HARVARD REFERENCING

What is referencing?
When you write an assignment at university, you are required to refer to the work of other authors. Each time you do so, it is necessary to identify their work by making reference to it it both in the text of your assignment and in a list at the end of your assignment. This practice of acknowledging authors is known as referencing. If you do not reference your sources you are plagiarising. This is academic deceit and disciplinary action may be taken against you by the University.

When to reference?
References must be provided whenever you use someone elses opinions, theories, data or organisation of material. You need to reference information from books, articles, videos, reference computers, other print or electronic sources, and personal communications. A reference is required if you: quote (use someone elses exact words) copy (use figures, tables or structure) paraphrase (convert someone elses ideas into your own words) omeone summarise (use a brief account of someone elses ideas).

A Quick Guide to Referencing

Robert Harris designed this simple flowchart to assist students to cite their research properly.

(Source: Harris, 2001, p.155 & 158) 1

General Principles of the Harvard System

The Harvard System requires two parts: you should have both in-text references and a list of rd text references at the end of your work.

1. Within the TextIn-text Citations text

The Harvard referencing system requires you to include three pieces of information about a source within the text of your work. This information is: thin the name of the author or authors the year of publication the page number (when the information/idea can be located on a particular page, or when directly quoted)

2. At the End of the TextList of References List

At the end of your text, you must include a List of References, a list of all the books, journal , articles and other sources of information you have used to research your assignment.

3. Other features include:

a specific order in which this information s should be structured the in-text reference text which should be placed (cited) in such a way that it causes minimal disruption to the flow of your writingthis usually means at the very end or the very beginning of your this sentences (see ways of citing below). When you cite sources of information in the text of your assignment regardless of assignmentregardless whether you quote, copy, paraphrase or summarise you should include: summariseyou o the authors surname (family name) o the year of publication (latest edition) o page numbers when directly quoting or closely paraphrasing an authors quoting words/material o correct punctuation and spacing

In-Text Citations
How to Cite In-text
Citations may be placed at the end of a sentence (before the concluding punctuation) in brackets: The theory was first developed by Fayol (Robbins, 2005)

To cite a direct quotation 1. Author prominent

This way of referencing in your text is to integrate the authors surname into your sentence, followed by the year of publication and page number, in parentheses (round brackets): Example Chon and Sparrowe (2000, p. 123 state 123) that an advantage of chain ownership is the strong national brand identity identity. Write the text word for word and place quotation marks at the beginning and end of the quotation. The author, date and page number must be included. Geographical impact on the nature of Geographical tourism, hospitality and leisure leisure (Baum 2006, p. 5).

To cite a paraphrase or a short summary of an authors words or ideas

Restate the original words/ idea in your own words. The author, date and page number(s) must be included.

2. Information prominent
The other way of citing references gives prominence to the information, with all the required referencing details in parentheses at the end of the citation. Example It has been stated that the strong national brand identity is one of the advantages of chain ownership (Chon and Sparrowe, Chon 2000).

Employees range of skills in hospitality is influenced by geographic consideration (Baum 2006, p.5) Baum

To reference the overall content of a work

You do not need to include page numbers d because it is the entire work you are referring to: Larsen and Greene (1989) studied the effects of pollution in three major tion cities...

Acronyms and initials

Acronyms are initial letters pronounced as a word. Examples are MAS, TNB etc. These must ronounced . appear both in-text and in the reference list. text If a work contains numerous references to a particular resource with a long title, for example, Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the initials may be used, RSPCA. The first citation in-text must include both the full t text title and the acronym or initials, and thereafter s, the acronym and initials will suffice. Write these without full stops. s Example The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) has a policy on removing injured animals (RSPCA 1999). In the reference list, both the long title and the acronym or initials must be included, for s example: Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) 1999, Policy statement on removal of animals at risk,, Author, Brisbane.

Page numbers
Page numbers should be used when you directly quote material (word for word) from the original publication. This includes tables or figures. Page numbers should also be provided for indirect quotes and paraphrasing where the summarised material appears in specific pages, chapters or sections. The following examples illustrate the use of page numbers numbers:

One page referred to Pages that are not in sequence Pages that are in sequence Pages from a web site

Wells 1992, p. 4 Smith 1996, pp. 1, 4 & 6 Jones & Mackay 1998, pp. 2526 Kelly & McWhirter 1997, p. 1 of 2

List of References
The List of References in the Harvard system is a single list of all the books, journal articles and other sources you have referred to throughout your assignment.

Key Points to Note A list of references should be laid out alphabetically by author surname. If bibliographic information exceeds one line of text, then the following lines should have a hanging indent. The title of a book should be in italics. Minimal capitalisation is recommended (e.g. only capitalise the first word of a titles heading/subheading and any proper nouns).

Difference between a referenc list and a bibliography reference

The reference list only identifies sources referred to (cited) in the text of your assignment. (cited) You may also be required to provide a bibliography. A bibliography is presented in the same format as a reference list but it includes all udes material consulted in the preparation of your assignment.

In other words, a bibliography presents the same items as a reference list but it also includes all other sources which you read or consulted but did not cite.

Citing /Referencing Different Sources

1. Elements for referencing a book
For a book,, the following elements should be presented in this order: surname and initials of author(s) year of publication title of book (in italics) in minimal capitalisation the edition, for example, 4th edn, if not the original publication publisher place of publication.

Only the first word in the titles of books, chapters and journal articles is capitalised. Authors names and initials, journal titles and publishing firm names are always capitalised. apitalised. If the title of the article, book or chapter contains a colon, only capitalise if the first word after the colon is a proper name. For example: Baum, T 2006, Human resource 2006 management for tourism, hospitality and leisure, leisure Thomson, Australia.

Authors surname and initials

Year of publication

Title of book in minimal capitalization

Publisher

Tanke, ML 2006, Human resources m esources management for hospitality, 2nd edn, Cengage Learning.
Commas between elements except author(s) and date

Title of book in italics

Full stop at the end

In the text
A page number is required if you are paraphrasing, summarising or quoting directly: (Williams 2006, p.23) DuBrin (2006, p. 12) suggests that ... If you are only citing the main idea of the book: (Williams 2007)

In the List of References

Williams, C 2006, Effective management 3rd edn, Thomson Southwestern, Australia.

DuBrin, AJ 2006, Essentials of management, 7th management edn, Thomson Southwestern, Australia.

2. Elements for referencing a journal article

For a journal article,, the following elements should be presented in this order: surname and initials of author(s) year of publication title of article in single quotation marks title of journal or periodical in italics and maximal itle capitalisation volume number where applicable issue number or other identifier where applicable, for example, Winter page number(s).
Title of article in minimal capitalization and in single quotation marks

For titles of periodicals (journals, magazines and newspapers), capitalise the first word and also any other word which is not the, a, an, a preposition a (such as for, on, under, about) or a conjunction (such as and, but, or). Dunn, C & Wilk kinson, A 2002, Wish you were here managing absence, e: Personnel Review, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. l 228-246.

Authors surname and initials

Year of publication

Italics and maximal capitalization for journal title

Dunn, C & Wilkinson, A 2002, Wis you were here: managing absence, Personnel R sh Review, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 228-246.
Volume and issue number in lower case

Page numbers

Full stop at the end

In the text
If the page number is required (when you ed summarise, paraphrase or direct quote): directly (Dunn & Wilkinson 2002,, p. 2 231) If you are citing the main idea of the article only: (Dunn & Wilkinson 2002)

In the List of References

Dunn, C & Wilkinson, A 2002, W you were Wish here: managing absence, Pe ersonnel Review, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 228-246.

3. Other Sources
To cite an article from a book collectio collection
A book collection consists of a collection of articles or chapters, each by different authors, but compiled by editor(s). If you want to cite a particular article/chapter, cite the author(s) of the article in the text: (Curthoys 1997, p. 25)

In the List of References When you use an article or chapter from a book collection, the title of the article appears in quotations. The title of the book is italicised. For example:
Curthoys, A 1997, History and identity, in W Hudson & G Bolton (eds), Creating Australia: changing Australian history, Allen history & Unwin, Sydney, pp. 23-38.

To cite a book collection

If you want to cite the entire book, refer to the editors(s) of the collection in the text: (Hudson & Bolton 1997)

To cite the entire book: Hudson, W & Bolton, G (eds) 1997, Creating Australia: changing Australian history, Allen history & Unwin, Sydney.

To cite a quotation or idea from an author who attributes it to another sour source
You must acknowledge both sources in your text: Graham Gibbs, in his 1981 study into student learning wrote that because students are aware of their tutors mastery of the subject matter, it is quite common for them to assume that their reader has no needs at all (Gibbs 1981, p. 39, cited in Bowden & Marton 1998, p. 35).

In the List of References, record the book that you actually sourced:
Bowden, J & Marton, F 1998, The university of learning, Kogan Page, London. ,

To refer to more than one work

Separate the references either with a semicolon or the word and (Entwistle 1977; Haddon 1969) or : Entwistle (1977) and Haddon (1969) both demonstrated ... Each source will require a separate entry in the List of References.

To cite more than one author

Include both names in the order in which they appear on the title page: (Gerster & Basset 1987) or: Gerster and Basset (1987) assert that ...

In the List of References:

Gerster, R & Bassett, J 1991, Seizures of youth: the sixties and Australia, Hyland House, , Melbourne.

To cite more than three authors

Use the surname of the first author and et al. (and others) in the text: Leeder et al. (1996, p. 78) argued ...

In the List of References:

Leeder, SR, Dobson, AJ, Gibbers, RW, Patel, NK, Mathews, PS, Williams, DW & Mariot, DL 1996, The Australian film industry, industry Dominion Press, Adelaide. Dont use et al. in the list of references. List all authors in the order in which they appear on the title page

or
(Leeder et al. 1996)

To cite on-line or electronic journals line Journal article from a website

Many teachers who work in "wired schools" are complaining that new technologies (McKenzie 1998, p.2) or McKenzie (1998) suggests that new technologies have made plagiarism easier. Journal article from a database Dunn and Wilkinson (2002) state that direct payment of sick leave to employees. or Dunn and Wilkinson (2002, p.230) stated that .

McKenzie, J 1998, The new plagiarism: seven The antidotes to prevent highway robbery in an electronic age, The Educational Technology Journal, vol. 7, no. 8, viewed 3 May 2006, , http://www.fno.org/may98/cov98may.html w.fno.org/may98/cov98may.html

Dunn, C & Wilkinson, A 2002, Wish you were wer here: managing absence, Personnel Review, Review vol.31 no.2, pp. 228-246, (online 246, EmeraldInsight).

To cite from newspapers and magazines In the text If there is no author, list the name of the newspaper, the date, year and page number: List of References An unattributed newspaper article:

(The Star 12 December 2007, p. 8)

Political parties gearing up for national elections, Political elections The Star, 12 December, 2007,p. 21. ,p.
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If there is an author, cite as you would for a journal article: (Nadeson 2007, p. 3)

A newspaper article with a named author:

, Nadeson, A 2007, National meeting set to review component parties performance, The Star, performance December, p. 3. To quote from a privately obtained interview or other personal communication Include the abbreviation pers. comm. in your e in-text reference: (B Daly 1994, pers. comm., 7 Aug.) Note that the initial(s) precede the surname. Details of a personal communication do not usually need to be included in the List of References as it cannot be traced by the reader. d Check with your tutor or lecturer for their preferences. Before using personal communications, ensure you have the permission of the person with whom you communicated.

No date can be established or established approximately The new programme is aimed at facilitating ogramme Umar, K n.d., Study Skills Program, ACI Program student performance (Umar n.d.). International College, USA. or Umar (n.d., p. 7) found that Tourism Malaysia c. 2001, Draft policy for rural tourism in Malaysia. In a draft policy release, the Malaysi ian government (c. 2001) suggests that or Rural tourism in Malaysia has long been a neglected (Tourism Malaysia c.20 001, p. 1). Documents on the internet (world wide web) d Indicate page numbers by using, for example, p. 1 of 2 in in-text referencing.
To see the page numbers, click on File then Print Preview while in Internet Explorer. When referencing documents from the WWW, always apply this principle: Author and date, name of document, viewed date, URL

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Arranging the reference list

1. The reference list is arranged in alphabetical order according to the authors family name.
(Do not use numbers, letters or bullet points to begin each entry.)

2. Any reference that starts with a number (e.g. 7:30 Report) precedes the alphabetical listing and is
listed numerically.

3. Where there is more than one author of a publication, maintain the order of their names as they
appear on the title page of the publication, even if they are not in alphabetical order on the title page.

4. If a reference has no author, list it alphabetically according to the sponsoring body, for example, alphabetically
Tourism Malaysia.

5. If there is no author or sponsoring body, list alphabetically according to the title. The whole title of
the resource must appear, but when listing alphabetically, ignore words such as, The, A, An at the beginning of the references title. For example, The Australian child should be alphabetised according to the A in Australian.

6. If there are two or more references by the same author, then list them in order of public publication date
with the oldest work first.

7. If references by the same author have been published in the same year, then list them
alphabetically according to the title and add the letter a after the first date, and b after the second date, and so on, (e.g. 1993a, 1993b, 1993c).

Formatting the reference list

1. The title should be References and it should be:
bold left aligned in the same font size as the document (usually 12 pt). Note: headings are neither underlined nor punctuated.

2. The references contained in the list should:

be in single line spacing have a blank single line space between each reference ( se paragraph spacing of 12 pt) (Use be left aligned be arranged alphabetically be the final page of your assignment. (Appendices are placed after the reference list.) reference

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References

Commonwealth of Australia 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, rev.by Snooks & Co., John Wiley & Sons Australia, Brisbane.

Harris, R 2001, The plagiarism handbook: strategies for preventing, detecting and dealing with ng plagiarism, Pyrczak, Los Angeles.

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