Cyril communication is always handy when

you need to send digital data using few

connections there are a lot of serial

communication protocols but a few are

more popular than the other especially

when using basic microcontrollers such

as the peak or the Arduino today we will

see what is a civil communication

protocol and we will see three main

examples what communication I Square C

and spi I will tell you the main

characteristics of each one of these

show you how they work and why you use

one and not the other and also show you

a small example using the Arduino we

should also see the signals on the

oscilloscope in order to get a better

view and by that understand more so

let's see how the word I square C and

SPI work but before make sure you

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back so what is a serial communication

protocol well it's a way of transmitting

data in a line one data after the other

and in this case we are talking about

digital data imagine that you want to

send the number 198 which in binary

which are just ones and zeros will be 1

1 0 0 0 1 1 0 you could connect a wire

for each bit and send the height digital

poles for once and the low value for

zeros and do that at the same time so in

just one moment you can send all the

bits at the same time this is called a

Perl communication the downside of this

kind of communication is that we have to

use 8 connections plus the ground

reference so a total of 9 cable

but this is for 8-bits imagine that you

want to send a 16-bit data in that case

who will need 17 cables and usually we

want fewer connections so instead of

sending the data each bit at the same

time what we will do is to place the

bits in series and then we send each one

one after the other

using just one cable but you could

already see the downside of this type of

parallel we need only one clock post to

send all the data if we send the same

data using serial communication we'll

need 16 clock pulses to save the same

amount of data so this will be 16 times

slower so that's the main disadvantage

of using serial communication as

examples for Silla communication we have

the S bus the PPM the JTAG connection

word I square C the can SPI

MIDI usb RS 233 and more and even the

Morse code could be a serial

communication okay guys so we have

mentioned that clock pulses before

depending on this clock co communication

could be synchronous or asynchronous and

the main difference is that one uses the

clock to send the data at a specific

speed and time and the asynchronous

doesn't have a clock so how do you know

where one bit will end and where the

next bit will start if you don't have

any clock to understand that we start

with the most basic a synchronous i/o

communication what or universal a

synchronous receiver transmitter this

type of communication uses only one

cable to send the data plus the ground

reference the transmitter cable will be

transmitter starts sending bits whenever

it wants so how does the receiver know

when the incoming data starts where it

ends when we have a bit or the other and

so on for that what communication will

need to play some common configuration

between the transmitter and receiver

before making the connections you need

to make sure that both the X and the Rx

will work with the same settings three

of these settings are the transmission

speed in both per second the data length

in bits and how is the start and the

stop bit so let's see what are these

imagine that you want to send the number

before 198 the representation in digital

process of this will be this one so with

this data we already know that we will

send 8 bits so now we know the data

length the transmitter and receiver must

have the same configuration but if we

analyze the word signal we won't see

only these 8 bits we will see something

like this that's because word needs a

start bit and an end bit usually the

word signal is always high and the start

bit will be represented by a low pause

so that makes very easy for the receiver

we detect a low pause we know that we

need to start reading the input data and

now here comes the third configuration

the speed of transmission without

knowing the speed the receiver won't be

able to know when one bit will end and

the other one will start and by that it

will ring the wrong value for that we

need to set the speed in bouts per

second a very common word speed is 9600

dots per second that means that the

length of the bit will be 1 divided by

9600 and that equals to 104 microseconds

so now all the receiver has to do after

detecting the start bit is to count time

we count 104 microseconds and then we

are at the beginning of the first input

bit but we don't usually save the value

here because the data is unstable so we

will go in the middle of the bit so we

count 52 microseconds more and now we

save the first bit and then we count 104

microseconds more and save the second

bit and so on once the receiver has Oh 8

bits

we'll wait for the stop bit which is

represented by high posts and then we

can send the receive data from the

buffer to the rest of the system this

different speeds or different amount of

bits for the same data usually the start

and stop bits are always like this so

that's how the word communication works

another version of the word

communication is the rs-232 that is used

by all computers the arduino for example

uses the word communication to upload

the codes or send the data to the serial

monitor

this right here is a wired chip and you

also see that it has a DTR pin and

sometimes you will see a CTS pin these

pins are used to notify that the data

terminal is ready and that the receiver

is clear to receive so in this way we

won't have flow problems I connect the

Arduino and here have the word signal on

the oscilloscope and right now I'm

sending the number before 198 as you can

see we have exactly the representation

before the start beat the data and the

stop beat and the rest of the time the

signal is high usually devices will have

body TX and the rx pins so they could

boot send and receive data with the same

protocol okay guys next we need to take

a look at the first synchronous serial

or the inter integrated circuit this

protocol was developed by Philips

and in this case we need two connections

plus the ground reference one wire will

send the data and this will have the

name of SDA and the second wire is the

clock because this is a synchronous

communication and it will have the name

of SCL once again we need to specify the

amount of bits that we will send and

also to note the cut frequency for both

the transmitter and receiver usually I

square C could work with speed up to 400

kilobits per second and it will send

data of 15 or 16 bits in this case at

the same time that we send the data we

also create a clock post with the same

frequency as the bit of the data so the

receiver will know exactly when one bit

will end and the next one will start so

this can go faster since we don't need

to count the time as in the word

communication also using I square C the

transmitter will send all kind of data

but only certain receiver will be able

to save the values we do that with the

use of the slave address each receiver

will have a different slave address so

the transmitter will first send the

then it will send the data so only the

receiver with the 68 slave address will

store the data into its buffer so the

word communication is a one-to-one

communication but the I square C could

be used with multiple receivers for

example this ampule 6050 module uses

head classic communication

I connect my oscilloscope to the data

and Clark pins and now we can see the

signal on the oscilloscope as you can

see we have a square signal as a clock

and then we have the same data each time

we send a new value we also enable the

clock signal and also send the slave

address before sending the new data okay

guys so that was ice crazy finally let's

take a look at another synchronous

serial communication SPI

or Cir peripheral interface in this case

we still have the clock connection but

we also need three more wires

mossie which is the master output slave

input Mesa which is master input slave

output and the chip select wire plus the

ground reference so using a total of

five connections we could send the data

once again we have a master transmitter

data the most wire will send the data to

the slaves but the master device could

also receive data from the slaves using

the miso wires in this case we don't use

a slave address as for the I square C

instead of that we have the chip select

to start a new transmission

the Master will put a chip select pin to

low and then we send the clock and the

data signals so if you want more slave

devices connected you will need a chip

select connection for each one the

advantages of this type of communication

is that it's full duplex in a full

duplex mode both devices can transmit

the signal at the same time so we could

both send and receive we can do that

with I square C because that is a

simplest communication also at the same

time the speed of transmission for the

SPI is way higher than the I square C or

what communication and at the same time

the power consumption is also lower we

can set the amount of bits that we want

to send in the code but unfortunately

this communication can send the data for

long ranges as we can do with the rs-232

or the can bus also these communications

have no acknowledged pins so the master

have a slave connected and the data

won't be receive by any device in case

of the word communication we could have

the DTR or CTR pins to do that now this

other f24 radio module uses SPI

communication I connect it to the

Arduino and I hook up the oscilloscope

we can see four signals for clock MOSI

miso and chip select as you can see when

we want to

the data chief selectees low then we

have the clock signal and the master or

the slave we'll send the data so that

was SPI now you should know more or less

how art I Square C&S pay communications

work leave a comment below if you want

to see other protocols such as the JTAG

the kent communication USB and so on

i've made this video with these three

because these are the most common used

with everyday microcontrollers as you

could see the arduino has all these

types of communication on the same board

so i hope that you learn something new

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