BASIC MATHEMATICS

INDEX:
Theory: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 – 8

Exercise: Practice Questions.………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9 – 23

Answer Keys ……...……….……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24

Solutions…………...……….……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 25 – 38
BASIC MATHEMATICS

BASIC MATHEMATICS

THEORY:

1. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

ax 2 +=
bx + c 0, a, b, c ∈ , a ≠ 0
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
Roots are x =
2a
Discriminant is D
= b 2 − 4ac
D Nature of roots
+ ve Two real distinct roots
0 Two real equal roots
− ve No real roots

2. SOME BASIC IDENTITIES

• ( a ± b ) = a 2 + b 2 ± 2ab
2

• a 2 − b 2 = ( a + b )( a − b )
• ( a + b + c ) = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
2

• ( a ± b ) = a 3 ± b3 ± 3ab(a ± b)
3

• a 3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc = ( a + b + c ) ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca )

3. SOME USEFUL RESULTS

2
1  1
• x2 + 2
= x +  − 2
x  x
2
1  1
• x2 + 2
= x −  + 2
x  x
2 2 2
• a + b + c − ab − bc − ca =0
⇒ a =b =c
• a 3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc =
0
⇒ a = b = c or a+b+c = 0

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BASIC MATHEMATICS

4. INEQUALITIES

Statements involving symbols of inequality are called inequations or inequalities.

Solution of inequality : Any value that satisfies the given inequality.
Solution set of inequality : Set of all values that satisfy the given inequality.

4.1 Properties of Inequality

• a >b ⇒ a±d >b±d

ax > bx if x>0
• a>b⇒
 ax < bx if x<0
• a±b > c ⇒ a > cb
1 1
 a < b , if ab > 0
• a>b⇒
1 > 1 , if ab < 0
 a b

5. WAVY CURVE METHOD

Used when multiple linear factors are involved in the inequality.

Steps involved in wavy curve method

Step1 : Make the RHS equals to zero.

Step2 : Factor the LHS into its simplest form and make sure the sign of coefficient of
variable is positive everywhere.
Step3 : Find the zeros of each linear factor and mark it on number line.
Step4 : Mark positive on extreme right and change the sign alternatively at each factor.
Step 5: Obtain the required region.

Note
• Wavy curve will not change its sign at even powers of linear factors.
• Factors which are always positive has no effect on inequality and can be simply ignored.
6. BASIC OF SOME STANDARD FUNCTIONS
Some important functions are

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BASIC MATHEMATICS

• Absolute Value Function or Modulus Function

• Greatest Integer Function
• Fractional Part Function
• Logarithmic Function

7. ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION

It reflects absolute (positive) value of any given quantity.
It is denoted by y = x .

7.1 Properties of Modulus Function

• a >0⇒ a =a
• a < 0 ⇒ a =−a
• x =a ⇒ x =± a
• x ≥0
• x ≤ a ⇒ −a ≤ x ≤ a
• x ≥ a ⇒ x ≤ −a or x ≥ a
• x2 = x

8. GREATEST INTEGER FUNCTION

GIF returns the largest integer less than or equal to x. It is denoted by y = [ x ] .

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BASIC MATHEMATICS

8.1 Properties of GIF

• [ x ] k where k ∈  ⇒ k ≤ x < k + 1
=
• [ x + k ] = [ x ] + k where k ∈ 
 − [ x ] , when x ∈ 
• [− x] = 
− [ x ] − 1, when x ∉ 
−1, when x ∉ 
• [ x ] + [ − x ] =
 0, when x ∈ 
• [ x] ≤ x
• [ x ] ≤ k , where k ∈  ⇒ x < k + 1
• [ x ] < k , where k ∈  ⇒ x < k
• [ x ] ≥ k , where k ∈  ⇒ x ≥ k
• [ x ] > k , where k ∈  ⇒ x ≥ k + 1

9. FRACTIONAL PART FUNCTION

It is represented by y = { x} .
{ x}= x − [ x]

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BASIC MATHEMATICS

9.1 Properties of Fractional Part Function

i. 0 ≤ { x} < 1
0, for x ∈ Z
ii. { x} + {− x} =
1, for x ∉ Z
a  r
iii.   = , where r is the remainder obtained by dividing a by b.
b  b

10. LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION

It is represented by y = log b x , where x > 0, b > 0 and b ≠ 1

10.1 Standard Bases of Logarithms

i. Common logarithms : logarithms to base 10 are called common logarithms. It is represented by
‘log’ or ‘lg’

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 BASIC MATHEMATICS

ii. Natural logarithms : logarithms to base ‘e’ are called natural logarithms. It is represented by
‘ln’

10.2 Properties of Logarithms

• log a 1 = 0
• log a a = 1
• log=
a mn log a m + log a n
m
• log
= a log a m − log a n
n
• log a ( m ) = n log a m
n

1
• log a x =
log x a

11. INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY

Angle : Measure of rotation of a given ray about it’s initial position.

Units of angle : degree, radian, minute and second etc.

Conversion formulae
π radians
= 180° degrees
1 degree = 60 minutes
1 minute = 60 seconds

11.1 Pythagoras Theorem

2
• For a right-angled triangle, H= P2 + B2
• Basic Trigonometric Ratios
P H
sin θ = cosecθ
H P
B H
=cos θ = sec θ
H B
P B
=tan θ = cot θ
B P

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BASIC MATHEMATICS

11.2 Fundamental Trigonometric Identities

• sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1
• 1 + tan θ =
2
sec θ
2

• 1 + cot θ =
2
cosec 2θ

11.3 Formulae for the Trigonometric Ratios of Sum and Difference of Two Angles

• sin( A
= + B)
sin A cos B + cos A sin B
• sin( A
= − B)
sin A cos B − cos A sin B
• cos(=A + B)cos A cos B − sin A sin B
• cos(=A − B)
cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan A + tan B
• tan( A + B) =
1 − tan A tan B
tan A − tan B
• tan( A − B) =
1 + tan A tan B

11.4 Formulae to Transform the Product into Sum or Difference

• 2sin A cos B= sin( A + B) + sin( A − B)
• 2 cos A sin B= sin( A + B ) − sin( A − B )
• 2 cos A cos B= cos( A + B ) + cos( A − B )
• 2sin A sin B
= cos( A − B ) − cos( A + B )

11.5 Formulae to Transform the Sum or Difference into Product

C+D C−D
• sin C + sin D =
2sin   cos  
 2   2 
C−D C+D
• sin C − sin D =
2sin   cos  
 2   2 

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 BASIC MATHEMATICS

C+D C−D
• cos C + cos D =
2 cos   cos  
 2   2 
 C + D   D −C 
• cos C − cos D =
2sin   sin  
 2   2 

11.6 Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple of an Angle

2 tan A
sin 2 A 2sin
= = A cos A
1 + tan 2 A
1 − tan 2 A
2 A cos 2 A − sin=
cos= 2
A 2 cos 2 A=
−1
1 + tan 2 A
2 tan A
tan 2 A =
1 − tan 2 A
sin
= 3 A 3sin A − 4sin 3 A
cos 3 A 4 cos3 A − 3cos A
=
3 tan A − tan 3 A
tan 3 A =
1 − 3 tan 2 A

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BASIC MATHEMATICS

EXERCISE: PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Solving Equations Reducible to Quadratic Equations

1  1
1. Solve for x : x 2 + 2
− 4 x −  + 2 =0
x  x
(a) x = ±1
(b) x = 1
(c) x = ±2
(d) none of these

2. Solve for x : cos 2 x − 4 cos x + 4 =0

π
(a) x =
3
π
(b) x =
6
π
(c) x =
4
(d) none of these

3. Solve for x : 22 x − 3.2 x +1 + 23 =

0
(a) x = 2 or x = 3
(b) x = 1 or x = 2
(c) x = 2 or x = 4
(d) none of these

4. Solve for x : ( 7 x − 3) − 5 ( 7 x − 3) + 6 =
2
0
3 6
(a) x = or x =
7 7
5 6
(b) x = or x =
7 7

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BASIC MATHEMATICS

(c) x = 2 or x = 3
(d) none of these

5. Solve for x : x 6 − 3 x3 + 2 =0
1 1
(a) x = 2 3 or x = 33
(b) x = 2 or x = 1
1
(c) x = 1 or x = 2 3
(d) none of these

6. Solve for x : x 4 − 8 x 2 + 12 =
0
(a) x =±2 or x = ±6

(b) x =
± 2 or x =
± 6
(c)
= x 2=
or x 6
(d) none of these

7. Solve for x : ( x − 5 ) − ( x − 5 ) − 2 =
2
0
(a) {4, 7}

(b) {−4, −7}

(c) {4, −7}

(d) [ 4, 7 ]

General Applications of Basic Identities

8. The value of ( x − y )
3

(a) x3 + y 3 + 3 x 2 y + 3 xy 2

(b) x3 − y 3 + 3 x 2 y − 3 xy 2

(c) x3 − y 3 − 3 x 2 y + 3 xy 2

(d) x3 − y 3 − 3 x 2 y − 3 xy 2

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BASIC MATHEMATICS

9. If x − y =
3 and xy = 4 then x 2 + y 2 =
?
(a) 1
(b) 17
(c) 13
(d) 16

1 1
10. If x 2 + 2
5 then find x −
=
x x
(a) ± 3
(b) ±2

(c) ± 7
(d) none of these

11. 1012 − 992 =

?
(a) 800
(b) 10000
(c) 200
(d) 400

12. 102 ×102 = ?

(a) 10404
(b) 10004
(c) 9594
(d) none of these

1 1
13. If t + =4 , then the value of t 3 + 3 is
t t
(a) 64
(b) 76
(c) 52
(d) 61

14. If p 2 + q 2 + r 2 − pq − qr − rp =then
0 the relation between p , q and r is _____.
(a) p + q + r = 0

(b) pqr = 0

(c) pqr = 3

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BASIC MATHEMATICS

(d) p= q= r

15. If 4a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − 2ab − bc − 2ac =

0 then the value of a and b respectively is _____.
(a) 1,2
(b) 2,1
(c) 2,2
(d) 1,1

( p + q + 2r )
2
16. =?
2 2 2
(a) p + q + 4r + 2 pq + 2 pr + 2qr

(b) p 2 + q 2 + 4r 2 + 2 pq + 4qr + 4 pr

(c) p 2 + q 2 + 4r 2

 r
(d) p 2 + q 2 + r 2 + 2  p + q + 
 2

17. If a + b = 5 and a 2 + b 2 =
19 then the value of a 3 + b3 is _____.
(a) 170
(b) 80
(c) 125
(d) none of these

18. If abc = 5 and a + b + c =0 then the value of a 3 + b3 + c3 is _____.

(a) 5
(b) 10
(c) 15
(d) 20

Basic Inequalities and Wavy Curve Method

19. Solve for x : 4 x − 10 ≥ 2 .

(a) x ∈ ( 3, ∞ )

(b) x ∈ [12, ∞ )

(c) x ∈ [3, ∞ )

(d) x ∈ [ −2, ∞ )

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BASIC MATHEMATICS

20. Solve for x : ( x + 3)( x − 3) < 0

(a) x ∈ ( −∞, −3) ∪ ( 3, ∞ )

(b) x ∈ ( −3,3)

(c) x ∈ ( 3, ∞ )

(d) none of these

21. Solve for x : x 2 − 3 x ≥ −2

(a) x ∈ ( −∞,1] ∪ [ 2, ∞ )

(b) x ∈ [1, 2]

(c) x ∈ ( −∞, 0] ∪ [3, ∞ )

(d) none of these

22. Solve for x : ( 2 + x )( 3 − 2 x ) ≥ 0

3 
(a) x ∈ ( −∞, −2] ∪  , ∞ 
2 

 3
(b) x ∈  −∞,  ∪ ( 2, ∞ )
 2

 3 
(c) x ∈  − , 2 
 2 

 3
(d) x ∈  −2, 
 2

23. Solve for x :

( x − 1)( x − 2 ) ≤ 0
( x − 3)( x − 4 )
(a) x ∈ ( −∞,1] ∪ [3, 4]

(b) x ∈ [1, 2] ∪ ( 3, 4 )

(c) x ∈ ( −∞,1] ∪ [ 4, ∞ )

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BASIC MATHEMATICS

(d) none of these

24. Solve for x : ( x 2 + 2 ) ( x − 5 ) ≥ 0

(a) x ∈ [5, ∞ )

(b) x ∈ 

(c) x ∈ ( −∞,5]

(d) none of these

2x + 4
25. Solve for x : ≥5
x −1
(a) (1,3)

(b) (1,3]

(c) ( −∞,1) ∪ [3, ∞ )

(d) none of these

26. The number of integral solutions of 2 ( x + 2 ) > x 2+ 1 is _____.

(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5

( x + 3) ( x − 3)
250 141

27. Solve for x: ≥0

( 3x − 2 )
268

2
(a) ( −∞,3] −  
3

(b) [3, ∞ )

(c) ( −∞, −3]

(d) none of these

28. Solve for x : x 2 + 2 < 0

(a) x ∈ 

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BASIC MATHEMATICS

(b) x ∈ ( −∞, −2 )

(
(c) x ∈ − 2, 2 )
(d) none of these

29. Solve for x : sin x + 10 ≥ 0

(a) x ∈ 
(b) x ∈ 

(c) x ∈ ( −10, ∞ )

(d) none of these

Basic of Modulus Function

30. Solve for x : x = 8

(a) x = ± 8
(b) x = 8
(c) x = −8
(d) x = ±8

31. Solve for x : 2 x − 3 < 5

(a) ( −5,5 )

(b) [ −1,8]

(c) ( −8,1)

(d) ( −1,8 )

32. Solve for x : 3 x − 7 =

3
4 7
(a) x
= = and x
3 3

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BASIC MATHEMATICS

7 10
(b) x
= =and x
3 3
4 10
(c) x
= = and x
3 3
(d) none of these.

33. Solve for x : 2 x − 5 < 3

(a) x ∈ ( −∞,1) ∪ ( 4, ∞ )

(b) x ∈ (1, 4 )

5 
(c) x ∈  ,3 
2 
(d) none of these

2
34. Solve for x : x − 9 x + 18 ≤ 0
(a) x ∈ ( −∞, −3] ∪ [3, ∞ )

(b) x ∈ ( −∞, ∞ )

(c) x ∈ ( −∞, −6] ∪ [ 6, ∞ )

(d) x ∈ [ −6, −3] ∪ [3, 6]

35. Solve for x : ( x − 2 )( x + 3) =

0
(a) x =
± 2 or x =
±3

(b) x = ± 2

(c) x = ± 2
(d) none of these.

2
36. Solve for x : x + 2 − 9 x + 2 + 14 ≥ 0
(a) x ∈ ( −∞, −9 ) ∪ ( 5, ∞ )

(b) x ∈ ( −∞, −9] ∪ [ −4, 0] ∪ [5, ∞ )

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BASIC MATHEMATICS

(c) x ∈ [ −4, 0]

(d) none of these

Basic of Greatest Integer Function and Fractional Part Function

37. Solve for x : [ x ] = −9.5

(a) x = −9.5

(b) x ∈ [ −9.5,10.5 )

(c) x ∈ [9,10 )

(d) none of these

38. Solve for x : [ x ] = −9 .

(a) x ∈ ( −9, −8 )

(b) x ∈ ( −10, −9]

(c) x ∈ [ −9, −8 )

(d) none of these

39. Solve for x : [3 x − 7 ] =

4
11 
(a) x ∈  , 4 
3 

7 
(b) x ∈  , 4 
3 

 8 11 
(c) x ∈  , 
3 3 
(d) none of these

40. Solve [ 2 − 5 x ] =
−2
3 4
(a) x ∈  , 
5 5 

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BASIC MATHEMATICS

3 4 
(b) x ∈  , 
5 5 

 3 4
(c) x ∈  , 
 5 5

3 4
(d) x ∈  , 
5 5

41. Solve [ 2 x − 3] =
1
 3  5
(a) x ∈ 1,  ∪  2, 
 2  2

 3  5
(b) x ∈ 1,  ∪  2, 
 2  2

 3  5
(c) x ∈ 1,  ∪  2, 
 2  2

 3  5
(d) x ∈ 1,  ∪  2, 
 2  2

42. Which of the following statements is true.

(a) [ x ] gives the integral value less than x.

(b) [ x ] gives the integral value less than or equal to x.

(c) [ x ] gives the value of largest integer which is less than or equal to x.

(d) none of these

 2 4 9 14 
43.  × × ×  =
3 5 7 4 
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3

44. Which of the following is the graph of y= x − [ x ]

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BASIC MATHEMATICS

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

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BASIC MATHEMATICS

1703 
45.  =?
 3 
(a) 0.333
(b) 0.667
(c) 0.167
(d) none of these

46. For x ∉ , { x} + {− x} =?
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) –1
(d) none of these

Basic of Logarithmic Function

47. The value of log10 1000 − log10 100 is-

(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 13
(d) 2

48. Which of the following is equal to log10 5 + log10 20?

(a) log10 25

(b) 2.5
(c) 2
(d) none of these

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BASIC MATHEMATICS

log 2 7
49. =?
1 + log 2 3
log 2 6
(a)
log 2 7

log 2 7
(b)
log 2 6

(c) log 2 7 × log 2 6

(d) none of these

n
50. If a > 0 , then ∑ log ( a ) = _____.
k =1
b
k

(a) n ( n + 1) log b a

(b) n ( n + 1) log b a

n ( n + 1)
(c) log b a
2
(d) none of these

51. If concentration of H+ ion in a solution is 8 ×10−3 moles per litre. pH of the solution will be-
( use log 2 = 0.30 )
(a) 2.3
(b) 2.1
(c) 3
(d) 3.9

52. Sufficient condition for base ‘b’ in log b a is:

(a) b > 0
(b) b ≥ 0 and b ≠ 1
(c) b ≥ 0
(d) b > 0 and b ≠ 1

53. Solve for x : 2 + log x =

log 500
(a) 5
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BASIC MATHEMATICS

(b) 100
(c) 500
(d) none of these

Trigonometric Introduction and it’s Basic Applications

2
54. If sin 2 θ = , then the value of cos 2 θ is-
9
(a) 7/9
(b) 11/9
(c) 2/9
(d) none of these

55. sin 7 x + sin 3 x =

?
(a) 2 cos 5 x cos 2 x
(b) 2sin 5 x cos 2 x
(c) 2sin 5 x sin 2 x
(d) none of these.

56. cos 4 θ − sin 4 θ =

?
(a) cos 2θ
(b) cos8θ
(c) sin 4θ
(d) cos 4θ

57. 2sin 7 x sin 3 x = ?

(a) sin 4 x + sin10 x
(b) sin 4 x + cos10 x
(c) cos 4 x + sin10 x
(d) cos 4 x − cos10 x

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BASIC MATHEMATICS

58. tan 3θ = ?
3 tan θ + tan 3 θ
(a)
1 − 3 tan 2 θ

3 tan θ − tan 3 θ
(b)
1 + 3 tan 2 θ

3 tan θ − tan 3 θ
(c)
1 − 3 tan 2 θ
(d) none of these

1 − cos 2θ
59. =?
sin 2θ
(a) tan 2θ
(b) cot 2θ
(c) tan θ
(d) cot θ

60. sin ( A + B ) + sin ( A − B ) =

?
(a) 2sin A sin B
(b) 2 cos A sin B
(c) 2 cos A cos B
(d) 2sin A cos B

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BASIC MATHEMATICS

ANSWER KEY

1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (d)
31. (d) 32. (c) 33. (b) 34. (d) 35. (d) 36. (b) 37. (d) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (c)
41. (a) 42. (c) 43. (c) 44. (b) 45. (b) 46. (b) 47. (a) 48. (b) 49. (b) 50. (b)
51. (b) 52. (d) 53. (a) 54. (a) 55. (b) 56. (a) 57. (d) 58. (c) 59. (c) 60. (d)

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BASIC MATHEMATICS

SOLUTIONS

Solving Equations Reducible to Quadratic Equations

1.
1  1
x2 + 2
− 4 x −  + 2 =0
x  x
 
2

2
 1  1 1 2 1
⇒  x −  + 2 − 4 x −  + 2 =0 
  x −  = x + − 2
 x  x   x x 
1
Let x − = t
x
⇒ t 2 + 2 − 4t + 2 =0
⇒ t 2 − 4t + 4 =0
⇒ (t − 2) =
2
0
⇒t =2
1
⇒ x+ = 2
x
⇒ x 2 + 1 − 2 x =0
⇒ x2 − 2 x + 1 =0
⇒ ( x − 1) =
2
0
1
⇒x=

2.
cos 2 x − 4 cos x + 4 =0

Let cos x = t
⇒ t 2 − 4t + 4 =0
⇒ (t − 2) =
2
0
⇒t =2
⇒ cos x =2
 cos x cannot be equal to 2 for any real value of x .
∴ No solution.

3.

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BASIC MATHEMATICS

22 x − 3.2 x+1 + 23 =0
2x
⇒ 2 − 6.2 + 8 =x
0
Let 2 = t
x

⇒ t 2 − 6t + 8 = 0
⇒ ( t − 2 )( t − 4 ) =
0
⇒t = 2 or t = 4
⇒2 = x
2 or 2 x = 4
⇒ 2x = 21 or 2 x = 22
⇒x= 1 or x = 2

4.

( 7 x − 3) − 5 ( 7 x − 3) + 6 =
2
0
Let, 7 x − 3 =t
2
⇒ t − 5t + 6 = 0
⇒ ( t − 2 )( t − 3) = 0
⇒t = 2 or t = 3
⇒ 7x − 3 = 2 or 7 x − 3 =3
5 6
⇒ x = or x =
7 7

5.
x6 − 3x + 2 =0
⇒ ( x3 ) − 3 ( x3 ) + 2 =
2
0
let x3 = t
⇒ t 2 − 3t + 2 =0
⇒ ( t − 2 )( t − 1) =
0
⇒t = 1 or t = 2
⇒x = 3
1 or x 3 = 2
1
1 or x = 2
⇒x= 3

6.
x 4 − 8 x 2 + 12 =
0
Let, x = t
2

⇒ t 2 − 8t + 12 = 0

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BASIC MATHEMATICS

⇒ ( t − 6 )( t − 2 ) =
0
⇒t = 2 or t = 6
⇒ x2 =2 or x 2 = 6
⇒ x =± 2 or x = ± 6

7.

( x − 5) − ( x − 5) − 2 =
2
0
Let x − 5 =t
2
⇒ t − t − 2 =0
⇒ ( t + 1)( t − 2 ) =
0
⇒ t =−1 or t =2
⇒ x − 5 =−1 or x − 5 =2
⇒=x 4 or= x 7

General Applications of Basic Identities

8.
We know that ( x − y ) = x3 − y 3 − 3 xy ( x − y )
3

= x3 − y 3 − 3 x 2 y + 3 xy 2

9.
3 and xy = 4
x− y =
We know that ( x − y ) = x 2 + y 2 − 2 xy
2

⇒ 32 = x 2 + y 2 − 2 ( 4 )
⇒ 9 + 8 = x2 + y 2
⇒ x2 + y 2 =
17

10.
2
 1 1
We know that  x −  = x 2 + 2 − 2
 x x
2
 1
⇒  x −  =5 − 2
 x
1
⇒ x − =± 3
x

27
BASIC MATHEMATICS

11.
We know that a 2 − b 2 = (a + b)(a − b)
⇒ 1012 − 992 = (101 + 99 )(101 − 99 )
= 200 ( 2 )
= 400

12.
(102=
) (100 + 2 )
2 2

= 1002 + 22 + 2 ×100 × 2
= 10000 + 4 + 400
= 10404

13.
3
 1 3 1  1
 t +  = t + 3 + 3 t + 
 t t  t
1
⇒ ( 4) = t 3 + 3 + 3( 4)
3

t
1
⇒ 64 = t 3 + 3 + 12
t
1
⇒ t3 + 3 = 52
t

14.
Using property:
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca =0 ⇒ a =b =c
⇒ p =q =r

15.
4a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − 2ab − bc − 2ac = 0
⇒ ( 2a ) + b 2 + c 2 − ( 2a ) b − bc − ( 2a ) c =
2
0
⇒ 2a =b =c
⇒ 2a =b =2
⇒
= a 1 and
= b 2

16.
We know that ( a + b + c ) = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac
2

⇒ ( p + q + 2r ) = p 2 + q 2 + ( 2r ) + 2 pq + 2q ( 2r ) + 2 p ( 2r )
2 2

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BASIC MATHEMATICS

= p 2 + q 2 + 4r 2 + 2 pq + 4qr + 4 pr

17.
We know that
( a + b ) = a 2 + b2 + 2ab
2

⇒ ( 5) =
2
19 + 2ab
⇒ 25 − 19 = 2ab
⇒ ab = 3
Now,
⇒ ( 5 ) = a 3 + b3 + 3 × 3 ( 5 )
3

⇒ a 3 + b3 =
80

18.
we know that
a 3 + b3 + c 3 − 3abc = ( a + b + c ) ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca )
Therefore, if a + b + c =0
3 3 3
⇒ a + b + c − 3abc = 0
⇒ a 3 + b3 + c 3 =3abc
= 3× 5
= 15

Basic Inequalities and Wavy Curve Method

19.
4 x − 10 ≥ 2
⇒ 4 x ≥ 12
⇒ x≥3
⇒ x ∈ [3, ∞ )

20.
( x + 3)( x − 3) < 0
⇒ x =−3 or x =3

⇒ x ∈ ( −3,3)

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BASIC MATHEMATICS

21.
x 2 − 3 x ≥ −2
⇒ x 2 − 3x + 2 ≥ 0
⇒ ( x − 1)( x − 2 ) ≥ 0
x 1 or=
⇒= x 2

⇒ x ∈ ( −∞,1] ∪ [ 2, ∞ )

22.
( 2 + x )( 3 − 2 x ) ≥ 0
⇒ ( x + 2 )( 2 x − 3) ≤ 0
3
⇒x=−2 or x =
2

 3
⇒ x ∈  −2, 
 2

23.
( x − 1)( x − 2 ) ≤ 0
( x − 3)( x − 4 )
x = 1, 2,3, 4

x ∈ [1, 2] ∪ ( 3, 4 )

24.
( x 2 + 2 ) ( x − 5) ≥ 0
 x 2 + 2 is always positive. Therefore ignoring it.
⇒ x−5 ≥ 0
⇒ x≥5
⇒ x ∈ [5, ∞ )

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BASIC MATHEMATICS

25.
2x + 4
≥5
x −1
2x + 4
⇒ −5 ≥ 0
x −1
2 x + 4 − 5x + 5
⇒ ≥0
x −1
−3 x + 9
⇒ ≥0
x −1
3x − 9
⇒ ≤0
x −1

⇒ x ∈ (1,3]

26.
2 ( x + 2) > x2 + 1
⇒ 2x + 4 − x2 −1 > 0
⇒ − x2 + 2x + 3 > 0
⇒ x2 − 2 x − 3 < 0
⇒ ( x + 1)( x − 3) < 0

⇒ x ∈ ( −1,3)
Therefore, three integral Solutions. {0,1, 2}

27.
( x + 3) ( x − 3)
250 141

≥0
( 3x − 2 )
268

2
⇒x= −3, ,3
3
Since, powers of ( x + 3) and ( 3 x − 2 ) are even
Therefore, wavy curve will not change its sign at these points.

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BASIC MATHEMATICS

⇒ x ∈ [3, ∞ )

28.
x 2 + 2 is always positive and can’t be less than zero.
Therefore, no solution

29.
 sin x + 10 is always greater than zero.
⇒ inequality sin x + 10 ≥ 0 holds for real all x .

Basic of Modulus Function

30.
x =8
⇒ x =±8

31.
2x − 3 < 5
⇒ −5 < 2 x − 3 < 5
=−2 < 2 x < 8
⇒ −1 < x < 8
⇒ x ∈ ( −1,8 )

32.
3x − 7 =
3
⇒ 3 x − 7 =±3
⇒ 3 x − 7 =−3 or 3 x − 7 =3
⇒=3 x 4 or= 3 x 10
4 10
⇒x
= or x
=
3 3

33.
2x − 5 < 3

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BASIC MATHEMATICS

⇒ −3 < 2 x − 5 < 3
⇒ 2 < 2x < 8
⇒1< x < 4
⇒ x ∈ (1, 4 )

34.
2
x − 9 x + 18 ≤ 0
let, x = t
⇒ t 2 − 9t + 18 ≤ 0
⇒ ( t − 3)( t − 6 ) ≤ 0
⇒3≤t ≤6
⇒3≤ x ≤6
⇒ − 6 ≤ x ≤ 3 or 3 ≤ x ≤ 6

x ∈ [ −6, −3] ∪ [3, 6]

35.
( x − 2 )( x + 3) =
0
2
⇒ x = or −3 (Not Possible)
x =
⇒ x =±2 No solution
⇒ x =±2

36.
Let, x + 2 =
t
⇒ t 2 − 9t + 14 ≥ 0
⇒ ( t − 2 )( t − 7 ) ≥ 0

⇒ t ≤ 2 or t ≥ 7

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BASIC MATHEMATICS

⇒ x+2 ≤2 or x+2 ≥7
⇒ −2 ≤ x + 2 ≤ 2 or x + 2 ≤ −7 or x + 2 ≥ 7
⇒ −4 ≤ x ≤ 0 or x ≤ −9 or x ≥ 5

⇒ x ∈ ( −∞, −9] ∪ [ −4, 0] ∪ [5, ∞ )

Basic of Greatest Integer Function and Fractional Part Function

37.
Since, Greatest Integer Function cannot give any non-integral value.
Therefore, no solution.

38. [ x ] = −9
⇒ −9 ≤ x < −9 + 1
⇒ −9 ≤ x < −8
⇒ x ∈ [ −9, −8 )

39.
[3 x − 7 ] =
4
⇒ 4 ≤ 3x − 7 < 5
⇒ 11 ≤ 3 x < 12
11
⇒ ≤x<4
3
11 
⇒ x ∈  ,4
3 

40.
[2 − 5x] =
−2

34
BASIC MATHEMATICS

⇒ − 2 ≤ 2 − 5 x < −1
⇒ 2 ≥ 5x − 2 > 1
⇒ 4 ≥ 5x > 3
4 3
⇒ ≥x>
5 5
 3 4
∴ x ∈ , 
 5 5

41.
[ 2 x − 3] =
1
1 or [ 2 x − 3] =
⇒ [ 2 x − 3] = −1
⇒ 1 ≤ 2 x − 3 < 2 or − 1 ≤ 2 x − 3 < 0
⇒ 4 ≤ 2 x < 5 or 2 ≤ 2 x < 3
5 3
⇒ 2 ≤ x < or 1 ≤ x <
2 2
 3  5
⇒ x ∈ 1,  ∪  2, 
 2  2

42.

43.
 2 4 9 14  12 
 3 × 5 × 7 × 4  =  5 
= [ 2.4]
=2

44.
Since x − [ x ] =
{x}
Therefore (b) is the correct answer.

45.
1703
 Remainder of is 2.
3
1703   2 
∴ = = 0.667
 3  3

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 BASIC MATHEMATICS

46.
0, for x ∈ 
We know that: { x} + {− x} =
1, for x ∉ 

Basic of Logarithmic Function

47.
1000
log10 1000 − log10 100 =log10
100
= log10 10
=1

48.
Using log= a mn log a m + log a n
We can say that,
log10 5 + log10 20 =log10 ( 5 × 20 )
= log10 100
=2

49.
Writing 1 as log 2 2 to simplify the denominator, we get
log 2 7 log 2 7 log 2 7
= =
log 2 2 + log 2 3 log 2 (2 × 3) log 2 6

50.
n n n
n ( n + 1)
=
∑ logb ( a k ) =
k 1=k 1
∑ k logb a =
log b a ∑ k =
=k 1
log b a ×
2
n ( n + 1) log b a
=

51.
we know that pH = − log  H + 

36
BASIC MATHEMATICS

− log ( 8 ×10−3 )
=
− log 8 + log10−3 
=
− log 23 + log10−3 
=
− [3log 2 − 3]
=
=− [3 × 0.30 − 3]
= 2.1

52.

53.
2 + log x = log 500
2
⇒ log10 + log x = log 500
⇒ log100 + log x = log 500
⇒ log100 x = log 500
⇒ 100 x = 500
⇒x= 5

Trigonometric Introduction and it’s Basic Applications

54.
we know that
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ =
1
2
⇒ + cos 2 θ =1
9
2
⇒ cos 2 θ = 1−
9
7
⇒ cos 2 θ =
9

55.
we know that:-
C+D C−D
sin C + sin D = 2sin   cos  
 2   2 
 7 x + 3x   7 x − 3x 
⇒ sin 7 x + sin 3 x =
sin   cos  
 2   2 

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BASIC MATHEMATICS

= 2sin 5 x cos 2 x

56.
( cos θ ) − ( sin θ )
2 2
cos 4 θ − sin 4 θ= 2 2

( cos2 θ − sin 2
= θ )( cos θ + sin θ )
2 2

= cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ { sin θ + cos θ = 1} 2 2

cos 2θ ={ cos θ − sin θ cos 2θ } 2 2

57.
we know that:-
B cos ( A − B ) − cos ( A + B )
2sin A sin=
x cos ( 7 x − 3 x ) − cos ( 7 x + 3 x )
⇒ 2sin 7 x sin 3=
= cos 4 x − cos10 x

58.
we know that:
3 tan A − tan 3 A
tan 3 A =
1 − 3 tan 2 A
3 tan θ − tan 3 θ
⇒ tan 3θ = 2
1 − 3 tan θ

59.
1 − cos 2θ 2sin 2 θ
= = tan θ
sin 2θ 2sin θ cos θ

60.
we know that
B sin ( A + B ) + sin ( A − B )
2sin A cos =

38