MODULE 1 General Concepts and STS Historical Developments:

Intellectual Scientific Revolution & Nation Building

AUTHORS

Racquel C. Barcelo Fatima A. Rivera Roselyne A. Tanas

Ph. D. MA Ed. BS Biology

CONTRIBUTORS

Brian C. Dicam Jayryn Mae C. Panisigan

BSEd. Biology BS Biology

1. Discuss the interactions between Science, Technology and

society throughout history.
2. Articulate ways by which the society as a whole is transformed
by Science and Technology.
3. Discuss the role of Science and Technology in Education and
Nation Building.
LEARNING
4. Identify actual Science and Technology policies of the
OUTCOMES
government and appraise their impact on the development of
the Filipino Nation.

As you begin, watch the video clip “Science & Technology (S & T)”
by the National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST).
What insights have you learned from watching the video? Post
your insights in the COMMENTS section under MODULE 1 ENGAGE 1.

ENGAGE
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 SOCRATIC PUZZLE
To trace the development of Science and Technology in Philippine
Education, try to solve the Mensa puzzle that applies t h e Socratic
approach below.
ENGAGE Read and analyze the statements presented below. Afterwards,
answer the question:
What regime halted Scientific Advancements in the Philippines?

Statements:
1. The development of Science and Technology in the Philippines is
divided into 5 different regimes with corresponding 5 historical
events. 5 different schools were also established per regime in 5
different years.
2. The University of the Philippines was established during the
American Regime but is not in the year 1859 or 1941.
3. The First Republic acknowledges secular educational system or
non-religion related educational system.
4. Ateneo de Manila is the oldest school here in the list followed
immediately by Universidad Lateraria de Filipinas in 1898.
5. The Spanish Regime is the First Regime and the first to establish the
school system in the Philippines. The regime of the short-lived First
Republic is not the Third or the Fourth Regime.
6. Recognition of the Alternative Learning Schools did not happen
in 1908 or 1898 but during the Last Regime.
7. Japanese Regime started in 1941 and not in 1987.
8. Recognition of English as medium of instruction happened after
secular educational systems were acknowledged.
9. Teaching of science was made compulsory in schools, as well as,
recognition and promotion of other forms of education other
than the formal education are the last to occur in this list.
10. There was a regime where education and scientific
advancements were put to a halt. This regime is definitely not the
“Since Independence” regime.

Comment your answer in the COMMENTS section of the submission Bin

under MODULE 1 ENGAGE 2.

HINT: Read the History of Science and Technology in the Philippines

by Olivia C. Caoili.

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 WHAT IS SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY?
Before we begin with the discussion, let us first define the following
terms:
SCIENCE
CONCEPT - is the “system of knowledge of the natural world gained through
the scientific method.” (McNamara et al. 2018)

TECHNOLOGY
- comes from the Greek word ‘tekne’ and ‘logia’ which means “art
or craft” and “subject or interest” respectively.
- refers to the “practical applications of what we know about nature
to improve life and our well-being” thus, also known as Applied
Science. (McNamara et al. 2018)

SOCIETY
- also called community; is composed of group of individuals at a
common place.
- interactions occur and various relationships exist as a result of these
interactions.
- characterized by a set of culture, beliefs, traditions, activities and
interests among the members of the community.

THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY IN THE SOCIETY

Now that we have set a clear definition for Science, Technology and
Society, let us proceed with the Historical Development of STS. Below,
we have compiled a variety of reading and audiovisual resources to
guide you on this particular topic.

Let us begin by reading the Historical Timeline of S & T by Jan

Dosoudil and Nigel Haward. In this document, we can see that
the birth of technology took place as early as 2 million Years BC in
the form of simple tools. There were numerous inventions listed
throughout history since the Ancient, Middle and Contemporary
Age most especially during Industrial revolution such as gun
powder, telescope, printing, microscope, steam power among
others up to present.
This document can be found under MODULE 1 ENGAGE 3.
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 Let’s explore further by watching some of the videos below.
Video links can be found under MODULE 1 ENGAGE 3.
• The World’s Greatest Inventions of All Time Geographic History (44
minutes)
SOURCE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9jsfqrVHac

• India’s Ancient Sciences & Technological Innovations

Rediscovered Documentary 2017 (45 minutes)
SOURCE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_fEBWkowuDI

• Top 10 Inventions in Human History (6 minutes)

SOURCE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJIpcyax8_g

• Top 10 Inventions of All Time (6 minutes)

SOURCE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bNUfZ3_VkuE

The table below highlights the Top Inventions and Discoveries in the world.

Discovery/ Invention Year Inventor Key Societal Impact

1. Wheel

Easier and faster

3500 B.C. Mesopotamians
transportation

2. Printing Press Johannes Gutenberg

Revolutionized the
1450 spread of knowledge
and religion

3. Microscope Hans and Zacharias

Jansen

Enabled the study of

1590
microorganisms

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 4. Telephone Alexander Graham Bell

Revolutionized our
1876 ability to
communicate

5. Electric Light Thomas Edison

Extension of day into

1879
night

6. Vaccines
▪ Small pox 1796 Edward Jenner
vaccine

▪ Rabies 1885 Louis Pasteur

Lowered the
vaccine
morbidity and
mortality from
infectious diseases
dramatically

▪ Polio 1955 Jonas Salk

vaccine

7. Automobile Karl Benz

Enabled faster travel

1886 from one place to
another

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 8. X-rays Wilhelm Roentgen
Easier diagnosing of
diseases and
1895
monitoring of
therapy

9. Airplane Wilbur and Orville

Wright

Facilitated tourism
1903
and trade

10. Medicine Alexander Fleming

▪ Penicillin
Began the era of
1928 antibiotics

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY

Here’s a question for you:
Is Science, Technology and Society interconnected?

EXPLORE Let’s find out by studying the diagram below.

Adopted from Ihueze et al. (2015). Harnessing science, technology and

innovations for sustainable industrial and economic development.
International Journal of Engineering and Management Research, 5 (5),
379-388.

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 The answer? Yes! Indeed!
Based on the illustration, Science is the source of knowledge which is
utilized and applied by man in Technology in order to make work
easier and improve our quality of life. Today, the advancements in
science and technology paved way to numerous discoveries and
innovations being reported each day. These are new products and
processes being utilized in the Society.

INTELLECTUAL AND SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

To further illustrate this concept of interconnectedness, let us study
some of the Intellectual and Scientific Revolutions that occurred
throughout history. We would like to divert your attention towards the
CONCEPT influence of these revolutions with regards to the society’s way of
thinking.
Recall that the period between 1300 and 1600 was a time of
significant change in Europe. During this time, scientists began to
question accepted beliefs and make new theories based on
experimentation. The timeline below illustrates some of these
significant discoveries and innovations.

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 Now, with the various intellectual/ scientific revolutions that occurred throughout
history, for the sake of brevity, we will be focusing on the four important revolutions
that caused a significant impact on society’s perception with regards to science
and technology. These are the Copernican, Darwinian, Freudian and Baconian
Revolutions.
Here’s a table that summarizes the main points of the aforementioned revolutions
and their impact on society.

Scientific Impact on Society

Revolutions
Copernican Transformation in the view of the universe
Revolution Copernicus changed the geocentric view of the universe. His
theory shows that Earth, along with other planets, orbits the sun
Nicolaus and rotates on its axis.
Copernicus
Abandonment of the Geocentric view of the universe
Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei elaborated and supported
Copernicus' idea. This led to the abandonment of the
geocentric view of the universe and the adaptation of
heliocentric belief.

Adopted from http://www.actforlibraries.org/

Darwinian Presented a new way to understand living organisms
Revolution Charles Darwin came up with five essential points to support the
Theory of Evolution: Perceptual Change, Common Descent,
Charles Multiplication of Species, Gradualism, and Natural Selection.
Darwin These theories offer a different point of view and understanding
of how species arise and develop.

Explained how organisms develop

Charles Darwin's Natural Selection theory explains how
organisms' traits can be reflected in their offspring. The thesis
considered heredity and variation as factors that can describe
how different organisms arise and develop.

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 Adopted from https://www.bioscience.com.pk/ (2017)
Freudian A different point of view of understanding the self
Revolution Through the psychoanalytic theory, a person's behavior can be
explained by observing the unconscious mind. Freud introduces
Sigmund three structures of the mind: id, ego, and superego.
Freud
Treatment for psychopathology
Due to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, mental issues such as
psychopathology can be treated.
Scientific Introduction to a new approach or method
(Baconian) Francis Bacon proposed the scientific method as a new way of
Method proving a claim. This method starts from the general points down
to a specific conclusion that uses observation, experimentation,
Francis analysis, and reasoning.
Bacon
Foundation of Modern Scientific Inquiry
The scientific method not only uses observation and experiment,
but it is also systematic and comprehensive. With these
characteristics, the method became the foundation of modern
scientific inquiry.
To conclude, this concept of a change in perception can be summed up by the
following excerpt from Kent (2009).
“The word "revolution" indicates a period of disorder and social upheaval
where thoughts about the world change severely, and a new era of academic
study is ushered in. The medieval scientific philosophy was abandoned during the
scientific revolution in favor of the new methods proposed by Bacon, Galileo,
Descartes, and Newton. The significance of experimentation to the scientific
method was reaffirmed. The importance of God to science was, for the most part,
invalidated, and the pursuit of science itself (rather than philosophy) gained
validity on its terms.”
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 PARADIGM SHIFTS AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
As we have previously learned, Science and Technology can create a
significant impact on the Society’s way of thinking. We call this a
Paradigm Shift. So, how does it happen?
EXPLAIN Let us study the diagram below. This diagram presents the cycle of a
Scientific Revolution as proposed by Thomas Kuhn in his work, The
Structure of Scientific Revolutions.

Pattern of scientific revolution. Source: Thomas Kuhn, 1970

To further elaborate on the topic, here is a video lecture presentation
that mentions old (or existing) and new paradigms. We urge you to
take note of these changes so that you can perform the next task.
The video can be found under MODULE 1 EXPLAIN
• Paradigm Shifts (Video Lecture by Bill Dennison)
SOURCE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cjAiepJ9DOI&t=4s

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 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
For this section, we are now going to look into the status and
development of Science and Technology in the Philippines.
Below is a comprehensive list of Indigenous Science and
ELABORATE Technologies in the Philippines (Castillo, 2020):
(Read attentively because we will be having a sharing session at the
end of the list)
A. Medical Care and Health Practices
1. Traditional Self-Medication
Chinese oils or ointments for relaxing, heating, and comforting the
muscles or providing relief for dizziness, colds, headaches and sore
throats. Folk healing techniques consistent with the Chinese hot/cold
classification system of diseases and the concept of wind illnesses.
For example, a technique called ventosa.

2. Local Healers
A local healer may utilize a variety of treatments including the use of
herbs and roots although healers are presumed to possess a God
given gift, their relative popularity and prestige in the community
depends a great deal on their interpersonal relationships with their
patients. The various types of healers common throughout the
Philippines include midwives, masseurs, and specialists for
supernaturally caused ailments.
• Faith healers do not attempt to identify or diagnose a disease,
which is in contrast to the traditional concern for identifying the
cause of illness (which could presumably be supernatural).
Their orientation is holistic and uniform and incorporates the
belief in concurrent physical, emotional, and spiritual healing.
Folk healers may serve as indigenous allies whose work can
complement modern health practitioners and who can
provide the psychological, emotional, and spiritual well- being
necessary to the healing process.
• In the Cordilleras, Kankana-ey women are healers. They are
mambunongs or traditional healers, who perform prescribed
rituals to ensure the health and well- being of members of the
community.
• The concept of health of the people of Badeo is integrally
related to their cosmological belief system. They believe in the

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 existence of unseen beings and spirits who possess the power
to grant good fortune or to inflict evil such as diseases. Human
beings can appease the spirits by way of rituals and sacrificial
offerings of animals like pigs and chickens. These indigenous
health knowledge and practices continue to persist despite
the inroads made by modern medicine.

B. Food Preservation
1. Salt coupled with drying as preservative
Salted, smoked and/or dried fish and meat products -- "hibe" (shrimp),
"tinapa" (anchovies), "tuyo" (smoke fish), "tapa" (dried meat), etc. --
are staples of Filipino diets and cuisine.

2. Salt coupled with fermentation as preservative

Bagoong is prepared by salting either small shrimps or fish then the
processed product is allowed to undergo partial fermentation. In a
more complex procedure, the processed fish product is allowed to
undergo longer fermentation and the resulting juice extracted and
processed as "patis". The low pH and high salt concentration of
"bagoong" and "patis" ensures their long half-life if processed
correctly.

3. Fat as a preservative
Many of the original pork dishes, like dinuguan, igado & adobo can
be prepared so that they can keep for a week or so without any
refrigeration. Usually this would include marinating the respective
ingredients with the appropriate seasonings to extract a great
portion of the liquid from the meat. The marinated meat is then
sauteed, more water is added to cover the entire meat and
subsequently cooked slowly. Some of the fatty portions of the pig are
included in the aforementioned recipes to ensure that when the
water in the meat and in the seasoning, brew has evaporated, the
cooked dish is literally floating in oil. The slow cooking assures almost
complete removal of water in the meat and the saturated fat that
covers the dish is not subject to fast rancidification. The fat layer
covers the entire dish protecting it from spoilage. As prepared above,
each dish can last for more than a week without refrigeration.
Sometimes they are reheated after a few days to avoid
microorganisms from growing.

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 C. Farming Practices
1. Swidden Farming
Swidden farming was described as the oldest form of agroforestry
practice in Ifugao. Swidden farms or uma are confined to areas that
are not being used for muyong and rice terraces. Swidden farming
practice involves clearing a patch of sloping grasslands and
secondary forests. They plant sweet potato or corn for about two to
five years, followed by a fallow period (tahgwunon) for another five
years. The fallow system contributes to forest cover. Several
indigenous swidden farming practices that help promote land
stability and productivity are the following:
• Apuyan (Burning). This practice is carried out in the late afternoon
to avoid unwanted burning damages to adjacent areas since
relative humidity is high and winds are usually slight. Burning may
start from the side or from the top to the bottom of kaingin so that
the fire movement will be slow.
• Lotang (Fencing). Fences are established along the peripheries of
swidden farms. Materials can be branches obtained from
vegetation clearing activities to avoid further cutting of trees.
• Mungabut (Weeding). Removal of unwanted grasses and shrubs
is usually performed by women. During weeding, seedlings of
indigenous trees such as udyo (Pterocarpus indicus), amug-awon
(Vitex parviflora) and dipterocarps are retained.

2. Seed Preservation and Storage and Crop Protection

Among the ecofriendly practices on seed preservation and storage
include placing unthreshed seeds above wood-burning stoves or
hanging them in smoky areas of the kitchen until the next planting
season. Rice is preserved by air-drying and mixing them with leaves
like kilala, alagao (Premna odorata), lagundi (Vitex negundo), or
charcoal. Spraying with achuete (Biya orellana) leaf extract or
powdered fruits of siling labuyo (Capsicum frutescens) is also
practiced. To protect crops from insect infestation, farmers collect,
grind and spread rice bugs in the field to make the soil fertile.

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 D. Energy Production
1. Charcoal Burning
Charcoal is used as a domestic fuel for cooking and heating. In Cebu,
charcoal makers generally use local techniques. In the ham-ak
method, wood is piled on a slope above ground and then covered
with grass, weeds, banana leaves and a layer of soil before fire is put
to it. In the tinabonan approach, a charcoal pit is dug on a slope,
filled with wood and covered with a metal sheet after lighting. The
ham-ak approach generates more and better-quality charcoal, but
requires close monitoring, 24 hours a day over two to three days.
Tinabonan has the advantage of requiring less attention.
Charcoal is the most popular barbecue fuel throughout the world. Its
advantages when used as a domestic fuel are that it: produces less
smoke while burning, requires little or no preparation before actual
use, has a higher energy content per unit mass, can be easily
transported and stored, and reused when left over after cooking.

E. Arts and Crafts

1. Weaving
One of the most precious living traditions that are still kept until today
is weaving. Originating in the precolonial times, the art of weaving of
the Cordillera tribal groups in the North is still existing despite the
threat of the more practical mass production of cloth. The natives
use backstrap loom to produce blankets and articles of clothing.
• Piña cloth is also produced in looms throughout the province
of Antique. It is a delicate and exquisite handwoven cloth that
is made from the fibers which you can get in the leaves of
pineapple plants. It is popularly used in Barong Tagalog, our
traditional clothes.
• Abaca fiber come from the abaca plant that is endemic and
grown in the country. It is woven chiefly to make sinamay fabric.
Abaca is popular in making a rope, specialty papers like
vacuum bags, currency, and tea bags. There are also
handcrafts like bags, furniture, carpets and clothing made of
abaca.
• Baskets are mainly used by the Cordilleras for their occupation.
They use them as a storage for their food when they need to
go to mountain terraces to cultivate their lands. A basket is
needed for carrying grains, hunting animals, and fishing in the
streams. Baskets made of bamboo become their fish traps; the
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 shape and size of baskets are according to the kind of fish they
want to catch.
2. Jewelry Making
There are the two major product categories that the fine jewelry
industry in the Philippines is engaged for production:
The first one is the precious metal jewelry, which are made of gold
and silver. It can be in the form of rings, earrings, bracelets, brooches,
pendants, necklaces, tie pins, and cuff links (with or without
gemstones). Decorative items like spoons and forks, and office items
such as pen and pen holders are also included in this category.
Another production in the jewelry industry are the pearls, precious
stones, and semi-precious stones. These are unworked or worked
pearls. Colored gemstones like emerald, rubies, and sapphires are
also in this group.

3. Pottery
Pots in the Philippines have different sizes, shapes, and designs. Their
designs are usually geometric with stylized nature motifs. Pottery
became more functional as the time pass by. An example of this is
palayok, which is used for cooking. Banga and tapayan are used for
storing liquids. There is also the clay-made stove or "kalan". The
making of burnay pottery in Ilocos Sur is still a lively tradition that
continues up to the present.

4. Woodcarving
Philippine sculpture is the most familiar art form among Filipinos. The
most popular woodcarving in the Philippines are carvings of the
anitos (nature gods), santos (saints), and statues of Christ and the
Blessed Mother.

5. Tattoo
Tattooing was prevalent during the pre-Hispanic and early colonial
period in the Philippines. The practice was common among the
Bontok, Ifugao and Kalinga people, the major warrior groups in the
Cordillera, in the 16th century.
“Batok” is the general term for tattoos. But tattooing is so widespread
in the region that there are local equivalents in other Cordilleran
languages: whatok (Butbut Kalinga), batók (Kalinga), fatek (Bontoc),
bátok (Ifugao), bátek (Ilocano, Ibaloy, Lepanto and Sagada Igorots),
and bátak (Kankanaey). Batok is an inscription of culture on the body
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 that can focus on religion, politics, warfare and rituals. They are also
seen as a repository of stored memories, experiences and
information. Tattoos record the biography of a person as well as the
complex tradition of the community. It is a signifier of collective
ethnic identity. Early documentation of indigenous tattoos in northern
Luzon shows that the human body was fully tattooed with distinct and
abstract patterns, as seen in the tattoos found on mummies in
Kabayan, Benguet. Most tattoo practitioners (mambabatok) in the
past were men. Female tattoo practitioners were rare, as was the
case of Whang-od from Buscalan in Tinglayan, Kalinga.
The traditional tattoo was considered a painful rite of passage, a
body decoration, a talisman against malevolent forces, a mark of
bravery, a visible mark of religious and political affiliations in the
community, and a symbol of status or affluence.

F. Burial
The Ibaloi, the dominant ethno-linguistic group, of Kabayan have a
long traditional practice of mummifying their dead. Mummification
began prior to the Spanish colonization. Individuals from the higher
societal stratum of the Ibaloi of Kabayan used to be mummified
through a long ritual process over a long period of time. The process
of mummification using salt and herbs and set under fire may take
up to two years. When the body is finally rid of body fluids, the
mummy is placed inside a pinewood coffin and laid to rest in a man-
made cave or in niche dug-out from solid rock.
Strategically located in the mountain slopes of the municipality of
Kabayan, more than 200 man-made burial caves have been
identified and 15 of which contain preserved human mummies.
The Ibaloy used various coffin styles to entomb their dead. These
coffins are wooden and often carved from hollowed pine trees (Pinus
benguetensis). Not all of the coffins were carved as some were
constructed from planks made from similar wood. There are three
basic coffin shapes or designs associated with the Ibaloy mummies:
ellipsoidal, parallelepiped, or in the shape of a carabao (Bubalus
bubalis). Some of the coffins were carved with geometric,
anthropomorphic and/or zoomorphic patterns. One zoomorphic
pattern observed during the 2012 expedition was that of the snake
symbolizing the circle of life and the afterlife. This snake motif
symbolism is common to many cultures.

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 After reading the list, we can definitely say that the Philippines is a
country that is rich in culture and tradition.
Can you identify a practice in your province which contribute to the
development of S & T in our country? If it’s listed here, can you share
more about it?

Let’s talk about them in the COMMENTS section of MODULE 1

ELABORATE.

PHILIPPINE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Let us now take a look at the actions taken by the Philippine
government with regards to the development of Science and
Technology in the country.
With the previous Duterte administration, a long-term development
CONCEPT
plan was created to improve the quality of lives of the Filipinos to
enjoy a “MATATAG, MAGINHAWA, AT PANATAG NA BUHAY”. This is
known as PDP or Philippine Development Plans.
The PDP is anchored in the Ambisyon Natin 2040, where in by 2040,
no one should be poor, everybody is prosperous and is
predominantly middle class. This is also aligned with the country’s
international pledges to the SDG 2030 (Sustainable Development
Goals).
But before we proceed to the PDP framework, let us have a quick
review of the different SDGs. There are 17 sustainable developmental
goals that were set by the United Nations in 2015 from public
consultations, where these goals are to be achieved by 2030. See
the list of these SDGs in the following image:
CAN YOU
IDENTIFY
THEM?
There are 4 goals
about the
environment, 8
goals about the
society, and 4 goals
about the economy.
1 goal is unique.

The different SDGs. Source: un.org/en/sustainable-development-goals

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 The 17 developmental goals can be divided into three layers:
The (1) environment as the foundation that supports the (2) society that in turn
supports the (3) economy. The three mentioned layers are the pillars of
sustainability. Sustainability is the ability of the current generation to meet their
own needs without compromising the ability of the future to meet theirs. You can
read more details about these goals here at https://sdgs.un.org/goals.

Going back to the Philippine setting, the 25-year framework of the PDP is divided
into four timeframes, being 2017- 2022 as the first medium-term plan fastened
to the socioeconomic agenda. Target, pillars, strategies, and strategic outcomes
associated to this framework of the PDP are outlined below and on the next pages
(Buenaventura, 2020).

PDP Framework (2017-2022)

Primary Goal
To build a future where every Filipino enjoys a “Matatag, Maginhawa, at Panatag
na buhay.”

AmBisyon Natin 2040

Executive order signed by the President in 2016. A 25-year vision that serves as a
guide for development planning.

TARGET PILLAR STRATEGIC STRATEGIES

OUTCOMES
Trust 1. Reduce corruption
Ensuring people 2. Achieve seamless service delivery
centered, 3. Enhance administrative governance
clean, and 4. Fully engage and empower citizenry
efficient 5. Strengthen civil service
governance
Pillar I:
HIGH TRUST “Malasakit”
AND RESILIENT
SOCIETY Enhancing the Social Justice 1. Enhance civil, criminal, commercial,
Fabric Pursuing fair and administrative justice system
and swift - deliver justice real-time
administration 2. Improve sector efficiency, and
of justice accountability
- deliver efficient, fair, and equal justice

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 Respect 1. Value our diverse cultures
2. Inculcate values for the common
Promoting good
Philippine culture 3.Advance “pagkamalikhain” or
and values value of creative excellence
4.Strengthen culture-sensitive
governance and development
Economic 1. Economic opportunities in
Equality agriculture, forestry, and fisheries

Expanding 2. Economic opportunities in industry

economic and services through Trabaho at
opportunities for Negosyo
marginalized
sectors

Human Valuation 1. Improve nutrition and health for all

Pillar II:
“Pagbabago” Accelerating 2. Achieve quality accessible, relevant,
human capital and liberating basic education for all
Inequality-reducing development
Transformation 3. Improve the quality of higher and
technical education and research for
equity and global competitiveness
INCLUSIVE
4. Improve the employability and
GROWTH
income earning potential of
individuals

5. enhance labor mobility and income

security
Protection 1. Mitigate risks faced by vulnerable
groups
Reducing 2. Manage economic risks
vulnerability of 3. Deal with natural hazards
Individuals and 4. Address governance and political risks
families
Security 1. Expand the people’s access to
affordable, adequate, safe, and
Building safe and secure shelter in well- planned
secure communities
communities

Social Growth 1. Reduce mortality rates death

Reaching for 2. Reduce pregnancy rates

Pillar III: demographic
GLOBALLY “Patuloy na Pag- dividend 3. Improve the quality of health and
COMPETITIVE unlad” education
KNOWLEDGE
ECONOMY Increasing growth 4. Reduce youth unemployment
potential
5. Encourage savings build up

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 Economic 1. Increase STI utilization in
Growth agriculture, industry, and service
sectors
Advancing
science, 2. Increase investments in STI-based
technology, and enterprises
innovation (STI)
3. Enhance creative capacity
- support research
- increase funds
- tap experts

4. Strengthen STI collaboration

-local (government, academe,
individual)

Now that we are in 2022, have you heard of PAGTANAW 2050?

In July 2022, a scientific meeting with

the theme: “PAGTANAW 2050” -
Science for a Sustainable Future was
organized by the Department of
Science and Technology and
National Academy of Science and
Technology, Philippines.

PAGTANAW 2050 is the first inter-

disciplinal and trans-disciplinal project
of the Department of Science and
Technology.
It is a “compendium of STI megatrends, global and national societal goals,
transdisciplinary, and interdisciplinary operational areas, and current and
emerging technologies relevant to the nation’s development”. Through the
Foresight, the S & T aspirations of Filipino people are hoped to be achieved by
2050 shaping the Philippines as a prosperous, archipelagic maritime nation.
It is founded on the1987 Philippine Constitution, the various Philippine
Development Plans, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),
the Department of Science and Technology Harmonized National Research and
Development Agenda, and the National Economic Development Authority’s
vision for the Filipino people, AmBisyon Natin 2040 (NEDA, 2016).
There are 12 Key Operational Areas: Blue Economy; Governance; Business and
Trade; Digital Transformation and Information and Communications Technology;
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 Science Education and Talent Retention; Food Security and Nutrition; Health
Systems; Energy; Water; Environment and Climate Change; Shelter, Transportation,
and Other Infrastructure; and Space Exploration.

Grab your own book. You may download a free Pagtanaw

2050 e-book from
https://www.nast.ph/index.php/pagtanaw-2050

Be ready to share your insights and thoughts in class after reading.

Attend your scheduled synchronous meeting with your professor.

SUMMARY
• S & T have a great influence on society in various aspects such
as socio-political, cultural, and economic. This is manifested by
the development of human culture and technological
KEY developments throughout history resulting in the improvement
POINTS of human civilizations across the world. Over-all, various
discoveries and inventions have contributed to making life
easier and better thus, helping humans in the pursuit of a good
life. However, its impact may have both advantages and
disadvantages. Therefore, intelligent and ethical decision
making are necessary for the good of humanity.

• Intellectual/Scientific Revolution is the rise of contemporary

science during the early modern period. This era is when
developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology
(including human anatomy), and chemistry changed how
society viewed the natural world.
(courses.lumenlearning.com,2020).

• A paradigm shift is a necessary transformation that transpires

when the usual way of thinking about or doing something is
substituted by a novel and different mode (Merriam-
Webster,2020).
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 • Education in the Philippines started way before the colonial era,
but the formal education system started when the Spaniards
colonized the Philippines.

• Several regimes followed after and made their own

contributions in the molding of education in the Philippines. This
is presented in the work of Caoili: The History of Science and
Technology in the Philippines.

• The primary goal of the PHILIPPINE DEVELOPMENT PLAN is to

build a future where every Filipino enjoys a Matatag,
Maginhawa, at Panatag na Buhay.

• PDP is authored and supervised by NEDA (National Economic

and Development Authority) anchoring it to the 0–10-point
socio-economic agenda of the Philippines, SDG 2030, and
Ambisyon Natin 2040. The latter aims to provide middle class
status as the least in all Filipino families by 2040.

• The PDP has three pillars that corresponds with three targets.
The pillars are “Malasakit”, “Pagbabago”, and “Patuloy na
pag-unlad” that correspond to target high trust and resilient
society, inclusive growth, and globally competitive
knowledge economy, respectively. Indigenous science and
technology are found in several aspects, but not limited to,
medical care and health practices, food preservation, energy
production, arts and crafts, birthing and burial, etc.

• Different group of people have different indigenous practices

and products that mark or establish their identities as members
of the society.

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 3-2-1 Exit Ticket
Fill in the table below to assess your understanding about the
concepts presented in this module.

3 Things I’ve Learned 2 Things I Want more 1 Question I Have

EVALUATE from this Module to Learn About

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 SUPPLEMENTARY READING RESOURCES
Book:
Bridgstock et al. (2000). Science, Technology, and
Society: An Introduction. UK: Cambridge Press
Buckley, D. (2011). Science and Technology. Boston:
Pearson Education Inc.
REFERENCES Gabriel A., Fagbenle R., & Jaja J. (1998). The History of
Science and Technology in Perspective.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308028587_
The_History_of_Science_and_Technology_in_Perspectiv
e

Video:
India's Ancient Sciences & Technological Innovations
Rediscovered Documentary 2017 (45 mins)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_fEBWkowuDI

Article:
The National Scientists
http://www.nast.ph/images/pdf%20files/Publications/Ot
her%20Publications%20of%20NAST/First%20Decade/The
%20National%20Scientists%20Decade.pdf

Websites:
The Most Impactful Inventions of the Last 300 Years
https://www.thoughtco.com/list-of-popular-inventions-
1991680

The Most Important Inventions of the 19th Century

https://www.thoughtco.com/inventions-nineteenth-
century-4144740

Inventions in the Middle Ages

https://www.thefinertimes.com/inventions-in-the-
middle-ages

Technology Timeline
https://www.explainthatstuff.com/timeline.html
A List of Important Inventions and Innovations
https://www.thoughtco.com/a-to-z-inventors-4140564
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 Invention and Inventors
https://www.gr8ambitionz.com/2013/05/invention-and-inventors-pdf-
download.html
Famous Scientists and Their Inventions That Changed the World - Science Struck
https://sciencestruck.com/famous-scientists-their-inventions
16th Century the Technology, Science, and Inventions
https://www.thoughtco.com/16th-century-timeline-1992483
Ancient Civilizations Timeline
https://ancientcivilizationsworld.com/timeline/
An Introduction to Ancient (Classical)History
https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-ancient-classical-history-117286
Middle-Ages Science - Medieval Period - History of Science
https://explorable.com/middle-ages-science
Inventions and Inventors of the 18th Century
https://www.thoughtco.com/18th-century-timeline-1992474
The Renaissance: The 'Rebirth' of Science & Culture
https://www.livescience.com/55230-renaissance.html

Socratic Puzzle: Answer Key

Regime Year School Historical event
1. SPANISH 1859 ATENEO DE Establishments of school systems.
MANILA
APPENDIX
2. 1ST REPUBLIC 1898 UNIVERSIDAD Secular educational system
LATERARIA DE acknowledged
FILIPINAS
3. AMERICAN 1908 UNIVERSITY O F T H E Recognition of English as medium
PHILIPPINES of instruction

4. JAPANESE 1941 NONE Education and scientific

advancements were put to a
halt
5.SINCE 1987 ALTERNATIVE a. Teaching of science was
INDEPENDENCE LEARNING made compulsory in schools
SCHOOLS b. Recognition and promotion
of other forms of education
other than the formal education

ANSWER: Japanese Regime/ Occupation

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