Tla1 Midterm BSC100

Antoque, Axcel V.
Human Physiology and Pathophysiology

BSPH - 1F March 9, 2023
Answer the following questions.
1. Explain both the structural and functional classifications of the nervous

system. In your explanation, include the subdivisions of each.
- The nervous system is structurally divided into two parts: the central
nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The brain (located in
the cranial cavity of the skull) and the spinal cord comprise the central
nervous system (located in the cavity of the vertebral column). This part of
the nervous system is critical in the reception and interpretation of unique
sensations. The peripheral nervous system (PNS), on the other hand, is
made up of nerves (spinal and cranial nerves) and ganglia (collection of the
nerve bodies exterior to the CNS). This part of the nervous system is further
subdivided into sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent).
2. What is the basis for the functional classification of neurons?
-On the basis of the general direction of the impulse, neurons are
functionally classified. The impulses then travel from the sensory receptors
to the central nervous system, with the effector organs traveling along
efferent neurons (motor). Neurons in the central nervous system that
connect afferent and efferent pathways are known as inter neurons or
association neurons.
3. Make a rough drawing of the left cerebral hemisphere. On your drawing,

locate at least five different functional areas, and then indicate their specific
functions
The primary motor cortex is responsible for producing signals that control
how the body moves. It is anterior to the central sulcus and a part of the
frontal lobe.
Receive, divide, and integrate visual information in the visual area. Other
parts of the brain are then sent the processed information from the visual
cortex to be analyzed and used.
The part of the brain that controls taste is called the gustatory cortex.
Between the mouth and the brain, a vast network of nerves and nerve
impulses creates taste.
Olfactory region: Essential for processing and smelling. belongs to the
limbic system. This system links senses, such as odors, to our memories
and emotions and participates in the processing of our emotions, survival
instincts, and memory formation.
It is located in front of the primary motor cortex. By collaborating with other
brain regions to determine the most appropriate movements, the premotor
cortex prepares and carries out limb movements.
4. How many pairs of cranial nerves are there? Which are purely sensory?
Which activates the chewing muscles? Which helps regulate heart rate and
activity of the digestive tract?
-
The 12 pairs of cranial nerves that leave the base of the skull through
foramina are visible on the underside of the brain. Pure sensory nerves are
the cranial nerves I, II, and VIII. Pure motor nerves include the cranial
nerves III, IV, VI, XI, and XII. The chewing muscles are activated by
trigeminal. The parasympathetic nervous system controls digestion, heart
rate, and breathing in addition to being in charge of the body's relaxation
response.
5. How does the autonomic nervous system differ from the somatic nervous
system?
- The somatic nervous system is made up of nerves that travel to the skin
and muscles and is involved in conscious activities. The central nervous
system (CNS) and visceral organs like the heart, stomach, and intestines
are linked by nerves that make up the autonomic nervous system. For
unconscious activities, it serves as a conduit.
6. What is the difference in function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic

divisions of the autonomic nervous system (a) in general and (b) as
specifically relates to the operation of the cardiovascular and digestive
systems?
- The sympathetic nervous system regulates "fight-or-flight" responses. This

system, in other words, prepares the body for strenuous physical activity.
The events within the body that we would expect to occur to allow this to
happen do occur. The parasympathetic nervous system controls "rest and
digest" functions.
7. Define senility. Name possible causes of permanent and reversible

senility.
- The quality or state of being senile is SENILITY: the physical and mental
decline associated with old age. Alzheimer's disease or a lack of oxygen in
neurons could be the causes of permanent senility. Drug abuse and certain
diseases (flu or hydrocephalus) can cause reversible senility or
pseudosenility, which can sometimes be confused with regular senility.

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Antoque, Axcel V.

Human Physiology and Pathophysiology

Answer the following questions.

1. Explain both the structural and functional classifications of the nervous

2. What is the basis for the functional classification of neurons?

3. Make a rough drawing of the left cerebral hemisphere. On your drawing,

6. What is the difference in function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic

- The sympathetic nervous system regulates "fight-or-flight" responses. This

7. Define senility. Name possible causes of permanent and reversible

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