Class 121} ‘Thus, the required cartesian equation ofthe given line ig + xx ¥o2e st Alternate Method oo ‘Asthe given line i parallel tothe vector 5# + j ~ 74, therefore direction ratios of the given line are 5, 1, ~ tion of line passing through the poing Now, the equat in (6,2, ~4) and having direction ratios 5, 1, ~7 is x-5_ yr? _2t4 5 1-7 uote in rectangular coordinate system as X. Y and Z-axes passes through the oxgi, therefore x0 Equation of Xavs is 22 = P= =F fedvection cosines of Xaxis are (1, 0.0) = y=andz=0 Equation of Y-axis is and equation of Z-axis is EXAMPLE [2|_ Find the vector and cartesian equations of the line through the point (1, 2,~ 4) and perpendicular to the two lines F (gi 19} + 108) + AGH - 167 + 7K) and 7 = (asi +297 +58) + (al +87 - 5k). Sol, Given equations of lines are 7 =(@i ~19) +108) + A(37 -16) +78) and asi + 29) +5k)+u(3i + 8)-5k) On comparing with Pad +b, and? = al + by, we get Hf a37-16)+78 and by -3i+8)-5h Now, wedetermine . (Delhi 2016) aoa fi dk Beijxb=[3 -16 7 3 8-5 H¢go - 56) — j(—15 ~ 21) + R24 + 48) = 247 +36) + 72k =12(27 +3) + 6k) Since, the required line is perpendicular to the given lines, So, it is parallel to ; x 6,. Now, equation of a line passing through the point (1, 2, ~ 4) and parallel to24 i436) 4+ 72k or(2i +3) + 6k) is i + 2j-4k) + A2i +3] +68) which is required vector equation of the line. For cartesian equation, put r = xi + yj + zk, we get abt yj+2k= (14 ony #(2430)) +(- 4 FOEspree Dimensional Geometry ‘on comparing the coefficients off, jandé, we get whichis the required cartesian equation ofthe line, uation of a Line Passing through Two Given Points YECTOR EQUATION ‘The vector equation of a line passing through two points A and Bwith position vectors @ and & is given by z where, is the position vector of any point P on the line and his some real number. CARTESIAN EQUATION The equation of a line passing through two points Alay, yy, 21) and B(x, y>»2,) is given by x7H ITN nan hc, (x, 3,2) ate coordinates of any point on the line. z=% 2-31 227% EXAMPLE [3| If y-coordinate of a point P on the join OL shand Re, - 3, 5)is— 4 then finds z-coordinate SoL Equation ofa line joining Qand Ris yri 2-3 xl -4 2 1 Considering last two terms, we get 5 z-3_-5 ence, the requted coordinate is a 409 Method to Convert Cartesian Equation of Line in ‘Vector Form First, compare the given equation with xem 7H 2-41 ab «© to get (x,y, .2)) and a,b,c, then put these values in P=(xi + yyj+zh) +Nai + 6j-+ ch) and ger the required vector equation. EXAMPLE |4| Find the cartesian and vector equation for the line passing through the points A(-1, 1,2) and BE 4,5). Sol. Given points are A(x, yy, %;)=(-1. 1 2) and Bex ¥n.22)=(24,5) ‘We know that the cartesian equation of a line passing ‘through two points is 7% wok BOA x-(-I)_y-1_z-2 or -) ‘which is the required cartesian equation of the given line. To find the vector equation of line, compare Eq. (i) with, x Ni Angle between T Wo Lines Let L, and J, be evo lines and 6 be the acute angle between them, VECTOR FORM Let the vector equations of lines and Ly be 7=a/+iy and 7'= +B, then angle beeween these two lines is given by where, A and pt are scalars.410 Ti two lines are perpendicular, then by- 6; and if two lines are parallel, then by = 453. ‘CARTESIAN FORM. Let the cartesian equations of lines £, and Ly be eo I ee a 2782 and a bye Then, angle between the lines L, and ZL; is given by cos = Vaya, + 6,b, + Fact data biact qe? +b? +e? yal +63 +63 ‘The angle between the lines in terms of sin @ is given by I(a,by — 2b)? + (bye — bye)” 4 (cay — 4)? sin @ = ss Vetere? faitbi+ed thre | where, 6,,b.¢y and a2.b,,€, are direction ratios of lines Ly and L,, respectively. If, myn, and l,m, ny are ditection cosines of lines L, and L, then angle betwen the lines is given by £088 = [fla + mymy + myn ‘Ramps nt Bm} +n] and sing = _|“i™2~/2™ )P+ (yy ~ myn)? + (mh - myh)? few lines are perpendicular, then aya, + byby + ce =0 and if two lines are parallel, then 2! = 4, by 2 Note There ae avays two anglos 0 and = O between two Ines EXAMPLE |5| Find the angle between the lines (r= 2i-5j+k + 2Gi +27 +68) and 7 =7i - 64 + ui +2) 42h, Forelgn 20141 pope and S223. rovegn 2014) Sol (i) Given ines are F 5 +h rai s 2} 408) and 7 =7i~ ok + y (1+ 2) + 28) ‘On comparing with 7 = @, +26, and r =a; + by we get; =3/ +2) + 6k and dy +2j 42k | All‘none | MATHEMATICS Class 12th, «. The angle between the lines is given by bbe _ |i 2) + ob).(i + 2 + 26) Lig yin Wats at et dt + 2h oot 344412 prassejieara| PLY “7x3 21 (19 = oner(!) (ii) Given equations of lines: are cos 19 > ass Here, direction ratios of two lines are (2, 21) and (4,1, 8) Let be the acute angle between the given lines, then cos = Lite + Faby + 6x02 | OEE Yad + 3 3 2x141x = cos = 12K t ENT HT SL Veta eres ___I8+2+8] Avast Viori eet 1818. EXAMPLE [6] Find the angle between the lines with direction ratios proportional to 4, -3, 5 and 3, 4, 5, respectively. Sol. Let0 be the acute angle between the given lines. Here, a, = 4,0, he 25 Sanda, * cos O= arate + 4 050 = (3) +5! Peat ast [12-12 + 25] fic+ 9425 orig 2se-Dimensional Geometry ve xAMPLE |? Find the ange between the ines whose Fretion costes are given by the equations rrm+5n=0,6mn—2nl +5lm=0. INCERT Exemplar) ven equations are sol, The a+ m+ wi and 6mn~2nl +i rH Now, fromEq. (i), we get 3t Sn (ii) On substituting m = ~ 31 ~ Snin Ea, (i), we get 6(-31 -5n) n= 2nl + 51(—31 ~5n)=0 Son? + 45in +181 =0 = 2n? +3hn + <0 2 2 Ont + Onl + nl +P =0 = an(n+ I) + 1(n+l)=0 2 (n+ D(2n+N=0 Either! = - nor! =~ 2n Kl =—nthenm =~ 2n (using Eg (i) andif |= ~ 2n,thenm= {using Eq.) Thus, the direction ratios of two lines are proportional to (-1-2n,n) and(- 2n,n,n)ie. 1,-2.1) and 2.1.0), respectively Now, letO be the cute angle between the lines, then lesa, + bby + cl cos 0= ett ec festive [e-24]t “Trajan 6 Point of Intersection of Lines Tocheck whether the two given lines intersect or not and to Point of intersection if intersect) we fellow the wing procedure VECTOR FORM le thetwo lines be TSlaitarj+ abt Qitbj+be) (i \™ TSUai i +asj+ ash) Osi +65} 68) i | nat (and Gi) intersect, then they have a common Sebi ai Haj t+ ash) + M(bS +65] 4 yh) e +05 + ah) y (67 + 04) + fy (+2) + (ay Ady) j4lay +a )E Cai +wa)i+les4n es j+(es use Nh = af tH Bf ay thby =a 4b; SS¥ Ny = af tp by * 4ll Now, find the value of Land by solving any two of above equations. Ifthe values of and satisfy the third equation, then the ewo lines intersect, otherwise not. If intersect, then the point of intersection can be obtain by substituting the value of (or 1) in Eq, (i) (or Eq, (i)]. EXAMPLE [8| Show that lines T= +j-& +2Gi -j) and F = (4 - A +ye +38) intersect each other. Find their point of intersection. (Delhi 2014) °QF First, determine the values of 2 and y by equating 7 of booth the lines and then find 7 by using the value of 2. orp. Sol. Givenlinesare 7 =(i + j-k)+2(3i-j) @ and 7 b+ (ai +38) ) Clearly, these lines will intersect, if (7+} —&) + A.(3i j) =(4i~8)+(2i +38) for some particular values of A andy. Collecting the like terms, we get (43R)i +0 -aj- k= ante (re ane On equating the coefficients o On equating the coefficients of j, we get 1-A=0 5 hel (On equating the coefficients off we get a Jand 2 =1 Also, these values satisfy 3h ~ 91 =3, therefore the given lines intersect On putting 4 =1in Eq (we get 7 =(1+ jf sgt - jedi voj-k Hence, the point of intersection of given lines (4, 0 ~1). CARTESIAN FORM xox Let wo lines be Ly: xox, and [ys 4 Consider the coordinates of general points on Zy and Lp ise.tay + a\h, yy +b), 2, +e) and (x34 .4,Hh, yy+05 hay 4eyH) where, and jt are some real constants, Ifthe lines L, and 1, intersect, then they have a common point. (xy aids 9) +8, Asay te,A) = (ey + aH Jo +b, 2) bey H)A412 for some constants.A.and H. = xy tay + att, WFO Aq ot bok and ay ted=e, teat Now, find the value of A and 1 by solving any two of above ‘equations. Ifthe values of A and Ht satisfy the third equation, then the two lines intersect, otherwise not. If intersect, then the point of intersection can be obrain by substituting the value of Aor 1) in Eq. (i) for Eq. (i)]. xt1_yt3 EXAMPLE |9| Show that the lines*2—= "> intersect. Also, find their point of intersection. [Delhi 2020) Sol. The given lines are x#1_yt3_2+5_jagy ) 3 and 2—2= (let) 7 zee ‘Then, any point on line (is P(Sh-1,54-3, 72-5) and any point on line (ii) is QZ +4 H+) Clearly, the lines (i) and (ii) will intersect, if (GA-1,54-3,7A-S)=(H+2 +4, SH +6), for some particular value of 2. and p- = 3h -1=p+25.-3= 344 and 7A-S=SH +6 = Bh-w=3, 5h-3H=7 and Th Sal ‘On multiplying Eq, (v) by 3 and then subtracting Eq, (vi) fromit, we get 92-3 -5A 43 =9-7 = 422 d= 2 (On putting the value of 2 in Eq, (v), we get 1 3 3 axi-ps3—3-p=3 a y=-2 5H H ne-5 2 On putting the values of? and 2 in Eq, (vi), we get 1 axi—s(- 2 ( 3 11 =11, which is true. Hence, lines (i) and (ii) intersect and their point of intersection is =A 5xX=-37x—-5 ting = ofoxt-nsxt-a7%!-)[ rnin | All/xone | MATHEMATICS Class 194), EXAMPLE |10| Find the equations of the two tines passing through the origin which intersect the line at angles of ; each. 2 71 INCERT Exemplar Sol, Given equation ofthe line is = Asay) yt xeDheay=h+dands =) = y d i 00, 0) x z » yf (43,2430) Since, direction ratios of the given line are (2, 1,1) and the required lines make angle © with the given line. x yl + byby + x02 * oS" prpepieoed 3 Ya? +b? +e yal + 5 +3 oak 22h 43) 414K 43) 41-2 3 foe vr? a1 (on +3)? + +a) +P [+ direction ratios of OP are (2A +3) (2 +3)andi] CA+9 1 = is 2 oan? 494122 +2? +94 6K 4 0 ve 6X49 2 Yon? +184 +18 = 6 (A? +32 +3) = 262 +9) = of? +5243) = (2043) => (AP +3 +3) =(4A7 + 9412A) tee aringon both sid] = WM 4or+6=0 > MasHIE = (AHI(A+2)=0 Ae-t-2 So, the direction ratios of required lines are (1,2,—) 44 and (-1, 1,-2). {putting A = 1, 2inDR'sof Since, the required lines passes through origin. Yok ont 2 + The equations of required lines are * YozPf yee-Dimensional Geometry sHORTEST DISTANCE SETWEEN TWO LINES so ines in spe wil be one of he flowing forms {) Inersecting Gi) Parallel Neither parallel nor intersecting fv lines in space intersect ata poin, then the shortest jeance benveen them is zero, If rwo lines in space are a then the shortest distance between them will be Mepependicular distance, i.e, the length of the dicular drawn from a point on one line onto the other line. 2 je f sc EN 9 ~—Y ‘A Ny x Iftvo lines are neither intersecting nor parallel, then such gato lines are non-coplanar and are called skew-lines. In th given figure, line GE (lie in ceiling DEFG) and BD (icin wall ABED) are skew-lines, since they are not parallel aad ako never meet. ‘Note Two lines lying in the same plane are called coplanar lines. ‘Coplanar lines are either parallel or intersecting. Shortest Distance between Two Skew-Lines For skew-lines, the line of the shortest distance will be ependicular to both the lines and it is unique also. !nfigure, che shortest distance (SD) between two skew-lines ‘4 and L, is the length of the line segment PQ . 1g Py l, Sart VECTOR FORM the equations of L, and J, be 4 Sal) eee a Peathb and r=ayt phy es hone distance PQ between these two skew-lines is (a-a-ixd)| SD= axeal 413 Condition for Two Given Lines to be Intersect The given lines 7'=4,+1b, and r'=ay+phy incersct, if che shortest distance berween them is 210, ay a) heh) ie. xd) = [e@-a-Gxm Method to Find the Shortest Distance Let two lines be Peaythh and 7=a;+b;u, which are the scandard equations of lines. Then, for finding the shorest distance berwten the #0 lines, use the following seps I, Fist, check whether the given equations are in standard form or not. If they are not in scandard form, then write them in standard form. |. Find ajyd'y 6, and 53 by comparing with standard form, say ie a =afitasje ash, hamish jeKe and a= ai +af jt af kbp = 62 +62 j+ IIL, Compute the value of x, by using the formula bw by be ~ By: ~ jOpb— B58") +huer- e567) IV. Determine the value ofa ~ a; and Jd, x23). Now put the values obtained in steps Il and IV in shortest distance formula ay) x8) < Ua xdal and simplify it to ge the required shortest distance, EXAMPLE [11] Find the shortest distance between the Pate +e-oj +atose : =(@s+2i-(-9)) +@5~ 23 (Dantz016c) lines414 Sol. Given lines are Fea(renis(2-Dj rae nsk and 7 =(254.231 (= 9} + (25—D3k Clearly, the given equations are not in standard form, Let ‘us write these equations in standard form, ic. Fa(is aj +sk) 4G -j +36 (i) = j-30)+ sa + f+ 68) i) ‘On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii) with 7 = i + AB, and F =a! + 46;, we get Hi ai+aj+3kh Bs Gra 2i -j—shand B: 21 (bi x b2)(@2 ~ @) Shortest distance = [Bs x Be | 27__ vio wio 10 -9-18 ae EXAMPLE |12| Find the shortest distance’ ‘between the a+ ai + (2-307 ++ 20k (ai +55 + 6k) + ple +37 +k). INCERT) Sol. Givenlinesare 7 242) +(2-92)) ++ WIE fi) and 7 =(4i45]+68)s nla +3)+8) Clearly, first equation is not in standard form. Let us write first equation of line in standard form, ie. 7 = (542) +3k)+ MG -3) + 28) ii) On comparing Eqs. (ii) and (ii) with 7 =o, +6, and 7 =a, +b, respectively, we get i-3j+ 2k ivajr+sk. 4 a ai a ait) ook, & ai 4aj+k i 7 @ Clearly, & xb =[1 -3 2 234 3-6) ~ Jl 4) +8346) =-9143)+9 ' = [ix ig=|-si +3) +98] = oF HOF OF = +9481 = Vi71 =3Vi9 | All/none | MATHEMATICS Class 12th acai es] +b) + 23430) asi +3) 43k _ bears 927) 9 3 = = emits as wo V9 which is the required shortest distance, CARTESIAN FORM Let L, and Ly be owo skew-lines with equations ceca Jon 27a Be and cae Then, the shortest distance between these lines is _d) Condition for Two Given Lines to be Intersect Let the nvo lines be and 2 The lines Z; and L3 will intersect, if the shortest distance between them is zero e278 Ya Ni 22721 a 4g by o Noto If direction cosines of the lines are given, 1. (/..n%) and (la. My, 2) then replace (a, b,,€,) by (I, m4.) and (ap, Dp.C2) BY {my.rg)in the above formula find shortest distance Method to Find the Shortest Distance Suppose two: lines STM LIT er i yr yz 272 —e and Se a hg a ate given to us, chen for finding the shortest distance tween these lines, use the follqwing steps XX)Dimensional Geometry gure’ 1, First, check whether the given equations are in * gandard form or not. If they are notin sandal form, then write them in standard form, IL Find 1, 910215 X25 Yoo93 by comparing the given eq equation of lines, 1]. Compute the value of the determinant 27M Ja-N 22-2 4 4, ut 4 b 2 by expanding along R or C,, IV, Compute the value of Moe b+ (a, ~ 620)? + (a,b, ~ayh)* V. Put the values obtained in. steps III and IV in shortest distance formula, M2 May z= 4 4 4 % bh «4 oe i Moyea byes)? + ea ~c5)? + (ab, -a6,)? and simplify it vo get required shortest distance. SD= EXAMPLE |13| Find the shortest distance between the 7 which are not in standard form. Siven equations of lines canbe written in standard form as | Oncomparing the given ‘equations of lines with | AEH YOI ton ; 4 % be Meet x, M222 =3q,= 2b =30 <4 and 22 y2 24.2, =5 4, =3b, =. On Putng these values in 4 4 a by ™ 122 =]234 345 MIS ~16)~ 20-12) + 8-9)=-144~ 221 7H My ama, 4 v1 4-2 5-3 2.304 34. 415 Now, bese # ee Ha ashy =aF 4+(2! +(-1) = fragt = ve a mH BH 4 4 o oy by fa SD= re Meie, bye? + (cya, ~ €20,)? + (a, ~ 0,6, = yen which is the required shortest distance. q Distance between Parallel Lines Two lines Zand Z, are paral then they ace coplanar, pa 5—— Ly sé P The shortest distance TP between parallel lines LP=atAb and LF = Hepp is Noto To find he distance betwoen to ines, rt check whether they ‘ae parallel or not, EXAMPLE [16] Find the distance between the lines Ly and L, given by 7 =i +2)~ 4b + Qf 43} +68) and Paaie3j~sk anal +6) +128), [Foreign 2014) Sol Given ines are LiF (14 2}-a8) + AGH 43} 468) i +3}-sh) + 47 +6) +128) (3i+3)~si+ au al +3) eek) =(31+3) ~ 58) + (ai +3) +68) On comparing the given equations of lines with reathbandr =ar+y'b, wegeta, =742) a8, a =3143)-88 and =2i safe Now, a; ~ @|= (3i-+3}-si) (7+ 2}-af} +j-b o44 fii @ and bx(q-a)=|2 3 21-1416 |b x(aj—ay)) _ [-9i+14j~44 ah ei +3} + 64] _ eo Hay 4-4? © are +0" Required distance, d = _ Veiig6416 _ J293 Vavo+ss a9 2983 = 73 units 7 Perpendicular Distance of a Line from a Given Point . VECTOR FORM \ To determine the perpendicular distance from a given point P(a) to a given line r= a +h b we follow the following procedure Ler L be the foot of perpendicular drawn from the point P(@) on the given line and the position vector of L be ane. Then, PL=2t+hb-a=a-a+hb. Since, PL is perpendicular tothe ine which is parallel to 6. Therefore, PL-b =0 = (@-a+hb)-b=0 = (2~a)-b42(6-8)=0 > A=- ier On substicuring the value of % in @+Ab and P 27 -a +A B, we obtain the position vector of Z and vector PL. The magnitude of PL gives the length of perpendicular. | Allfnone | MATHEMATICS Class 194, ¢ CARTESIAN FORM “To determine the perpendicular distance from given pong Pla, ¥) 10 given line x=x ITH a < ‘we follow the following procedure Let L be the foot of the perpendicular drawn from P(a,8, 7 on the given line and the coordinate of 1 be (ey tad yy HOd 2 FA) =A (say) PCa. BD Gta, Yt Zy toh) 8 “Then, ditection ratio of AB are proportional t0 @, 6, ¢ and direction ratio of PL are proportional to (x, #ah—c, y, +Ok—Py 2, +A—7)- Since, PL is perpendicular to AB, therefore (eptah— aa + (y+ DAB) + (eth Ye=0. After simplifying, we get _ fae =a) + 6G - +e ~ 21) aah te? On putting the value of A in (x) + ah, yy + 6s 2) +), we obtain coordinates of Z. Now, we can find che length of PL using distance formula. a EXAMPLE |15| Find the coordinates of foot of perpendicular drawn from the point (0, 2, 3) on the line x+3 xe. in of 5 2 Also, find the length perpendicular. Sol. Given equation of the line is +2 P(0,2,3)shree Dimensional Geometty 2 -X=Sh-Bys= tends =3,—-4 +: Coordinates of point Lare(Sh~3 2} +1,34 ~4) Now, DR’s of line PL = (9-3-0 2h+1~2 9-4-9) =(5A~3, 22 ~1,34-7) DR'sofline ABare 5, 2,3, PLL AB 422 + bb, +e) wi) From Eq, (i) we get > SUR ~3) + 2(2h-1)43.0—7) 20 = 25h-15+42- 2492-2120 > WA-38=0 = 38.=38 = Lei «+ Foot of perpendicular L =(h~3,2h+1,3—4)=(2.3,-1) [putd =1) Also, length of perpendicular, PL =Distance between points Pand L = 0-2)? +(2-3 + Gay f+ dinance= fle = a) Hy,=9) Hesoa = 441416 = V21 units EXAMPLE |16| Find the coordinates of the foot of Fependicular drawn from a point A(18,4) to the line fining the points 8(0,~ 1,3) and c@, -3,~1), {All India 2017) SoL Let D be the foot of. Perpendicular drawn from A to the line BC, Ag (484) Bo D c, (0.1.3) (23.4) Now, equation of line passing through Band is or Now, let 3 oxedy aes So coordinates of D are (4, -A-1.~ 2h +3) for some ue of 417 Now, direction ratios of ine AD are ‘AS, AD L BC ONAAM-2h-1)20— 425 Thus, the coordinates orois(-, 3 8) Hence, the coordinates of foot of perpendicular drasm from A to line joining Bandcar(-2 S 3} EXAMPLE [17] Vertices 8 and C of ABC lie along the y-1 tne 222 = 22 ind the ara of the triangle given that A has coordinates (1, -1, 2)and line segment BC has length 5 units. Sol Let h be the height of AABC. Then, his the length of Perpendicular from A(l,-1,2) to the - line #2 y-1_2-0 2 1, 40 Clearly, tine +2 = passes through the point say P(-21,0) and parallel to the vector baaitjeak Atta) watt yt Ta (2h =2441,42) ‘Now, DR's of AM are 24-3, A+. 2and4a~2 Since, AM 1 BC, therefore Yh -3)+1(A + 2) +444 - 2)=0. (eDR’s of line BC are 2,1, 4) 4, Then, coordinates of M are thea ant Tes given thatthe length of BCis S units Aten ABC #2 (BC = sq units 23418 . | TOPIC PRACTICE 2| OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS 1 The equation of straight linc passing through the point (a, b,c) and parallel to Z-axis is 2 The equation of a line passing through the point (-3, 2,4) and equally inclined to the axes are (&) x43-y-2=244 52-224 (@ None ofthese 3. The two lines fy+b'z each other, if a @s (©) aa + ce’=1 4. The angle between the lines through the points (4,7, 8), (2,3, 4) and (+1, -2,1), @, 2, 5) is yy +b,z=cy+dand y +d’ are perpendicular to [Delhi 2020] be) 44£=-1 a (@) aa + ec’ =-1 (0 oF x x OF Os Y=4 2 2-5 are mutually perpendicular, if the value of kis {All India 2020} 2 2 (a)- 3 (b). 3 (c)-2 (a2 VERY SHORT ANSWER Type Questions 6 Find the direction cosines of the line 4 y_Ixz 2 6 38 [Detht2013¢) 7 The equation of a line are gx — 3 =15y +7= 3 - 10z, Write the direction cosines of the line. {all India 2015) | All‘#one | MATHEMATICS Class 12th 8 ifthe equation of line AB is a x 2 is then write the direction ratios of the line parallel to above line AB. (Dethi2011) 9. Find the cartesian equation of the line which passes through the point (-2,4, ~5) and is paralle} xt+3_4-y _ 248 to the line 3 == Ee [Dethi2013) 10 Find the vector equation of the line which passes through the point (3, 4,5) and is parallet to the vector 2i +2} 3k. (Delhi 20191 {1 Aline passes through the point with position vector 2i — j + 4k and is in the direction of the vector i + j- 2k Find the equation of the line in cartesian form. {All India 2019] 142. Aline passes through the point with position vector 2i - 3} +4 and makes angles 60°, 120° and 45* with X,Y and Z-axes, respectively. Find the equation of the line in the cartesian form. [Delhi 2016C) SHORT ANSWER Type I Questions 13. ‘The vector equation of a line which passes through the points (3, 4, ~7) and (1,-1.6) is ——- [All India 2020) 14 Find the equation of a line in cartesian form, which is parallel to 2i ~ j + 3% and which passes through the point (5, ~2, 4). 15. The x-coordinate of a point on the line joining the points P(2, 2,1) and Q(5,L-2)is 4. Find its z-coordinate. [AM India 20171 16 Find the cartesian equation of line that passing through the points (I, ~ 3) and (3, 4, 2). 17 Find the vector equation of line passing through the points (l,~ 1,2) and (3, 2,1). 18 Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point A(, 21) and parallel to the line Sx -25 = 14~7y = 352. {Delhi 20171 SHORT ANSWER Type II Questions 19 Find the shortest distance between the lines re(4i-j+a(i+27- 3k) and r=(i—j+28)+y(2i + 47-58). (cnsE 20181vee-Dimensional Geometry tb ‘The cartesian equations of a lineis gx-2= 3y+1=2z-2 Find the direction cosines ofthe line. Write down the cartesian and vector equations of a line passing through the point @-1,-1) which are parallel to the given line [Dethi2013¢] 20 4 Find the direction cosines of the line x42_2y-7_S-2 76 equation of the line through the point A(-1,2, 3) and parallel to the given line. (Delhi 2014) 20, Find the equation of a line passing through the point (,2, ~4) and perpendicular to two lines j-19} +108) + (3i-16)+ 7k) and 7 =(18/ +29]+ 58) +n(3i +8} Also, find the vector {All India 2015} 93 Aline passes through the point (2, ~1, 3) andis perpendicular to the lines Pe(i+j-Wy +i -2j +h and —j- Sh) +y(i +2) +28). Obtain its equation in vector and cartesian forms. {All India 2014) 24 Find the angle between the pair of lines given by = 31 42)-4h +2 (427 +28) and P= 5i-2j +p (3i+2)+68). 25 Find the angle between the lines Pe + j+2%) and 7 2}4u (3 -Di-W3+) j+48). 26 Find the angle between the pair of lines 2x42 _yHT_ 243 yg Xt2_2y-8 2-8 2 7-8 TO and check whether the lines are parallel or Perpendicular. (Delhi 2011] 27 Find the angle between the lines dre 42, (Delhi 2017C) atright angles. Show that the line through the points (1, -1, 2), (8,4, -2)is perpendicular to the line through the Points (0, 3, 2) and (3, 5, 6)- INCERT) 419 30. Find the vector’and cartesian equations of the line which is perpendicular to the lines with + X+2_y-3_ z+] equations —— = 7—~ = —— and ‘3 1 24" xel_y-2_ 2-3 2? EB and 5 1G == and passes through the point (1,1,1). Also, find the angle between the given {All India 2020] lines. 31. Find the vector and cartesian equation of a line through the point (-,) and perpendicular to the lines joining the points (4, 3,2), (1,-1.0) and @2-0,2 40. 32. Find the shortest distance between the lines P=2)-5j+h4+d (31 +2) +68) i G+ (i +27+28). (All India 2015C) and r= 33 Find the shortest distance between the lines x-3 galoe -6 17 [Foreign 2014] 34 By computing shortest distance, determine whether the following pair of lines intersect or not 7=(4i+5/)+4('+2j-3i)and 35. Show that the lines = 2+1 ao not intersect each other. 36 Find the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular drawn from the point (2.3,-8)to 4-x lez the line“ (allIndia 20176) 37 Find the foot of perpendicular from PQ, 2, - 3)t0 the ine *## 2 2 also, find the image of Pin the given line. [Delhi 2016C] 38. Find the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular drawn from the point A(-1,8, 4) to the line joining the points B (0, -1,3) and C (2,-3,-)- Hence, find the image of the point A inthe line BC. {All India 2016)420 LONG ANSWER Type Questions: 39 Find the vector and cartesian equations of a line passing through (1, ~ 4) and perpendicular 8 _yt19_ 2-10 to the two lines “= and x-15 3 =29 (Delhi 2017) 222-3 222 22-3 na a 2" 40 ifthe lines are perpendicular, find the m2 5 value of i. Hence find whether the lines are intersecting or not. [allindia 2019), Y=) 241=0and 41. Show that the lines “= 54-221 y-oimtrsect each other. Also, find their point of intersection. 42 Find the shortest distance between the lines x-8_y+9_ 2-10 4 X-18_yo29_2-5 3 6 7 3. 8 ‘Also, find the equations of the shortest distance. 43. Find the perpendicular distance of point (1, 0, 0) from the line 2=! = 241. 2479, aiso, find the 2-3 8 coordinate of foot of perpendicular and ‘equation of perpendicular. [Dethi 2011) | HINTS & SOLUTIONS | 1. (6) Hint Direction cosines of Z-axis are 0, 0,1 2. (0) Here, |= m= therefore required equation of line is Bef 7 poxt3ayo darts 3. (4) We have, xeaythz Since, these lines are perpendicular. aa! #140’ =0 [two lines are perpendicular, ifa,a, + byby + ee, = 0) = aa’ +00 =—1 4, (a) DR's of given line are ~2, -4, ~4 and 2,4,4. ‘Since, DR’s are proportional, therefore given lines are parallel to each other. Hence, angle between them is zero. | AllZnone | MATHEMATICS Class 12th 5. (a) We have, x-2 and =— k perpendicular. or Since, the given line ce AM) + ()(2) +(-RY(-2) = 0 = It can be rewritten in standard form as Here, DR’s of line are ~2 6, ~3. Now, y(-27 +62 (3 = V4436+9 = V49 =7 $0, DC's of line are ~2, £, ~3 777 7. Given equation of a line is gx -3=15y +7 =3-102 i) ‘To convest the equation in standard form = 4 ro) @ ° e Let us divide Eq. () by LCM (coefficient of x, y and). i.e. LM (5, 15, 10) =30 1sy +7 _3=10e 3 Now, Eq. (i) becomes a. (i) becom “a 7 6 2-3 On comparing the above equation with Eq, (i), we get 6, 2,~3are the direction ratios of the given line. Now, the direction cosines of given line are é 2 Veer arse fee eece 62 be FF be Bor 449 = a9 =7] 8, Hint Given equation can be rewritten in standard form as yt. 2-5 <1 s2 a (i) Direction ratios of two parallel lines are proportional (ii) Direction ratios of given line are ~1, - 24. [ 1,-2.4) Since, the required line is parallel to the line 243 3 x43 or as 3e-Dimensional Geometry ure ._ R's of both lines are proportional to each other, ‘he required cartesian equation of the line passing through the point (2 4, 5) having DR’s(3, 5 ¢)is xe2_ yr d 248 yas 10. Equation of a line passing through a point with position vector @ and parallel toa vector B is Poasn8 Sinee, line passes through (3, 4, 5) & aasisajesk Since, line is parallel to 2i + 2) - 3k 4 Bevis 2j-sk Equation of line is ? = a + AB, ie, P=(i+4)+5h) 4202+ 2) -38, which is the required vector equation. {1, The given line passes through the point A having position i—j+4k and is parallel to the vector vector @ Ba (i4j-2k) xe2+h yoh-lands=4—-2 ty xo2_ytl_z-4 ro. xo2_ytl oo is the required equation of 1 1 a 7. and a point on the line is (2,3, 4). ve fans, ¥=2_ ¥4+3 2-4 Ww -12 2 or2x -4=~ 2y-6= (2 -4)} 5. Any line passing through the points @/and B has vector ‘quation 7’ = 24(B~ a) #-Vector equation of the line passing through the points = 3)44)—7k and B = i j +6k is given by Pe siagj—rksa-joel)-Gi+4j-76) > Pesisaj—ri+acai-sj +138) 14. Similar as Example 1m 15, Similar as Example 3, (Ans. 16, Similar as Example 4. [a 17. Hint Let @ and B are the position vector of (1,1, 2)and (2M), respectively. Then, @=i-j+2e and basit gtk Now, the required equation of line is given by PadtMb-a) tans. 7 = (7-j+-28)+@214+3)-&)) 18. Given line is 5x -25 = 14-7y = EBD 4x8 yt WW iBs ae man Bs Lat = Direction ratios ofthe given line are 57°38 => Direction ratios ofa line parallel to the given ine are 1 proportional to t 3 s The required line will be parallel to the vector Hence, the required equation of line is given by Faagtab Taha g- ber sT=(Peg-be ( 19. Given equation of lines are ra(ai~ jl aie aj and ra(i-j+ 2k) pitaj—sh) +.) On comparing Eqs. (i) and (i) with = a, +44 and 1a, +Hiby respectively, we get and Here ijé and x b=] 1 2-3 24-5] (10+ 12)-J(-5+6)+ kb -4) =a-j | xdyls fe? = Vit = 5 Now, the shortest distance between the given lines is given by jolt x tye, a a, bal422 20. Given equation of li 6x-2_ayt1_ 22-2 6 6 2: = 2or 6x-2=3y41 3 Clearly, DR's of given line are 1, 2,3. 12 3 +. DC's of given line are =, ==, Seen Ta Sa a evita dest = Virae9 = via) Now, equation of a line passing through the point (2 =1,-1)and parallel to the given line is x-2_ytl_ zt 1 2 3 ‘To find the vector form, consider zt Sot PLE 2d G03 3 (say) = xsAs2y=%-2ze5h-1 2 deyjeck=Q+ait(@a-nj+G2-nk — Baie 25+) = 7 =(ai—j- B+ a+ 25 +38) which is the required equation of line in vector form. 21 Solveas Question 20. [m2 3) Fe tetova is] 22, Similar as Example 2. fAns. 7 =(i + 2j-4k) + 2(2i +3) + 68) 23. Similar as Example 2. 25. Similar as Example 5 (i). sn] 26. Similar as Example 5 (i). [Are 5% given pair of lines are perpendicular to each ater] 27 Hint () The given equations of lines can be rewritten as | Allinone | MATHEMATICS Class 12¢h, 28, Hint Given equations of lines can be written as 2 2-3 ‘i =3 apn t xo y-3 ecu and i ° “apf -1 ‘iy Since, Eqs. (i) and (ii) are perpendicular. (22) Beaten [Ans p=7] 7 29, Hint Ifa, b,,€, and 4, by, ¢2 are the direction ratios ofthe lines, then the perpendicular, if ay + yy #06 30. Any line through the point (1,1, 1) is given by 1_z-l lines are = fi) where a, Band ¢ are the direction ratios of lin Now, the line Gi is perpendicular to the lines x42_y-3 24) 1 4 and == where DR's of these two lines 2 3 (4 are (1, 2,4) and (2, 3,4), respectively. s a4 dbs teno ti) and 2a+3b+4e= i) be ats having DRC By Vand (a, by €2)are perpendicular, then a,a, + by + ¢,¢3 =O] By cross-multiplication method, we get B-12 8-4 3-4 2. DR'S of line (i) are ~ 4, 4, -1 The required cartesian equation of line (i) is sot yal and vector equation is F =i + j+k +A(—4i +4j-4) Again, let O be the angle between the given tines ‘Then, AX 242x344 x4 cs 0= ia} Vivtris favors Jz ves “te o=coe( i) Too, 31, Solve as Question 30, Hint Find DR's of perpendicular lines. -1 yet its corresponding vector jedysri-1j-70] equation is 32, imilar os Example 12. [ans 2 5 wn) 5 33. Similar as Example 13. [Ans, 2¥29 units}spree Dimensional Geometry ja: civeneqaton of inesare 7 (41 +59) +2 (14 2) -38) J+ ok) +y (ai +4) -sky and T= Con comparing with =a + 2b, and 735 +ub;, we gt G=8i45), Bisa} 3k (10412) - j(s+6)+k 4-4) j+0k ce 1B xB) = V2) + (+08 = fT a5 +: Shortest distance between two lines is sp =| @xBha-@) + SDF Now,consider] 4 = a bb & =3(-4~15)- -6~20)- 49-8) =3(~19)- -26)- 21) =57+52- 107 #0 = Shortest distance will not be zero. Hence, the given lines do not intersect each other. * Similar as Example 15 [Ans. (2,6,- 2] 7. Any point on the given line is (2-1, 2043-2). Therefore, coordinates of Qare(2A Now, PQ = (2h—2)i+(- Zh+ Nj HANK 2h+3,-Aa). 423 £(1.2,-3) Since, PQ is perpendicular tothe line EH y3 LE 20-2 -1 UIA 2)-A-2h+1) 1-243) «1 Foot ofthe perpendicular is Q{1, 1, -1). Let P'(x, y, 2)be the image of Pin the line then Coordinates of = Coordinates of mid-point of FP” xt = Eas 2 > xshy=Qze1 Hence, the image is (1.0, 1). 38. Solve as Question 37. [Ans. Foot of perpendicular =(~ 21,7) and image of 3-610) 2 3 6 23 3 3 2A, Zand 3h, 2 ~5, respectively. Itis known that two lines with direction ratios a,b, € and a, by ¢, are perpendicular, if aay + Bb; + 6162 = 9 te (-3)(GK)# (2A) 24(2)(-9)=0 = 9,442 -10=0 = -Sh=10 = h=-2 ‘Therefore, for = ~ 2the given lines are perpendicular.424 The coordinates of any point on first line are given by x1 y-2_2-3 xo} = kong Ste tetas) aed = xe-3s41 yeas e2 and zeos+3 So, the coordinates of a general point on first line are (-3541, 45 +2, 2543) ‘The coordinates of any point on second line are given by = ~61 +1, y= 2t+1andz=~5t+6 So, the coordinates of a general point on second line are (cor #1, 2t 41, -5 +6) Ifthe lines intersect, then they have a common point. So, for some values of s and f, we must have, Gt th —ts42= 2041 Solving first two of these two equations, we get setandr=+ 5 10 “These values of s and t, do not satisfy the third equation Hence, the given lines do not intersect. 44. similar as Example 9, Hint The given equations can be rewritten as xo + yxrd and ° {Ans.(4,0.-0} 42. Given lines are o = A(say) 0 = =j(eay) soli) p 4 a e Any point Pon line i)is PUS2. +8, 162. 9,72. +10) Aili) ‘and any point Q on line (i) is (3p + 15, 8H + 29, ~S1 +5) div) So, direction ratios of FQ are Gu +15 32-8, Bu + 294108 49,- 5H 45-72-10) i.e, (GH -3A+7, 8H-+102 +38 -5p 72-5) Now. |PQ| will be the shortest distance between lines (i) and (i) if PQ is perpendicular to both lines (i) and (i) | Allinone | MATHEMATICS Chass 19, Wy 32+ 7) = 16 (8H +167. + 38) +1 -5jt - 7-5) = Craas + bs + ee, <9) = 9yt — 9), + 21 ~ 128} 2567.~ 608 ~ 359-497. ~ 35-9 => 1541-3142 -622=0 => TM +157A. +311=0 [dividing by (~2)]_.(v) and 3 - 3h-+7)-+8(@h + 162. + 38) = 5-72. 5)=0 “aya, + bbs + ec, =0) =o 99h + 21+ 6A +128 +304 + 251+ 352. + 25-0 = 96 +1542 +350=0 = +ith+25=0 {dividing by 14] 69) (On multiplying Eq. (vi) by 11 and then subtracting from Bg, (v), we get (77 -+1572, + 311)— (77H #3212. +275) =0 = hE 1 On putting the value of A in Eq. (v), we get T+ 151(-1) +31 = 7-157 +31 = Tw +154 =0 => w=-2 ah (On putting the values of & and }t in Eqs. (ii) and (i), wwe get Coordinates of P = (-3 +8 16 ~ 9, ~7 +10)=(5.7,3) and coordinates of Q = (— 6 +15, -16 + 29,10 +5) = (9.13.15) «+ Shortest distance between two lines, 1g = o-57 03-7) 05-3) xP + (vn) + - a) = FoF = V6 = 14 units Equation of line PQ of shortest distance is B25 y-7 9-5 13-7 15-3 [e distance = (y(, Hence, x a8 is the required equation of 3 the line which gives shortest distance. 43. Similar as Example 15, (Ans, Length of perpendicular is ¥24, coordinate of foot of perpendicular is (3-4,—2) and equation of perpendicular issUMMARY : pirection Cosines A ditected tine say L passing through the origin makes angles w, hand y with XY and Z-aves respectively, wtich * ge caled drecton angles, Then, cosine of these anges, ie, cosa, cos and cos ate known as tha rection cosines of the tected jngl. Wedenote ites, I= cosa,m= cosfandn = cosy, i + pirection Ratios Avy vee numbers a, b and. proportional tothe direction cosines , m and n, respectively ae called the direction ratios oF direction numbers ofthe ine () The direction ratios of a Ene passing through two points x,y, 248M (Xp, Yo, 25) Xp Ky Vo Yu Za Ze a b c fat sm=t andn=+ OU Erte” ithe Vesbeect + Equation of a Line {) Equation ofa line through a given point and parallel to a given vector Vector Equation = 4+1.B, where, & = postion vector of point and B vector to which line fs parallel. Cartesian Equation“ 7 us a where a,b,c are direction ratios and (x,y, z))be the point (i) Equation of a line passing through two given points Vector Equation /’ = @ where @ and B are position vectors of points. Cartesian Equation where (x, ys, 2))and (Xp, yo, Z2)are two points. * Angle between Two Lines Vector form cos BIB Cartesian form cos @= aa, + Hb, +06, eof rce eb rce * Ostance hetween Two Skew-Lines The shortest cistance between these two skew-ines, -3).Bxd) [Bxb; am Yo~Yy 202 ab 2 bo oe. -beF 6a cays aby oar stance between Paral Lines The shortest distance between parallel nes Vector Form SD = Cartesian Form $D = U:F =3+hBand ly:7 =F+y Bis Sdorg =|OXeCHAPTER PRACTICE OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS 1. Pisa point on the line segment joining the points (3, 2, —1) and (6, 2, -2), If x-coordinate of P is 5,then its y-coordinate is [NCERT Exemplar] (@)2 @)1 © (@)-2 2. IfOis the origin and OP = 3 with direction ratios -1 2and -2, then coordinates of Pare E42.-2 wl rse9) (0,22) 3 The equation of X-axis in space is INCERT Exemplar) (a)x=0,y=0 ()x=0, x (@y=0,2-0 4 The coordinates of a point on the line 3 ata distance of & from the 2 point (1, 2, 3) is (a) (66,43,111) ®) (2.2.2) © @1,3) (@ (2-1-3) VERY SHORT ANSWER Type Questions 5 Ialine makes angles 90°, 135", 45" with the X,Y and Z-axes respectively, find its direction cosines. [Delhi 2019} 6 Find the direction cosines of the following line 3-x_2y 2” 4 ICBSESample Paper 2021 Term 1) 7 Theline of shortest distance between two skew lines is... to both the lines. _{All India 2020), 8 Cartesian equation of line AB is a 452-211 write the direction ratios of a line parallel to AB. (All India 2010) 9. Whatis the cartesian equation of the line cal -t 4h) 406 42)438)? 7 =(Gi- jai) 0E+23+39? cere Exempla, 10 Write the vector equation of the line (Delhi 2010, 11 Find the equation of line passing through the point (2, 1, 3) having the direction ratios, -2 12. Find the equation of a line parallel to Y-axis and passing through the origin. 13. Write the condition for the lines 7 = a,+25; and 7 = a+ 26; to be intersecting. 14 Show that the lines > xe 12 = gare perpendicular to each other. SHORT ANSWER Type I Questions 15 If Pis a point in space such that OP = 12and OP is inclined at angles of 45" and 60° with X and Yeaxes, respectively. Then, find the position vector of P [Mint First, use 2? +m? +n? =I] 16 Show that the line joining the origin to the point (2,1, is perpendicular to the line determined by the points (3, 5-1) and (4, 3, - 1) INCERT Exemplar SHORT ANSWER Type II Questions 17 Aline passing through the point A with position vector d = 4i +2] +2k is parallel to the vector 8 =2]+3]+6k. Find the length of the perpendicular drawn on this line from a point P with position vector 7 =+27+3k,qhree Dimensional Geometry {! Find the vector and cartesian equations of line passing through the point (2, ~4) and perpendicular to two lines £28, 219 2710 yg Ao 1 _ y-29_ 2-8 3° 6 7 3. 8 5 (Delhi 2012} {9_ Show that the angle between the diagonals ofa be is cos” cul 3 0 Find the shortest distance between the lines P=(l- Dist 2 7+8- mk and 7=(s+))i (25-1) j- (254k {All India 2011) 21 Find the shortest distance between the lines x4]=2y=-2zandx = y+2= 62-6. 1), Find the shortest distance between the following lines +j- Asie j+ and 7 =(64j +28) +0(4i +2) +28) {CBSE Sample Paper (Term 11)) 23. Show that the lines F = 31+2}—4k-+(+2j+24) and 7’ = 51-2) +(3i +2+68) are intersecting. Also, find their point of intersecting. {All India 2013] LONG ANSWER Type Questions 24 Ifa variable line in two adjacent positions has direction cosines I, m,n and! + 81,m+8m,n +n, then show that the small angle 60 between the ‘Wo positions is given by 60° = 5/? + 5m? +n”, INCERT Exemplar] % AB =3i—j+hand CD =-31 +2} +4k are two Vectors. The position vectors of the points A and Care 6] +7} +4 and-9) +28, Tespectively. Find the position vector of a point on the line AB anda point Q on the line 427 CD such that PQ is perpendicular to 4B and CD both. NCERT Exemplar 26. Find the value off so that the lines. are at right angles, Also, find whether the lines are intersecting or not. [Delhi 2019] 27 Aline makes anglesc,B,y and 5 with the four diagonals of a cube, prove that costa +cos’B +cos*y +c0s"6 =. $ CASE BASED Question 28 The equation of motion of a missile are x = 32, y=—4tand z=, where the time ¢ is given in seconds and the distance is measured in kilometres. __ (CBSE Question Bank] Fert 7 TF f 1 | | Answerthe following questions using theabove information. () What is the path of the missile? (a) Straight line _(b) Parabola (©) Circle (@) Ellipse (ii) Which of the following points lie on the path of the missile? (a) (6,8,2) (b) (6.-8,-2) (2) (6,-8.2) (d) (-6,-8,2) (ii) At what distance will the rocket be from the starting point (0, 0, 0) in 5s? (2) V550 km (b) 4650 km (c) V450 km (a) V750km_428 | ANSWERS | 1. @ 2 (a) 14 S.0-ne 7. perpendicular x-3_y41_i-4 8. & x5)-@-a)=0 17, vi0 units 5 20. Tous nS 22 eo 25. P=(383).0=(~: 26, 2.=7,lines are not intersecting | AllZnone | MATHEMATICS Class 121, 3. @) 4. (b) é ( Lap (ava 3vB" 3 B. @,-7,2) 10. 7 = (61-4) + 68) +261 +7)-28) Bouoe 12, 2a2at 15. 6V2i + 6j + 6k 18. =(f +2) a0) + nat +3} + 68) 24, 2units 23, (-1, -6 12) 6); position vectors are +8)+34 and -3i ~7] + 6k 28. () ©). (i 0. ii) >)