JUNOON

TOPIC NAME

FACULTY NAME
TOPICS TO BE COVERED

1 3
Introduction Range

2 4
Mean mode
TOPICS TO BE COVERED

5 7
Median Probability

6
Double Bar
graph
 Data

Any raw information which we collect to know about it and to compare

certain things is called Data. This information is in the form of facts and
figures and is collected for some specific purpose.

Example
• Number of students in the class
• The temperature in a state on daily basis.
Data Handling

We need to collect, organize and represent that data to draw inferences from it.
This is called Data Handling.
Collecting Data

Collection of data depends upon the further requirement of the

data. Before collecting any data we must know that what will be
the use of data.
If we have to compare the marks of the toppers in different classes
then we need the data of all the classes not only one class having
any topper
Organisation of data

Before using any data, first, we need to organize it in a systematic manner so

that it could be understood easily. Generally, data is organized in tabular
form as it is easy to read and understand.
Organisation of data

In this tabular form, we can easily understand that how many students get how
much mark.
Representative Values

There must be a particular value which represents the complete data. This is
the average of the data. The average lies between the smallest and the largest
number of data so it is called Central tendency of the group of data.

There are three types of central tendency of data-

1. Arithmetic Mean
2. Median
3. Mode
Arithmetic mean

The mean is the average of the number of observations. To calculate mean we

have to divide the sum of the values of the observations by the total number of
observations.

It is represented by 𝑥 bar or 𝑥.ҧ

The mean 𝑥ҧ of n values 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , … … . 𝑥𝑛 is given by

𝑥1 +𝑥2 +𝑥3 +⋯+𝑥𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

A.M.= 𝑥ҧ = =
𝑛 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 Ashish studies for 4 hours, 5 hours and 3 hours
Q respectively on three consecutive days. How many
hours does he study daily on an average?
 The score of 8 students in science is given. Find the
Q average score of the students. 25, 28, 23, 24, 29, 35,
42, 48
Think

Is the mean bigger than each of the observations?

Is it smaller than each observation?
Range

Arithmetic mean lies between the smallest and the largest

observation. A range is a difference between the largest and the
smallest observation.
Range = Largest Observation – Smallest Observation
 If the age of the students in a class is given then what
Q will be the range of the given students?
Age of students: 13,13,14,14,14,15,15,15,15,16,16,16
 Some integers are marked on a board. What is the
Q range of these integers?

A 31 0 15
−11 −17
B 37
+20
C 20
6 −4
D 3
Mode

For a different type of requirements different central tendencies are used.

Mode tells us the number of observation which occurs more frequently. The
observation which occurs most of the time is called the Mode of that group.
Q If we have the observation of average temperature in
New Delhi for 12 months then find the month in which
it has the maximum average temperature? What is the
mode of the given observation?
Mode of a Large Number of Observations

If the number of observations is very large then we can convert the data in the
tabular form using frequencies and tally marks. Then it will be easy to find the
mode of the given data.
So you can check the number of observation which has a large number of
frequency is the mode of that group.
Mode of a Large Number of Observations

Find the mode of the data of scores obtained by

Q students of class 7 in Sanskrit given below.
Think, Discuss And Write
Can a set of numbers have more than one mode?
Median

The middle value of the given number of the observations which divides it into
exactly two parts is called Median.
To find the median, we have to arrange the data in ascending or descending
order then find the middle value of the given number of observations that is
the median of that group.

a) If the number of observation is odd

𝑛+1 𝑡ℎ
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = observation
2

b) If the number of observation is even

1 𝑛 𝑡ℎ 𝑛 𝑡ℎ
Median= { observations +1 observation}
2 2 2
Illustration
Find Median of following data: 1,3,3,6,7,8,9

Find Median of following data: 1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9

 The runs scored in a cricket match by 11 players is as
Q follows:6,15,120,50,100,80,10,15,8,10,15
Find the mean, mode and median of this data. Are the
three same?
 Tell whether the statement is true or false:

i) The mode is always one of the numbers in a data.

ii) The mean is one of the numbers in a data.

iii) The median is always one of the numbers in a data.

iv) The data 6,4,3,8,9,12,13,9 has mean 9.

Use of Bar Graphs with a Different Purpose

Bar graphs can be used for finding the measures of central tendency also, as
we know the observation with the more frequency is the mode hence the bar
with the tallest height must be the mode of the data.
Choosing a Scale
It is important to choose the scale according to the given data as the length of
the bar depends upon the scale we choose.
Bar Graph

It is the representation of data with the use of bars of the same width and the
length of bars depends upon the number of frequency.
Bar graph
Favourite Types of music 14
12

Number of students
10
8
6

classical
Hip hop
4

rock

jazz
2
0
Type of Music

Here we can see that the highest number number is 14 and the lowest
number is 7 so we can take the scale of one. By the graph, we can observe
that jazz is the most preferred form of the music by the students.
Double Bar Graph

This is the same as the bar graph just the two bars are joined off to
represent two data on the same graph. This is used to compare
certain information.
 Represent the number of wild animals founds in two
Q states given below in double bar graph.
 The bar graph shows the result of a survey to test water
resistant watches made by different companies.
Each of these companies claimed that their watches were
water resistant. After a test the above results were revealed.
Can you work out a fraction of the Number tested
number of watches that leaked to the Number that leaked
number tested for each company? 40

30

watches
20

10

0 A C
B D
companies
Chance and Probability

Chance
In our day to day life, there are so many situations when we say that this is
impossible, or this is possible, or this may or may not possible. So the situations
which may or may not happen have the chance to happen.
Chance

• This shows that it is not possible to throw 14 in the combination of two dices.
• It is certain that the sun will rise.
• It may or may not happen that a head has come when we flip a coin. As both,
the head and tail have an equal chance
Probability

Probability is the study of uncertainty the uncertainty of any doubtful situation

is measured by means of probability.
This tells us the chance of happening some outcomes from the total possible
outcomes.

𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
 If we throw a dice then what is the probability that we
Q will get a 5?
Q Out of 5 brands of chocolates in a shop, a boy has to
purchase the brand which is most liked by children.
What measure of central tendency would be most
appropriate if the data is provided to him?

A Mean

B Mode

C Median

D Any of the three

 A coin is flipped to decide which team started the
Q game. What is the probability that your team will start?
 The cards bearing letters of the word “MATHEMATICS” are
place in a bag. A card is taken out from the bag without
looking into the bag at random.

i) How many outcomes are possible when a letter is taken out of the bag at
random?

ii) What is the probability of getting

a) M?
b) Any vowel?
c) Any consonant?
d) X?
THANK -YOU