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CHAPTER 3 Transducer

This document discusses measurement systems and transducers. It defines a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy into another, often for measurement purposes. Transducers are classified based on their operating principle (resistive, capacitive, inductive, ultrasonic), power requirements (active or passive), output signal type (analog or digital), and direction of energy conversion (direct or inverse). Key qualities of effective transducers include repeatability, linearity, resolution, sensitivity, stability, and adaptability to different environments. Common transducers include thermometers, strain gauges, capacitive sensors, and ultrasonic sensors.

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58 views18 pages

CHAPTER 3 Transducer

This document discusses measurement systems and transducers. It defines a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy into another, often for measurement purposes. Transducers are classified based on their operating principle (resistive, capacitive, inductive, ultrasonic), power requirements (active or passive), output signal type (analog or digital), and direction of energy conversion (direct or inverse). Key qualities of effective transducers include repeatability, linearity, resolution, sensitivity, stability, and adaptability to different environments. Common transducers include thermometers, strain gauges, capacitive sensors, and ultrasonic sensors.

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Degaga Kebede
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© © All Rights Reserved
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CHAPTER 3

Transducers and Measurement


Systems
Measurement Systems
▪ Measurement is defined as the quantification of a physical
variable using a measuring instrument.
▪ During the process of measurement, a specific value is
assigned to the unknown quantity after due comparison
with a predefined standard
Functional Elements of Measurement
Systems
▪ Length and mass can be directly measured using measuring
instruments.
▪ Temperature, force, and pressure is not possible to measure
directly
▪ In such situations, measurements can be performed using a
transducer, wherein one form of energy/signal that is not
directly measurable is transformed into another easily
measurable form.
Functional Elements of Measurement
Systems
Definitions: Transducer and sensors
▪ Transducer:
✓A device, usually electrical, electronic, or electro-
mechanical, that converts one type of energy into another
for various purposes including measurement or
information transfer.
✓In a broader sense, it is sometimes defined as any device
that converts a signal from one form into another.
▪ Sensor: (e.g., thermometer)
✓Is a device that detects a change in a physical stimulus and
turns it into a signal which can be measured or recorded
✓Acquires information from the “real world”
Classification of Transducers

Transducers are classified as follows:


1. Primary and secondary transducers
2. Based on the principle of transduction
3. Active and passive transducers
4. Analog and digital transducers
5. Direct and inverse transducers
6. Null and deflection transducers
Cont.
1. Primary and secondary transducers
Sensing or detecting element: The function of this
element is to respond to a physical phenomenon or a
change in the physical phenomenon. Hence it is termed a
primary transducer.
Transduction element: The function of a transduction
element is to transform the output obtained by the sensing
element to an analogous electrical output. Hence it is
termed a secondary transducer.
Cont..
2.According to principle of operation
▪ This classification is based on how the input quantity is
transduced into capacitance, resistance, and inductance
values.
Can be classified in to:
❖Resistive
❖Capacitive
❖Inductive
❖Ultrasonic
Cont…
2.1 Resistive Transducer
▪ is a transducer or electromechanical device that converts a
mechanical change such as displacement into an electrical
signal that can be monitored after conditioning.
▪ Example: potentiometer, strain gages, Thermistor and etc..
are among the most common instrumentation

Thermistors
Cont..
2.2 Capacitive Transducer
❖A capacitive transducer which generate a electrical signal
according to the input.
❖Capacitive transducer can directly sense a variety of things
motion, chemical composition, electric field and, indirectly,
sense many other variables which can be converted into
motion or dielectric constant, such as pressure, acceleration,
fluid level, and fluid composition
❖Example: Capacitive proximity sensor
Cont..
2.3 Inductive Transducer
➢is an electronic proximity sensor, which detects metallic
objects or any things without touching them.
➢Inductive proximity sensors operate under the electrical
principle of inductance, where a fluctuating current induces
an electromotive force (emf) in a target object

Application: metal
detector, traffic lights,
car washes and etc.
Cont..
2.4 Ultrasonic Trnasducer
▪ An ultrasonic transducer operates by sending high-frequency
sound waves toward the target and measuring the time it
takes for the pulses to bounce back.
▪ The time taken for this echo to return to the sensor is
directly proportional to the distance or height of the object
because sound has a constant velocity.
Cont..
3. According to power or energy supply
requirement of the sensors.

Active Trancducer: Sensors Passive Transducer: Sensors


that require power supply. that do not require power
supply
Example: LIDAR (Light
detection and ranging), Example: Hg thermometer
photoconductive cell etc.
Cont..
4. According to output
signal
4.1. Analog Transducer:
produce continuous signals that
are proportional to the sensed
parameter.
Example: analog tachometer
etc…
4.2 Digital Transducer:
produce digital outputs that can
be directly interfaced with the
digital controller.
Example: Digital tachometer
etc…
Cont.
5. Direct and Inverse Transducers
▪ When a measuring device measures and transforms a non-
electrical variable into an electrical variable, it is called a
direct transducer
Cont.
➢If an electrical quantity is transformed into a non-
electrical quantity, it is termed an inverse transducer
Quality Attributes For Transducers
✓A transducer should possess the following qualities:
1. Repeatability: A transducer must have a high degree of
accuracy and repeatability.
2. Linearity: It should have a very high degree of linearity
within the specified operating range.
3. Dynamic response: The dynamic response of the
transducer should be instantaneous.
4. Impedance: It should have a high input impedance and a
low output impedance for loading effect elimination.
5. High resolution: It should have good resolution over the
complete selected range.
6. Size: The size of the transducer should be preferably
small.
Cont.
7. Hysteresis: The transducer should possess low or no
hysteresis.
8. Robustness: It should be able to endure pressure,
vibrations, shocks, and rough handling.
9. Adaptability: The transducer should be capable of
working in a corrosive environment.
10. Sensitivity: Cross-sensitivity of the transducer should
be zero or minimum, and it should exhibit high sensitivity
to the desired signal.
11. Stability and reliability: The degree of stability and
reliability of the transducer should be high.
12. Response: It should have a requisite time domain
specification of transient and frequency response.

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