L7 PDF

Intermediate Accounting
Chapter 16
Dilutive Securities and
Earnings per Share
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Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Describe the accounting for the issuance, conversion,
and retirement of convertible securities.
2. Contrast the accounting for stock warrants and for
stock warrants issued with other securities.
3. Describe the accounting and reporting for stock
compensation plans.
4. Compute basic earnings per share.
5. Compute diluted earnings per share.
Copyright ©2019 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2
Learning Objective 1
Describe the Accounting for the
Issuance, Conversion, and Retirement
of Convertible Securities
LO 1 Copyright ©2019 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 3

Dilutive Securities
Debt and Equity
Should companies report these financial instruments as a
liability or equity.
Stock Convertible Preferred

Options Securities Stock

Dilutive Securities
Accounting for Convertible Debt
Convertible bonds can be changed into other corporate
securities during some specified period of time after
issuance.

Two main reasons corporations issue convertibles:
1. To raise equity capital without giving up more
ownership control than necessary.
2. Obtain debt financing at cheaper rates.
The accounting for convertible debt involves reporting
issues at the time of (1) issuance, (2) conversion, and (3)
retirement.

At Time of Issuance
Recording convertible bonds follows the method used to
record straight debt issues, with any discount or premium
amortized over the term of the debt.
Global View
IFRS requires that the issuer of convertible debt record
the liability and equity components separately.

At Time of Conversion
Companies use the book value method when converting
bonds.
When the debtholder converts the debt to equity, the
issuing company recognizes no gain or loss upon
conversion.

At Time of Conversion
Illustration
Hilton, Inc. has a $1,000 bond that is convertible into 10 shares
of common stock (par value $10). At the time of conversion,
the unamortized premium is $50. Hilton records the
conversion of the bonds as follows.
Bonds Payable 1,000

Premium on Bonds Payable 50
Common Stock 100
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par—Common 950

Induced Conversion
• Issuer wishes to encourage prompt conversion.
• Issuer offers additional consideration, called a
“sweetener.”
• Sweetener is an expense of the current period.

Induced Conversion
Illustration: Helloid, Inc. has outstanding $1,000,000 par value
convertible debentures convertible into 100,000 shares of $1 par
value common stock. Helloid wishes to reduce its annual interest
cost. To do so, Helloid agrees to pay the holders of its convertible
debentures an additional $80,000 if they will convert. Assuming
conversion occurs, Helloid makes the following entry.
Debt Conversion Expense 80,000
Bonds Payable 1,000,000
Common Stock (100,000 x $1) 100,000
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par—Common 900,000
Cash 80,000

Retirement of Convertible Debt
• Recognized same as retiring debt that is not
convertible.
• Difference between the cash acquisition price and
carrying amount should be reported as gain or loss in
the income statement.
Acquisition price - X
CA of Bond:
Face value - Y
Unamotize discount/premium - Z
--> Loss/Gain on redemption = A

Dilutive Securities
Convertible Preferred Stock
Convertible preferred stock includes an option for the
holder to convert preferred shares into a fixed number of
common shares.
• Classified as part of stockholders’ equity, unless
mandatory redemption exists.
• No theoretical justification for recognizing a gain or
loss when exercised.
• Company uses the book value method.

Illustration: Host Enterprises issued 1,000 shares of common
stock (par value $2) upon conversion of 1,000 shares of
preferred stock (par value $1) that was originally issued for a
$200 premium. The entry would be:
Convertible Preferred Stock (1,000 × $1) 1,000

Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par—Preferred 200
Retained Earnings 800
Common Stock (1,000 x $2) 2,000

Contrast the Accounting for Stock
Warrants and for Stock Warrants Issued
with Other Securities

Stock Warrants
Warrants are certificates entitling the holder to acquire
shares of stock at a certain price within a stated period.
Normally arises under three situations:
1. To make the security more attractive.
2. Existing stockholders have a preemptive right to
purchase common stock first.
3. To executives and employees as a form of
compensation.

Stock Warrants
Stock Warrants Issued with Other Securities
Basically long-term options to buy common stock at a fixed
price.
• Generally life of warrants is five years, occasionally ten
years.
• Proceeds allocated between the two securities.
• Allocation based on fair market values.
• Two methods of allocation:
1) proportional method
2) incremental method
Stock Warrants
Proportional Method
Determine:
1. value of the bonds without the warrants, and
2. value of the warrants.
The proportional method allocates the proceeds using
the proportion of the two amounts, based on fair values.

Proportional Method
Illustration: Assume that AT&T’s bonds (par $1,000) sold for
99 without the warrants soon after their issue. The market
price of the warrants at that time was $30. (Prior to sale the
warrants will not have a fair value.) The allocation relies on an
estimate of fair value, generally as established by an
investment banker, or on the relative fair value of the bonds
and the warrants soon after the company issues and trades
them. The price paid for 10,000, $1,000 bonds with the
warrants attached was par, or $10,000,000. The following
illustration shows the proportional allocation of the bond
proceeds between the bonds and warrants.

Proportional Method
Allocation of Proceeds between Bonds and Warrants

Proportional Method
Allocation of Proceeds between Bonds and Warrants
The bonds sell at a discount. AT&T records the sale as follows.
Cash 9,705,882
Discount on Bonds Payable 294,118
Bonds Payable 10,000,000
In addition, AT&T sells warrants that it credits to paid-in

capital. It makes the following entry.
Cash 294,118
Paid-in Capital—Stock Warrants 294,118
Proportional Method
Investors Exercise all 1,000 Warrants
Assuming investors exercise all 10,000 warrants (one warrant
per one share of stock), AT&T makes the following entry.
Cash (10,000 x $25) 250,000
Paid-in Capital—Stock Warrants 294,118
Common Stock (10,000 × $5) 50,000
What if investors fail to exercise the warrants, AT&T debits

Paid-in Capital—Stock Warrants for $294,118 and credits Paid-
in Capital—Expired Stock Warrants for a like amount.
Stock Warrants
Incremental Method
Where a company cannot determine the fair value of
either the warrants or the bonds.
• Use the security for which fair value can determined.
• Allocate the remainder of the purchase price to the
security for which it does not know fair value.

Incremental Method
Illustration: Assume that the fair value of the AT&T warrants is
$300,000, but the company cannot determine the fair value of
the bonds without the warrants. The following illustration
shows the amount allocated to the warrants and the stock in
this case.

Stock Warrants
Conceptual Questions
Detachable warrants involves two securities,
• a debt security,
• a warrant to purchase common stock.
Nondetachable warrants
• do not require an allocation of proceeds between the
bonds and the warrants,
• companies record the entire proceeds as debt.

Stock Warrants
Rights to Subscribe to Additional Shares
Stock Right - existing stockholders have the right
(preemptive privilege) to purchase newly issued shares in
proportion to their holdings.
• Price is normally less than current price of the shares.
• Companies make only a memorandum entry.

Describe the Accounting and Reporting
for Stock Compensation Plans

Stock Compensation Plans
Stock Option - gives key employees option to purchase
common stock at a given price over extended period of time.
Effective compensation programs are ones that:
1. Base compensation on performance.
2. Motivate employees.
3. Help retain executives and recruit new talent.
4. Maximize employee’s after-tax benefit.
5. Use performance criteria over which employee has
control.

Total Executive Pay by Form

Measurement—Stock Compensation
GAAP requires companies to recognize compensation
cost using the fair-value method.
Under the fair-value method, companies use acceptable
option-pricing models to value the options at the date of
grant.

Recognition—Stock Compensation
Two main accounting issues:
1. How to determine compensation expense.
2. Over what periods to allocate compensation expense.

Recognition—Stock Compensation
Determining Expense
• Compensation expense based on the fair value of the
options expected to vest on the date they grant the
options to the employee(s) (i.e., the grant date).
Allocating Compensation Expense
• Recognizes compensation expense in the periods in
which its employees perform the service—the service
period.

Stock Compensation Example
Illustration: On November 1, 2019, the stockholders of Chen
Company approve a plan that grants the company’s five executives
options to purchase 2,000 shares each of the company’s $1 par
value common stock. The company grants the options on January
1, 2020. The executives may exercise the options at any time within
the next 10 years. The option price per share is $60, and the
market price of the stock at the date of grant is $70 per share.
Under the fair value method, the company computes total
compensation expense by applying an acceptable fair value option-
pricing model (Black-Scholes). To keep this illustration simple, we
assume that the fair value option-pricing model determines Chen’s
total compensation expense to be $220,000.

Stock Compensation Example Service period
Basic Entries. Assume that the expected period of benefit is two
years, starting with the grant date. Chen would record the
transactions related to this option contract as follows.
At grant date: No entries
Dec. 31, 2020
Compensation Expense 110,000 *
Paid-in Capital – Stock Options 110,000
Dec. 31, 2021
110,000
Compensation Expense
Paid-in Capital - Stock Options 110,000
* ($220,000 ÷ 2)
Exercise
If Chen’s executives exercise 2,000 of the 10,000 options (20
percent of the options) on June 1, 2023 (three years and five
months after date of grant), the company records the following
journal entry.
June 1, 2023
Cash (2,000 × $60) 120,000
Paid-in Capital - Stock Options 44,000
Common Stock (2,000 × $1) 2,000
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par - Common 162,000

Expiration
If Chen’s executives fail to exercise the remaining stock options
before their expiration date, the company transfers the balance in
the Paid-in Capital—Stock Options account to a more properly titled
paid-in capital account, such as Paid-in Capital—Expired Stock
Options. Chen records this transaction at the date of expiration as
follows.
January 1, 2030
Paid-in Capital - Stock Options 176,000 *
Paid-in Capital—Expired Stock Options 176,000
* ($220,000 × 80%)
Adjustment
A company does not adjust compensation expense upon
expiration of the options.
However, if an employee forfeits a stock option because
the employee fails to satisfy a service requirement (e.g.,
leaves employment), the company should adjust the
estimate of compensation expense recorded in the
current period (as a change in estimate).

Restricted Stock
Restricted-stock plans transfer shares of stock to
employees, subject to an agreement that shares cannot
be sold, transferred, or pledged until vesting occurs.
Major Advantages:
1. Never becomes completely worthless.
2. Generally results in less dilution to existing
stockholders.
3. Better aligns employee incentives with company
incentives.

Restricted Stock Example
Illustration: On January 1, 2020, Ogden Company issues
1,000 shares of restricted stock to its CEO, Christie
DeGeorge. Ogden’s stock has a fair value of $20 per share on
January 1, 2020. Additional information is as follows.
1. The service period related to the restricted stock is five
years.
2. Vesting occurs if DeGeorge stays with the company for a
five-year period.
3. The par value of the stock is $1 per share.

January 1, 2020
Ogden makes the following entry on the grant date (January 1,
2020).
Unearned Compensation 20,000
Common Stock (1,000 × $1) 1,000
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par - Common 19,000
Unearned Compensation represents the cost of services yet

to be performed, which is not an asset. Unearned
Compensation is reported as a component of stockholders’
equity in the balance sheet.
December 31, 2020
At December 31, 2020, Ogden records compensation expense
of $4,000 (1,000 shares × $20 × .20) as follows.
Compensation Expense 4,000
Ogden records compensation expense of $4,000 for each of

the next four years (2021, 2022, 2023, and 2024).

February 3, 2022
Assume that DeGeorge leaves on February 3, 2022 (before any
expense has been recorded during 2022). The entry to record
this forfeiture is as follows.
Common Stock (1,000 x $1) 1,000

Compensation Expense ($4,000 x 2) 8,000

Employee Stock-Purchase Plans
• Generally permit all employees to purchase stock at a
discounted price for a short period of time.
• Plans are considered compensatory unless they
satisfy all three conditions presented below.
1. Substantially all full-time employees may
participate on an equitable basis.
2. The discount from market is small.
3. The plan offers no substantive option feature.
Disclosure of Compensation Plans
Company with one or more share-based payment
arrangements must disclose:
1. Nature and extent of such arrangements.
2. Effect on the income statement of compensation
cost.
3. Method of estimating the fair value of the goods or
services received, or the fair value of the equity
instruments granted (or offered to grant).
4. Cash flow effects.
Compute Basic Earnings Per Share

Basic Earnings Per Share
Income Statement Presentation of EPS
Earnings per share indicates the income earned by each
share of common stock.
Companies report earnings per share only for common
stock.
Net income $300,000

Earnings per share $3.00

Income Statement Presentation of EPS Components
Earnings per share indicates the income earned by each
share of common stock.
When the income statement contains intermediate
components, such as discontinued operations, companies
should disclose earnings per share for each component.
Earnings per share:
Income from continuing operations $4.00
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax 0.60
Net income $3.40
LO 4
Earnings per Share—Simple Capital Structure
• Simple Structure--Common stock; no potentially
dilutive securities.
• Complex Structure--Includes securities that could
dilute earnings per common share.
• “Dilutive” means the ability to influence the EPS in a
downward direction.

Preferred Stock Dividends
Subtracts the current-year preferred stock dividend from
net income to arrive at income available to common
stockholders.
Preferred dividends are subtracted on cumulative

preferred stock, whether declared or not.

Weighted-Average Number of Shares Outstanding
Companies must weight the shares by the fraction of the
period they are outstanding.
When stock dividends or share splits occur, companies
need to restate the shares outstanding before the share
dividend or split.

Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding
Illustration: Franks Inc. has the following changes in its common
stock during the period.
Date Share Changes Shares Outstanding
January 1 Beginning balance 90,000
April 1 Issued 30,000 shares for cash 30,000
120,000
July 1 Purchased 39,000 shares (39,000)
81,000
November 1 Issued 60,000 shares for cash 60,000
December 31 Ending balance 141,000
Compute the weighted-average number of shares outstanding.

Weighted-Average Number of Shares Outstanding
(C)
(A) (B) Weighted
Shares Fraction Shares
Dates Outstanding Outstanding of Year (A × B)
Jan. 1-Apr. 1 90,000 3/12 22,500
Apr. 1-July 1 120,000 3/12 30,000
July 1-Nov. 1 81,000 4/12 27,000
Nov. 1-Dec. 31 141,000 2/12 23,500
Weighted-average number of shares outstanding 103,000

Stock Dividends and Stock Splits
• When stock dividends or stock splits occur,
companies need to restate the shares outstanding
before the stock dividend or split, in order to
compute the weighted-average number of shares.
• Companies restate the issuance of a stock dividend or
stock split, but not the issuance or repurchase of
stock for cash.

Illustration: Sabrina Company has the following changes in its
common stock during the period.
Date Share Changes Shares Outstanding
January 1 Beginning balance 100,000
March 1 Issued 20,000 shares for cash 20,000
120,000
June 1 60,000 additional shares (50%
stock dividend) 60,000
180,000
November 1 Issued 30,000 shares for cash 30,000
December 31 Ending balance 210,000

Weighted-Average Share Calculation
(D)
(A) (C) Weighted
Dates Shares (B) Fraction Shares
Outstanding Outstanding Restatement of Year (A × B x C)
Jan. 1-Mar. 1 100,000 1.50 2/12 25,000
Mar. 1-June 1 120,000 1.50 3/12 45,000
June 1-Nov. 1 180,000 5/12 75,000
Nov. 1-Dec. 31 210,000 2/12 35,000

Compute Diluted Earnings Per Share

Diluted Earnings Per Share
Complex Capital Structure exists when a business has
• convertible securities,
• options, warrants, or other rights
that upon conversion or exercise could dilute earnings
per share.
Company generally reports both basic and diluted
earnings per share.

Relationship Between Basic and Diluted EPS
Companies will not report diluted EPS if the securities in their

capital structure are antidilutive.
Diluted EPS — Convertible Securities
Measure the dilutive effects of potential conversion on
EPS using the if-converted method.
This method for a convertible bond assumes:
1. the conversion at the beginning of the period (or at
the time of issuance of the security, if issued during
the period), and
2. the elimination of related interest, net of tax.

Example — If-Converted Method
Illustration: Mayfield Corporation has net income of $210,000
for the year and a weighted-average number of common
shares outstanding during the period of 100,000 shares. The
company has two convertible debenture bond issues
outstanding. One is a 6 percent issue sold at 100 (total
$1,000,000) in a prior year and convertible into 30,000
common shares. The other is a 10 percent issue sold at 100
(total $1,000,000) on April 1 of the current year and
convertible into 36,000 common shares. The tax rate is 20
percent.

Basic Earnings per Share
Calculate basic earnings per share.
Net income = $210,000

= $2.10
Weighted-average shares = 100,000

Computation of Weighted-Average Number of Shares
Mayfield calculates the weighted-average number of shares
outstanding, as follows.

Add: Shares assumed to be issued:
6% debentures (as of beginning of year) 30,000
10% debentures (as of date of issue, April 1; 9/12 x 36,000) 27,000
Weighted-average number of shares adjusted for dilutive
securities 157,000
Calculate diluted earnings per share.

Diluted EPS Calculation
Basic EPS 6% Debentures 10% Debentures

$210,000 + $60,000 x (1-.20) + $100,000 x (1 - .20) x 9/12
=
100,000 + 30,000 + 27,000
Basic EPS =
Effect on EPS = Effect on EPS = $2.22
$2.10
$1.60
Diluted EPS = $2.03

Other Factors
The conversion rate on a dilutive security may change during
the period in which the security is outstanding. In this
situation, the company uses the most dilutive conversion rate
available.
For Convertible Preferred Stock the company does not
subtract preferred dividends from net income in computing
the numerator. Why not?
Because for purposes of computing EPS, it assumes conversion
of the convertible preferreds to outstanding common shares.

If-Converted Method
Additional Example
In 2019, Chirac Enterprises issued, at par, 60, $1,000, 8% bonds,
each convertible into 100 shares of common stock. Chirac had
revenues of $17,500 and expenses other than interest and taxes of
$8,400 for 2020. (Assume that the tax rate is 40%.) Throughout
2020, 2,000 shares of common stock were outstanding; none of the
bonds was converted or redeemed.
Instructions
a. Compute diluted earnings per share for 2020.
b. Assume same facts as those for Part (a), except the 60 bonds
were issued on September 1, 2020 (rather than in 2019), and
none have been converted or redeemed.
If-Converted Method
Computation of Net Income
Calculation of Net Income
Revenues $17,500
Expenses 8,400
Bond interest expense (60 × $1,000 × 8%) 4,800
Income before taxes 4,300
Income tax expense (40%) 1,740
Net income $ 2,580

If-Converted Method
Basic EPS
When calculating Diluted EPS, begin with basic EPS.
Net income = $2,580

= $1.29

If-Converted Method
Diluted EPS
$2,580 + $4,800 (1 - .40) $5,460

= = $.68
2,000 + 6,000 8,000
Basic EPS
Effect on EPS = $.48
= $1.29

If-Converted Method
Computation of Net Income Sept. 1, 2020
b. Assume bonds were issued on Sept. 1, 2020.
Calculation of Net Income
Revenues $17,500
Expenses 8,400
Bond interest expense (60 × $1,000 × 8% x 4/12) 1,600
Income before taxes 7,500
Income tax expense (40%) 3,000
Net income $ 4,500

If-Converted Method
Diluted EPS Bonds Issued Sept. 1, 2020
$4,500 + $1,600 (1 - .40) $5,460

= = $1.37
2,000 + 6,000 x 4/12 4,000
Basic EPS
Effect on EPS = $.48
= $2.25

If-Converted Method
Illustration: Prior to 2020, Barkley Company issued 40,000
shares of 6% convertible, cumulative preferred stock, $100
par value. Each share is convertible into 5 shares of common
stock. Net income for 2020 was $1,200,000. There were
600,000 common shares outstanding during 2020. There were
no changes during 2020 in the number of common or
preferred shares outstanding.
Instructions

Basic EPS
Net income = $1,200,000 – Pfd. Div. $240,000

= $1.60
40,000 shares × $100 par × 6% = $240,000 dividend

Diluted EPS
$1,200,000 – $240,000 + $240,000 $1,200,000

= =
600,000 + 200,000 * 800,000
$1.50
Effect on
Basic EPS = $1.60 * (40,000 x 5)
EPS = $1.20

Diluted EPS – 3 Common Shares for 1 Preferred Share
b. Compute diluted earnings per share for 2020 assuming
each share of preferred is convertible into 3 shares of
common stock.
$1,200,000 – $240,000 + $240,000 $1,200,000
= =
600,000 + 120,000* 720,000
$1.67
Effect on
Basic EPS = $1.60 * (40,000 x 3)
EPS = $2.00

Diluted EPS – 3 Common Shares for 1 Preferred Share
b. Compute diluted earnings per share for 2020 assuming
each share of preferred is convertible into 3 shares of
common stock.
$1,200,000 – $240,000 + $240,000 $1,200,000
= =
600,000 + 120,000* 720,000
Antidilutive
$1.60
Effect on
Basic EPS = $1.60 * (40,000 x 3)
EPS = $2.00

Diluted EPS– Options and Warrants
Measure the dilutive effects of potential conversion using
the treasury-stock method.
This method assumes:
1. the exercise the options or warrants at the beginning
of the year (or date of issue if later), and
2. that the company uses those proceeds to purchase
common stock for the treasury.

Example — Treasury-Stock Method
Illustration: Zambrano Company’s net income for 2020 is
$40,000. The only potentially dilutive securities outstanding
were 1,000 options issued during 2019, each exercisable for
one share at $8. None has been exercised, and 10,000 shares
of common were outstanding during 2020. The average
market price of the stock during 2020 was $20.
Instructions
a. Compute diluted earnings per share.
b. Assume the 1,000 options were issued on October 1, 2020
(rather than in 2019). The average market price during the
last 3 months of 2020 was $20.
Treasury-Stock Method
Incremental Share Calculation
Proceeds if shares issued (1,000 × $8) $8,000

Purchase price for treasury shares ÷ $20
Shares assumed purchased 400
Shares assumed issued 1,000
Incremental share increase 600

Diluted EPS
$40,000 + $40,000
= = $3.77
10,000 + 600 10,600
Basic EPS Options

= $4.00

Incremental Shares – Options Issued October 1, 2020
a. Assume the 1,000 options were issued on October 1, 2020
Proceeds if shares issued (1,000 × $8) $ 8,000
Purchase price for treasury shares ÷ $ 20
Shares assumed purchased 400
Shares assumed issued 1,000
Incremental share increase 600
Weight for 3 months assumed outstanding x 3/12
Weighted incremental share increase 150

Diluted EPS – Options Issued October 31, 2020
a. Assume the 1,000 options were issued on October 1, 2020
$40,000 $40,000
= = $3.94
10,000 + 150 10,150
Basic EPS Options

= $4.00

Contingent Issue Agreement
Contingent shares are issued as a result of the
1. passage of time condition or
2. upon attainment of a certain earnings or market price
level.
Antidilution Revisited
Ignore antidilutive securities in all calculations and in
computing diluted earnings per share.

EPS Presentation and Disclosure
A company should show per share amounts for:
• Income from continuing operations,
• Income before extraordinary items, and
• Net income.
Per share amounts for a discontinued operation or an

extraordinary item should be presented on the face of
the income statement or in the notes.

EPS Presentation and Disclosure
Complex capital structures and dual presentation of EPS require the
following additional disclosures in note form.
1. Description of pertinent rights and privileges of the various securities
outstanding.
2. A reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic and
diluted per share computations, including individual income and share
amount effects of all securities that affect EPS.
3. The effect given preferred dividends in determining income available
to common stockholders in computing basic EPS.
4. Securities that could potentially dilute basic EPS in the future that
were excluded in the computation because they would be antidilutive.
5. Effect of conversions subsequent to year-end, but before issuing
statements.
Summary
of EPS

Calculating
EPS
Complex
Capital
Structure

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Intermediate Accounting

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Stock Convertible Preferred

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Bonds Payable 1,000

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--> Loss/Gain on redemption = A

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Convertible Preferred Stock (1,000 × $1) 1,000

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In addition, AT&T sells warrants that it credits to paid-in

What if investors fail to exercise the warrants, AT&T debits

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Unearned Compensation represents the cost of services yet

Ogden records compensation expense of $4,000 for each of

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Common Stock (1,000 x $1) 1,000

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LO 4 Copyright ©2019 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 45

Net income $300,000

LO 4 Copyright ©2019 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 46

LO 4 Copyright ©2019 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 48

Preferred dividends are subtracted on cumulative

LO 4 Copyright ©2019 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 49

LO 4 Copyright ©2019 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 50

Compute the weighted-average number of shares outstanding.

LO 4 Copyright ©2019 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 51

LO 4 Copyright ©2019 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 52

LO 4 Copyright ©2019 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 53

LO 4 Copyright ©2019 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 54

LO 4 Copyright ©2019 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 55

LO 5 Copyright ©2019 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 56

LO 5 Copyright ©2019 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 57