Spanish III H Study Guide Created by Easy-Notes

Preface: Thank you for purchasing the Spanish III H study guide made by Easy-Notes! The purpose of this study guide is to incorporate the experience of previous and current Spanish III H students to facilitate the learning of Spanish for high school students. This study guide will provide detailed explanations and tips for each test section which will be invaluable for quizzes, tests, midterms, finals, etc. This study guide is for educational purposes only. Any dissemination or alteration of this document without the written consent of Easy-Notes is subject to legal terms

Pretrito vs. Imperfecto

You have already learned that the Preterit and the Imperfect tenses both describe actions that happened in the past. Yet, verbs said in the Preterit tense have a different meaning than verbs said in the Imperfect tense. In general, use the Preterit tense of a verb: to indicate the whole, complete action Yo hice mi tarea I did my homework to imply that an action had a definite beginning and end Jugamos hasta medioda. We played until noon. with an Imperfect verb to describe an interruption o Estbamos bailando cuando la polica lleg. o We were dancing when the police arrived. In general, use the Imperfect tense of a verb to: indicate an action without a defined end or beginning l estaba comiendo cuando yo lo vi ltimo. He was eating when I last saw him. indicate something that used to happen often or repeatedly. Mi hermana lloraba mucho de nio. My sister cried a lot as a child. describe something in the past. Yo tena mucho pelo en aquella poca. I had much hair in that time. express time in the past. Eran las nueve de la tarde. It was nine in the afternoon. Certain time expressions are specific to Imperfect or Preterit tense: These time expressions are indefinite, so they apply to the Imperfect: Generalmente Generally Normalmente Normally A veces / Algunas veces At times / Sometimes De vez a cuando From time to time Otras veces Other times Con frecuencia Frequently Siempre Always Nunca Never Todos los das / semanas / aos Everyday / Every week / Every year Regularmente Regularly De nio As a child A menudo Often Cada vez / da Each time / Each day Mientras While These expressions are specific, so they apply to the Preterit Ayer Yesterday Anteayer The day before yesterday

Anoche Una vez El ao / mes / semana / da pasado Entonces

Last night One time Last year / month / week / day Then

Composition tips: * To describe two simultaneous actions that were occurring in the past, use the word mientras (while) to join the two clauses in the Imperfect tense. * To describe an ongoing action in the imperfect tense that is interrupted by an event in the preterit, use the word cuando to introduce the preterit action. * When you use the ir a + infinitive in the imperfect tense, it implies that something was going to happen until something else prevented the action from occurring. Verbos con significas diferentes: Verb in Yo form Preterit Conocer: Conoc: I met Saber: Supe: I found out that Poder: Pude: I succeeded Querer: Quise: I tried Haber: Hubo: Something happened Tener: Tuve: I got

Imperfect Conoca: I knew (someone) Saba: I knew (something) Poda: I was able to Quera: I wanted Haba: There existed Tena: I had

Practicar: fill in the blanks, conjugating the verb in the parentheses into the correct tense.
Hace poco, mi esposa me _____________________ (preguntar): "Recuerdas cuando nosotros siempre _____________________ (ir) a la panadera de la esquina para comprar empanadas?" Resulta ser que esa panadera _____________________ (tener) que cerrar hace tres meses porque _____________________ (haber) bastantes violaciones contra la salud pblica. Algunos funcionarios del gobierno _____________________ (visitar) el restaurante y _____________________ (encontrar) varios ratones en la cocina, y tambin _____________________ (ver) que mucha de la comida que se _____________________ (vender) regularmente ah _____________________ (estar) algo podrida. Muchos de los ingredientes frecuentemente _____________________ (ser) comprados, al decir, a "segundas manos".

Comparativos
Comparatives cover three types of situations: superiority, inferiority, and equality. Ms que More than Menos que Less/fewer than Tan/Tanto como As many/much as Sentences using ms/menos comparatives generally follow the form below: Noun + ser/estar + ms/menos + adjective + que + noun Noun + tener + ms/menos + noun + que + noun Examples: Ella es ms inteligente que tu profesora. Tengo menos nios que ella. * Note, ms/menos can be used with nouns or adjectives. Sentences using tan/tanto comparatives express equality. Noun + ser/estar + tan + adjectives + como + noun Noun + tener + tanto/a/os/as + noun + como + noun Examples: Ella es tan bonita como mi perro. Tengo tantos libros como el biblioteca. * Note, tan compares adjectives while tanto compares amount of things. * Remember, the ending of tanto changes according to the object being compared. When comparing good/bad or young/old, replace: Ms bueno with Mejor Ms malo with Peor Ms joven (young) with Menor Ms viejo (old) with Mayor

Superlativos
Superlatives express that something is the most/least of its kind. (best or worst) Noun + ser/estar + el/la/los/las + (optional noun) + ms/menos + adjective Examples: T eres la chica ms bella. Ana es la ms inteligente. You can use the superlative in relation to a group of others by adding de + noun. rica es la estudiante menos fuerte de su clase.

Demostrativos
Demonstrative Adj. Masculine Singular Feminine Singular Masculine Plural Feminine Plural This (these) Este Esta Estos Estas That (those) Ese Esa Esos Esas That (over there) Aquel Aquella Aquellos Aquellas

Demonstratives can act as an adjective or replace a noun. In the chart above, the different forms of Este, Ese, and Aquel act as adjectives. They answer the question: Which one? Remember, you have to choose the correct form of each demonstrative adjective based on the noun it modifies. Me gusta este lapiz. Esa bufanda es la ms bonita! I like this pencil. That scarf is the prettiest!

Aquel refers to objects farther away, and it can also refer to things in the past. The following chart shows the different forms of Este, Ese, and Aquel as pronouns. Demonstrative Prn. Masculine Singular Feminine Singular Masculine Plural Feminine Plural This (These) ste sta stos stas That (those) se sa sos sas That (over there) Aqul Aqulla Aqullos Aqullas

All that changes is there is now an accent on the first e of each demonstrative. These pronouns can be used to refer to any object, and like its descriptive counterpart, you have to choose its form based on the noun it replaces. A mi me encantan estos guantes. A mi me encantan stos. Aquellas vacas son muy gordas. Aqullas son muy gordas. Este, Ese, and Aquel each has a neutral, or indefinite form that is independent of gender or plurality. They are used to refer to an unknown object or an idea. ste Esto se Eso Aqul Aquello

There are a few clue words that are specific to these demonstratives. Here (este) ac, aqu There (ese) ah, all Over there (aquel) all

Presente del Subjuntivo

The Present Indicative (which you known just as the Present tense) expresses certainty and fact. The Subjunctive is used to express uncertainty, doubt, and or ones desires for another. When using the Subjunctive, two different subjects must be involved. Yo espero que t estudies para el examen. I wish you would study for the exam. As you can see, when you use the Subjunctive, you need an indicative to introduce the subjunctive. Espero is the indicative and estudies is the subjunctive. The general formula is: Indicative que Subjunctive Subjunctive conjugation is rather simple: -ar verbs 1 Person 2nd Person (Informal) 3rd Person -er and ir verbs 1 Person 2nd Person (Informal) 3rd Person
st st

Singular -e -es -e Singular -a -as -a

Plural -emos -is -en Plural -amos -is -an

Simply conjugate the verb into its present tense and change the a to an e or e/i to an a. And as with all tenses, there are irregularities. For verbs ending in car, you must change the c into a qu. Ex. Practicar Practique For verbs ending in gar, you must change the g into a gu. Ex. Jugar Jugue For verbs ending in zar, you must change the z into a c. Ex. Empezar Empiece * Stem changes of any conjugated subjunctive verb is the same as the present tense of its yo form. This only applies to the yo, t, l, and ellos conjugations of stem-changing ir verbs. -ir verbs e ie (1, 2, 3, 6) e i (4, 5) Stem-changing Mentir Singular Plural st Mienta Mintamos 1 Person Mientas Mintis 2nd Person (Informal) rd Mienta Mientan 3 Person Similar verbs: Sentir, Arrepentirse, Divertirse, Herir, Preferir, Sugerir o ue (1, 2, 3, 6) o u (4, 5) Stem-changing Dormir Singular Plural st Duerma Durmamos 1 Person nd Duermas Durmis 2 Person (Informal) Duerma Duerman 3rd Person Similar verbs: morir

e i (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) Stem-changing Pedir Singular Plural st Pida Pidamos 1 Person nd Pidas Pidis 2 Person (Informal) Pida Pidan 3rd Person Similar verbs: Despendirse, Competir, Vestirse, Desvestirse, Medir, Medirse, Repetir, Servir And as with most other tenses, the Present Subjunctive has those verbs that are completely irregular. Dar Estar Haber Ir Saber Ser D Est Haya Vaya Sepa Sea Des Ests Hayas Vayas Sepas Seas D Est Haya Vaya Sepa Sea Demos Estemos Hayamos Vayamos Sepamos Seamos Deis Estis Hayis Vayis Sepis Seis Den Estn Hayan Vayan Sepan Sean

Pronombre Complemento Indirecto (PCI)

PCI 1 Person 2 Person (Informal) 3rd Person
nd st

Singular Me Te Le

Plural Nos Os Les

In the sentence : Ella le da un masaje a mi madre, the PCI is le. The optional a mi madre clarifies who exactly is being given the massage. The clarifier might only be necessary if you use 3rd Person le or les because the 3rd Person PCIs are unspecific. The PCI represents an object different from the subject of the sentence. Yo te di una bufanda para tus cumpleaos. I gave you a scarf for your birthday. El hombre generoso nos da dinero. The generous man gave us money. If a sentence contains an verb + infinitive, the PCI can be attached to the end of the infinitive instead of before the conjugated verb. Mi padre me va a comprar un traje. Mi padre va a comprarme un traje.

Pronombre Complemento Directo (PCD)

The PCD is the object that is being directly affected by the action. Singular PCD st 1 Person Me nd 2 Person (Informal) Te 3rd Person Lo, La Plural Nos Os Los, Las

The PCD can be placed either before the conjugated verb or attached to the infinitive. l quiere comer la comida. l la quiere comer. l quiere comerla. If there is a PCI in a sentence with a PCD, the PCD must follow and stay with the PCI, whether it is attached to the end of the infinitive or before the conjugated verb. He should give it to you: l te lo debe dar. O: l debe drtelo. Notice in the second case, you must place an accent on the last syllable of the infinitive.

Ser vs. Estar

Both Ser and Estar mean to be, but they are used for different situations. In general, Ser describes somethings basic properties or what it is like. On the other hand, Estar describes somethings condition, or how it is. More specifically, the uses for Ser are: To describe possession Identity o Origin and nationality o Profession o Physical and personal characteristics To tell time To describe that location of events The uses for Estar are: Describe impermanent conditions o Feelings (worried, sad, happy) o Physical health o Weather Present Progressive - an action in progress Location of people, places, and physical objects Applying Ser and Estar to the same adjective produces a wider variety of meanings for that adjective. Several differences that could help embellish your Composition: Ser Ser aburrido boring Ser atento courteous Ser bueno good Ser fresco fresh Ser listo clever Ser loco scatterbrained Ser malo bad Ser orgulloso proud, cocky Ser rico rich Ser seguro safe Ser verde green Estar Estar aburrido bored Estar atento attentive Estar bueno tasty Estar fresco fresh, just made Estar listo ready Estar loco insane Estar malo ill Estar orgulloso confidant Estar rico delicious Estar seguro certain Estar verde unripe

Nosotros Commands
Nosotros commands are easy: they are the nosotros form of the present subjunctive. Lets eat (nosotros comer) Comamos Lets talk (nosotros hablar) Hablemos To express a negative command, simply put a no in front of the command. Lets not go hiking today No hagamos el senderismo hoy. There is really only one irregular nosotros command: ir. In the positive form of ir, instead of vayamos, it is vamos. In the negative though, the nosotros command for ir is no vayamos Lets go to the movies. Vamos al cine. Lets not go today. No vayamos hoy. When you attach a PCI or reflexive to the end of a positive nosotros command, you must place an accent on the second to last syllable of the verb itself.

Answers to Practicar 1 1. pregunt 2. bamos 3. tuvo 4. haban 5. visitaron 6. encontraron 7. vieron 8. venda 9. estaba 10. eran Good luck on your Spanish III H midterm!